Leonor Freire Costa is a tenured assistant professor at the Lisbon School of Economics and Management, Universidade de Lisboa. Pedro Lains is a research professor at the Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Universidade de Lisboa, and a visiting professor at Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics. Susana Münch Miranda is a senior researcher at Universiteit Leiden.

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• Preface; Introduction; 1. The medieval economy, 1143–1500; 2. The age of globalization, 1500–1620; 3. War and recovery, 1620–1703; 4. The Atlantic economy, 1703–1807; 5. The rise of liberalism, 1807–1914; 6. Patterns of convergence, 1914–2010; Conclusion; References; Index.

Leonor Freire Costa is a tenured assistant professor at the Lisbon School of Economics and Management, Universidade de Lisboa. Pedro Lains is a research professor at the Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Universidade de Lisboa, and a visiting professor at Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics. Susana Münch Miranda is a senior researcher at Universiteit Leiden.

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• Preface; Introduction; 1. The medieval economy, 1143–1500; 2. The age of globalization, 1500–1620; 3. War and recovery, 1620–1703; 4. The Atlantic economy, 1703–1807; 5. The rise of liberalism, 1807–1914; 6. Patterns of convergence, 1914–2010; Conclusion; References; Index.

Leonor Freire Costa is a tenured assistant professor at the Lisbon School of Economics and Management, Universidade de Lisboa. Pedro Lains is a research professor at the Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Universidade de Lisboa, and a visiting professor at Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics. Susana Münch Miranda is a senior researcher at Universiteit Leiden.

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• Preface; Introduction; 1. The medieval economy, 1143–1500; 2. The age of globalization, 1500–1620; 3. War and recovery, 1620–1703; 4. The Atlantic economy, 1703–1807; 5. The rise of liberalism, 1807–1914; 6. Patterns of convergence, 1914–2010; Conclusion; References; Index.