Adam Baczko is a Ph.D. candidate in Political Science at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (EHESS, Paris). His research focuses on the exercise of justice by armed groups and its political implications, with a particular focus on Afghanistan. He has carried out fieldwork in Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Iraq and Syria. Gilles Dorronsoro is Professor of Political Science at Pantheon Sorbonne University and Senior fellow at the Institut Universitaire de France. He has researched civil wars throughout his career, making significant contributions through his books on Afghanistan, Turkey and Syria. Amongst his publications is Revolution unending. Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present (2005). Arthur Quesnay is a Ph.D. candidate in Political Science at the Pantheon-Sorbonne University. His research centres on the political dynamics of the sectarian conflicts in Iraq, where he conducted extensive fieldwork since 2009. In a comparative perspective, he also carried out fieldwork in Libya (2011-2012) and Syria (2012-2016) with insurgent groups.

'Civil War in Syria is one of the very few fieldwork-based studies produced by Western academics on the topic. It provides unique insight into the Syrian war, including fascinating analyses of early revolutionary institutions that were subsequently destroyed by the combined efforts of loyalist forces and Jihadi groups. A genuinely scholarly endeavour, it also presents provocative theoretical arguments that will considerably enrich the growing field of comparative research on civil wars.' Thomas Pierret, University of Edinburgh

• Prolegomena: for a sociological approach to civil wars; Introduction; Part I. Genesis of a Revolution: 1. The al-Assad system; 2. A revolution of anonyms; 3. The path to civil war; Part II. Revolutionary Institutions: 4. The building of military capital; 5. Administering the revolution; 6. Mobilization outside Syria; Part III. The Fragmentation of the Iinsurrection: 7. The crisis internationalizes; 8. The Kurds and the PKK; 9. The Islamization of the insurgency; 10. The caliphate; Part IV. A Society at War; 11. The variations of social capital; 12. The economy for war; 13. New identity regimes; Conclusion.

Adam Baczko is a Ph.D. candidate in Political Science at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (EHESS, Paris). His research focuses on the exercise of justice by armed groups and its political implications, with a particular focus on Afghanistan. He has carried out fieldwork in Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Iraq and Syria. Gilles Dorronsoro is Professor of Political Science at Pantheon Sorbonne University and Senior fellow at the Institut Universitaire de France. He has researched civil wars throughout his career, making significant contributions through his books on Afghanistan, Turkey and Syria. Amongst his publications is Revolution unending. Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present (2005). Arthur Quesnay is a Ph.D. candidate in Political Science at the Pantheon-Sorbonne University. His research centres on the political dynamics of the sectarian conflicts in Iraq, where he conducted extensive fieldwork since 2009. In a comparative perspective, he also carried out fieldwork in Libya (2011-2012) and Syria (2012-2016) with insurgent groups.

'Civil War in Syria is one of the very few fieldwork-based studies produced by Western academics on the topic. It provides unique insight into the Syrian war, including fascinating analyses of early revolutionary institutions that were subsequently destroyed by the combined efforts of loyalist forces and Jihadi groups. A genuinely scholarly endeavour, it also presents provocative theoretical arguments that will considerably enrich the growing field of comparative research on civil wars.' Thomas Pierret, University of Edinburgh

• Prolegomena: for a sociological approach to civil wars; Introduction; Part I. Genesis of a Revolution: 1. The al-Assad system; 2. A revolution of anonyms; 3. The path to civil war; Part II. Revolutionary Institutions: 4. The building of military capital; 5. Administering the revolution; 6. Mobilization outside Syria; Part III. The Fragmentation of the Iinsurrection: 7. The crisis internationalizes; 8. The Kurds and the PKK; 9. The Islamization of the insurgency; 10. The caliphate; Part IV. A Society at War; 11. The variations of social capital; 12. The economy for war; 13. New identity regimes; Conclusion.

Adam Baczko is a Ph.D. candidate in Political Science at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (EHESS, Paris). His research focuses on the exercise of justice by armed groups and its political implications, with a particular focus on Afghanistan. He has carried out fieldwork in Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Iraq and Syria. Gilles Dorronsoro is Professor of Political Science at Pantheon Sorbonne University and Senior fellow at the Institut Universitaire de France. He has researched civil wars throughout his career, making significant contributions through his books on Afghanistan, Turkey and Syria. Amongst his publications is Revolution unending. Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present (2005). Arthur Quesnay is a Ph.D. candidate in Political Science at the Pantheon-Sorbonne University. His research centres on the political dynamics of the sectarian conflicts in Iraq, where he conducted extensive fieldwork since 2009. In a comparative perspective, he also carried out fieldwork in Libya (2011-2012) and Syria (2012-2016) with insurgent groups.

'Civil War in Syria is one of the very few fieldwork-based studies produced by Western academics on the topic. It provides unique insight into the Syrian war, including fascinating analyses of early revolutionary institutions that were subsequently destroyed by the combined efforts of loyalist forces and Jihadi groups. A genuinely scholarly endeavour, it also presents provocative theoretical arguments that will considerably enrich the growing field of comparative research on civil wars.' Thomas Pierret, University of Edinburgh

• Prolegomena: for a sociological approach to civil wars; Introduction; Part I. Genesis of a Revolution: 1. The al-Assad system; 2. A revolution of anonyms; 3. The path to civil war; Part II. Revolutionary Institutions: 4. The building of military capital; 5. Administering the revolution; 6. Mobilization outside Syria; Part III. The Fragmentation of the Iinsurrection: 7. The crisis internationalizes; 8. The Kurds and the PKK; 9. The Islamization of the insurgency; 10. The caliphate; Part IV. A Society at War; 11. The variations of social capital; 12. The economy for war; 13. New identity regimes; Conclusion.