Barry Buzan is Emeritus Professor in the London School of Economics and Political Science Department of International Relations, honorary professor at Copenhagen, Jilin, and China Foreign Affairs Universities, and a Fellow of the British Academy. Among his 26 books are: From International to World Society? English School Theory and the Social Structure of Globalisation (Cambridge, 2004); An Introduction to the English School of International Relations (2014); and, with George Lawson, The Global Transformation: History, Modernity and the Making of International Relations (Cambridge, 2015, winner of Francesco Guicciardini Prize for Best Book in Historical International Relations 2017). Laust Schouenborg is Associate Professor of Global Studies in the Department of Social Sciences and Business at Roskilde Universitet, Denmark. He has authored The Scandinavian International Society: Primary Institutions and Binding Forces, 1815–2010 (2012) and International Institutions in World History: Divorcing International Relations from the State and Stage Models (2016), and contributed to Guide to the English School in International Studies (2014, eds Navari and Green).

'Buzan and Schouenborg have over-reached the Westernisation story with four pluralistic models of the expansion of international society, enriching the English School's theoretical corpus. Building on them, they theorise the differentiations of state type and of geography, status and function that have produced the basic structures of today's global international society. A must-read for anyone interested in the post-colonial condition.' Cornelia Navari, University of Buckingham

• 1. Theorising international society; 2. The making of contemporary global international society: how do international societies grow/expand?; 3. The 'like-units' model; 4. The regions/subglobal model; 5. The hierarchy/privilege model; 6. The functional differentiation model; 7. Aggregating the models: the complex differentiation of contemporary global international society; Conclusions.

Barry Buzan is Emeritus Professor in the London School of Economics and Political Science Department of International Relations, honorary professor at Copenhagen, Jilin, and China Foreign Affairs Universities, and a Fellow of the British Academy. Among his 26 books are: From International to World Society? English School Theory and the Social Structure of Globalisation (Cambridge, 2004); An Introduction to the English School of International Relations (2014); and, with George Lawson, The Global Transformation: History, Modernity and the Making of International Relations (Cambridge, 2015, winner of Francesco Guicciardini Prize for Best Book in Historical International Relations 2017). Laust Schouenborg is Associate Professor of Global Studies in the Department of Social Sciences and Business at Roskilde Universitet, Denmark. He has authored The Scandinavian International Society: Primary Institutions and Binding Forces, 1815–2010 (2012) and International Institutions in World History: Divorcing International Relations from the State and Stage Models (2016), and contributed to Guide to the English School in International Studies (2014, eds Navari and Green).

'Buzan and Schouenborg have over-reached the Westernisation story with four pluralistic models of the expansion of international society, enriching the English School's theoretical corpus. Building on them, they theorise the differentiations of state type and of geography, status and function that have produced the basic structures of today's global international society. A must-read for anyone interested in the post-colonial condition.' Cornelia Navari, University of Buckingham

• 1. Theorising international society; 2. The making of contemporary global international society: how do international societies grow/expand?; 3. The 'like-units' model; 4. The regions/subglobal model; 5. The hierarchy/privilege model; 6. The functional differentiation model; 7. Aggregating the models: the complex differentiation of contemporary global international society; Conclusions.

Barry Buzan is Emeritus Professor in the London School of Economics and Political Science Department of International Relations, honorary professor at Copenhagen, Jilin, and China Foreign Affairs Universities, and a Fellow of the British Academy. Among his 26 books are: From International to World Society? English School Theory and the Social Structure of Globalisation (Cambridge, 2004); An Introduction to the English School of International Relations (2014); and, with George Lawson, The Global Transformation: History, Modernity and the Making of International Relations (Cambridge, 2015, winner of Francesco Guicciardini Prize for Best Book in Historical International Relations 2017). Laust Schouenborg is Associate Professor of Global Studies in the Department of Social Sciences and Business at Roskilde Universitet, Denmark. He has authored The Scandinavian International Society: Primary Institutions and Binding Forces, 1815–2010 (2012) and International Institutions in World History: Divorcing International Relations from the State and Stage Models (2016), and contributed to Guide to the English School in International Studies (2014, eds Navari and Green).

'Buzan and Schouenborg have over-reached the Westernisation story with four pluralistic models of the expansion of international society, enriching the English School's theoretical corpus. Building on them, they theorise the differentiations of state type and of geography, status and function that have produced the basic structures of today's global international society. A must-read for anyone interested in the post-colonial condition.' Cornelia Navari, University of Buckingham

• 1. Theorising international society; 2. The making of contemporary global international society: how do international societies grow/expand?; 3. The 'like-units' model; 4. The regions/subglobal model; 5. The hierarchy/privilege model; 6. The functional differentiation model; 7. Aggregating the models: the complex differentiation of contemporary global international society; Conclusions.