Robert B. McCall is Co-Director of the University of Pittsburgh Office of Child Development and Professor of Psychology. He has studied perceptual-cognitive and attentional development in infancts, play in infants and toddlers, developmental changes in general mental performance, and communicating research information to the general public practitioners, and policy makers. Marinus H. van IJzendoorn is Professor of Child and Family Studies, Centre for Family studies, Leiden University, The Netherlands, Research Professor of Human Development at Erasmus University, Rotterdam. His scholarly interests include studies of attachment across the life span; cross-cultural dimensions of parenting and child emotional development; applied studies on child maltreatment, adoption, and preventive interventions.Femmie Juffer is Professor of Adoption Studies at the Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, The Netherlands. Her research interests include international adoption and foster care, parental sensitivity and attachment in adoptive families, attachment-based interventions, adopted children's development, and child rearing in institutions.Christina J. Groark is an Associate Professor of Education and Co-Director of the University of Pittsburgh Office of Child Development. Her expertise includes leading numerous large-scale collaborative projects providing innovative services to children, youth, and families, especially of those in urban and low-income communities and isntitutionalized settings.Victor K. Groza is the Grace F. Brody Professor of Parent-Child Studies at the Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve Univesrity, Cleveland, Ohio. He is a licensed social worker and has a doctorate in Sociology. His research in international child welfare focuses on two areas: an examination of the instituionla care of children; and family, children, and service system issues in domestic, older child adoption, and international adoption.

• AbstractBackground to this MonographI. Children in Institutional Care: Delayed Development and ResilienceII. Development of Adopted Children with Histories of Early AdversityIII. Attachment and Emotional Development in Institutional Care: Characteristics and Catch UpIV. Growth Failure in Institutionalized ChildrenV. The Neurobiological Toll of Early Human DeprivationVI. Sensitive PeriodsVII. Ideal Components and Current Characteristics of Alternative Care Options for Children Outside of Parental Care in Low-Resource CountriesVIII. The Situtation for Children Without Parental Care and Strategies for Policy ChangeIX. Research, Practice, and Policy Perspectives on Issues of Children without Permanent Parental CareAcknolwedgementsCommentary