Christopher J. Hall is Professor of Applied Linguistics in the School of Languages and Linguistics at York St John University, UK. He is the author of Morphology and Mind (1992) and An Introduction to Language and Linguistics (2005), as well as co-author of Introducing Language in Use (2nd edition, 2014) and Mapping Applied Linguistics: A Guide for Students and Practitioners (2nd edition, 2017). Rachel Wicaksono is an Associate Professor, and Head of the School of Languages and Linguistics, at York St John University. She is co-author of Mapping Applied Linguistics: A Guide for Students and Practitioners (2nd edition, 2017).

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• Part I. Introduction: 1. Approaching ontologies of English Christopher J. Hall and Rachel Wicaksono; 2. An ontological framework for English Christopher J. Hall; Part II. English In/For L2 Learning and Teaching: 3. English in the real world: norms and the ontology of English(es) Peter Harder; 4. From constructions to social action: the substance of English and its learning from an interactional usage-based perspective Søren Wind Eskildsen; 5. Native and non-native speakers of English Rachel Wicaksono; Part III. English In Schools: 6. The origins and adaptations of English as a school subject Andy Goodwyn; 7. A 'God-like science': English teaching in Secondary schools Rachel Roberts; 8. Beliefs about 'good English' in schools Clare Cunningham; Part IV. Assessing English: 9. English varieties and targets for L2 assessment Claudia Harsch; 10. The role of the L1 in testing L2 English Fumiyo Nakatsuhara, Lynda Taylor and Suwimol Jaiyote; 11. Mind the gap: dis/continuities in the UK assessment of L1 English language Angela Goddard; Part V. English in Lingua Franca Contexts: 12. What is English in the light of lingua franca usage? Iris Schaller-Schwaner and Andy Kirkpatrick; 13. English as a lingua franca and transcultural communication: rethinking competences and pedagogy for ELT Will Baker; 14. Exploring standards-based, intelligibility-based, and complex conceptions of English in a lingua franca context Nathan Page; Part VI. English and Social Practice: 15. English as a resource in a communicative assemblage: a perspective from flat ontology Suresh Canagarajah; 16. Mobile learners and 'English as an additional language' Robert Sharples; 17. Mobility and English language education: how does mobility in study abroad settings produce new conceptualisations of English? Khawla Badwan; Part VII. Commentary and Conclusions: 18. Pushing the ontological boundaries of English Alastair Pennycook; 19. Using ontologies of English Rachel Wicaksono and Christopher J. Hall.