Photonics, Volume 1

DAVID L. ANDREWS leads research on fundamental molecular photonics and energy transport, optomechanical forces, and nonlinear optical phenomena. He has over 300 research papers and a dozen of books to his name—including the widely adopted textbook, Lasers in Chemistry. The current focus of his research group is on optical vortices, novel mechanisms for optical nanomanipulation and switching, and light harvesting in nanostructured molecular systems. The group enjoys strong international links, particularly with groups in Canada, Lithuania, New Zealand, and the United States. Andrews is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, a Fellow of the Institute of Physics, and a Fellow of SPIE, the international society for optics and photonics.

"Andrew’s book is highly recommended as a window to the foundations of photonics, and the gain in understanding is amplified by careful study of the seminal references." (Optics and Photonics 2016)

• List of Contributors xiPreface xiii1 A Photon in Perspective 1David L. Andrews1.1 Introduction 11.2 Foundations 31.3 Medium Issues 81.4 Photon Localization and Wavefunction 101.5 The Quantum Vacuum and Virtual Photons 121.6 Structured Light 151.7 Photon Number Fluctuations and Phase 181.8 The Reality of Photonics 20Acknowledgments 20References 202 Coherence and Statistical Optics 27Mayukh Lahiri2.1 Introduction 272.2 Classical Theory of Optical Coherence in the Space-Time Domain 282.3 Classical Theory of Optical Coherence in the Space-Frequency Domain 342.4 Cross-Spectrally Pure Optical Fields 382.5 Polarization Properties of Stochastic Beams 432.6 Remarks on Partially Coherent and Partially Polarized Beams 512.7 Basics of Quantum Theory of Optical Coherence 522.8 Concluding Remarks 55Acknowledgments 56References 563 Light Beams with Spatially Variable Polarization 61Enrique J. Galvez3.1 Introduction 613.2 Poincare Modes of Beams 623.3 Experimental Approaches 693.4 Polarization Singularities 703.5 Conclusion 73Acknowledgments 73References 734 Quantum Optics 77Howard Carmichael4.1 Introduction 774.2 Fundamentals 784.3 Open Systems: Inputs and Outputs 874.4 Photon Counting 954.5 Cavity and Circuit QED 105References, 1115 Squeezed Light 121A. I. Lvovsky5.1 What is Squeezed Light? 1215.2 Salient Features of Squeezed States 1285.3 Detection 1365.4 Preparation 1415.5 Applications in Quantum Information 1485.6 Applications in Quantum Metrology 1545.7 Conclusion and Outlook 157References 1586 Electromagnetic Theory of Materials 165Tom G. Mackay6.1 Preamble 1656.2 Macroscopic Viewpoint 1666.3 Constitutive Dyadics 1716.4 Linear Materials 1786.5 Nonlinear Materials 1946.6 Closing Remarks 198References 1997 Surface and Cavity Nanophotonics 205Mohamed Babiker7.1 Introduction 2057.2 Basic Formalism 2077.3 Dipole Emitter Near Edge 2117.4 Quantum Correlations 2157.5 Entanglement 2177.6 Wedge Cavities 2197.7 Conclusions 223Acknowledgments 225References 2258 Quantum Electrodynamics 229A. Salam8.1 Introduction 2298.2 Molecular QED: Principle of Minimal Electromagnetic Coupling 2318.3 Multipolar Hamiltonian 2358.4 One-Photon Absorption 2418.5 Emission of Light: Spontaneous and Stimulated Processes 2448.6 Linear Light-Scattering: The Kramers–Heisenberg Dispersion Formula 2468.7 Chiroptical Effects 2518.8 Two-Photon Absorption 2558.9 Nonlinear Light-Scattering: Sum-Frequency and Harmonic Generation 2588.10 Resonance Energy Transfer 2618.11 van der Waals Dispersion Energy 2648.12 Radiation-Induced Interparticle Forces 2668.13 Summary and Outlook 269References 2719 Multiphoton Processes 279Angus J. Bain9.1 Introduction 2799.2 Molecular Two-Photon Absorption: Basic Principles 2829.3 Molecular Two-Photon Fluorescence 2899.4 Applications and Future Prospects 3079.5 Conclusions 309Acknowledgments 311References 31110 Orbital Angular Momentum 321Emma Wisniewski-Barker and Miles J. Padgett10.1 Historical Introduction 32110.2 Creating Beams with OAM 32410.3 Micro-Manipulation through the Use of OAM 32710.4 Beam Transformations 32910.5 Measuring Beams with OAM 33210.6 OAM in Classical Imaging 33310.7 OAM in Nonlinear and Quantum Optics 33310.8 Conclusions 335References 33511 Introduction to Helicity and Electromagnetic Duality Transformations in Optics 341Ivan Fernandez-Corbaton and Gabriel Molina-Terriza11.1 Introduction 34111.2 Symmetries and Operators 34211.3 Electromagnetic Duality 34411.4 Optical Helicity and Electromagnetic Duality Symmetry 34611.5 Duality Symmetry in Piecewise Homogeneous and Isotropic Media 34711.6 Applications of the Framework 35111.7 Conclusions 359References 36012 Slow and Fast Light 363Robert W. Boyd and Zhimin Shi12.1 Introduction 36312.2 Mechanisms of Slow Light 36412.3 Physics with Slow and Fast Light 36712.4 Some Applications of Slow and Fast Light 37412.5 Fundamental Limits on Slow Light 379References 38113 Attosecond Physics: Attosecond Streaking Spectroscopy of Atoms and Solids 387Uwe Thumm, Qing Liao, Elisabeth M. Bothschafter, Frederik Sußmann, Matthias F. Kling, and Reinhard Kienberger13.1 Introduction 38713.2 Time-Resolved Photoemission from Atoms 39313.3 Streaked Photoemission from Solids 40713.4 Attosecond Streaking from Nanostructures 42513.5 Conclusions 432Acknowledgments 434References 434Index 443