Kenneth W. Raymond is the author of Student Solutions Manual to accompany General Organic and Biological Chemistry, 4e, published by Wiley.

• CHAPTER 1 SCIENCE AND MEASUREMENTS 11.1 The Scientific Method 21.2 Matter and Energy 51.3 Units of Measurement 91.4 Scientific Notation, SI and Metric Prefixes 131.5 Measurements and Significant Figures 151.6 Conversion Factors and the Factor Label Method 221.7 Density, Specific Gravity, and Specific Heat 251.8 Measurements in General Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, and Biochemistry 29CHAPTER 2 ATOMS AND2.1 Atoms 442.2 Elements 462.3 Trace Elements 482.4 Atomic Number and Mass Number 512.5 Periodic Table 542.6 The Mole 592.7 The Arrangement of Electrons 622.8 Radioactive Isotopes 682.9 Radioisotopes in Medicine 71CHAPTER 3 COMPOUNDS 883.1 Ions 903.2 The Octet Rule 933.3 Ionic Compounds 963.4 Covalent Bonds 1013.5 Molecules 1033.6 Formula Weight, Molecular Weight, and Molar Mass 105CHAPTER 4 AN INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 1164.1 Structural Formulas 1184.2 Polar Covalent Bonds, Shape, and Polarity 1234.3 Noncovalent Interactions 1304.4 Families of Organic Compounds 132CHAPTER 5 REACTIONS 1505.1 Chemical Equations 1525.2 Reaction Types 1565.3 Reactions Involving Water 1585.4 Oxidation and Reduction 1615.5 Mole and Mass Relationships in Reactions 1675.6 Calculating the Yield of a Reaction 1715.7 Free Energy and Reaction Rate 174CHAPTER 6 GASES, SOLUTIONS, COLLOIDS, AND SUSPENSIONS 1906.1 Gases and Pressure 1926.2 The Gas Laws 1976.3 Partial Pressure 2026.4 Solutions 2046.5 Precipitation Reactions 2076.6 Solubility of Gases in Water 2096.7 Organic and Biochemical Compounds 2126.8 Concentration 2166.9 Dilution 2216.10 Colloids and Suspensions 2226.11 Diffusion and Osmosis 225CHAPTER 7 ACIDS, BASES, AND EQUILIBRIUM 2387.1 Acids and Bases 2407.2 Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases 2417.3 Equilibrium 2437.4 Le Châtelier’s Principle 2467.5 Ionization of Water 2507.6 The pH Scale 2517.7 Acid and Base Strength 2547.8 Neutralizing Acids and Bases 2577.9 Effect of pH on Acid and Conjugate Base Concentrations 2597.10 Buffers 2617.11 Maintaining the pH of Blood Serum 263CHAPTER 8 ORGANIC REACTIONS 1—HYDROCARBONS, CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, AMINES, AND RELATED COMPOUNDS 2768.1 Alkanes 2788.2 Constitutional Isomers 2828.3 Conformations 2848.4 Cycloalkanes 2858.5 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds 2878.6 Reactions of Hydrocarbons 2918.7 Carboxylic Acids 2978.8 Phenols 2998.9 Carboxylic Acids and Phenols as Weak Organic Acids 3018.10 Preparing Esters 3048.11 Amines 3078.12 Amines as Weak Organic Bases 3118.13 Amides 313ORGANIC REACTIONS 2—ALCOHOLS, ETHERS,ALDEHYDES, AND KETONES 3349.1 Alcohols, Ethers, and Related Compounds 3369.2 Preparation 3399.3 Reactions 3419.4 Aldehydes and Ketones 3449.5 Oxidation of Aldehydes 3479.6 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones 3499.7 Reactions of Alcohols with Aldehydes and Ketones 352CHAPTER 10 CARBOHYDRATES 37010.1 Monosaccharides 37210.2 Stereoisomers 37410.3 Important Monosaccharides and Monosaccharide Derivatives 38110.4 Reactions of Monosaccharides 38410.5 Monosaccharides in Their Cyclic Form 38610.6 Oligosaccharides 39010.7 Polysaccharides 401CHAPTER 11 LIPIDS AND MEMBRANES 42011.1 Fatty Acids 42211.2 Waxes 42711.3 Triglycerides 42911.4 Phospholipids and Glycolipids 43711.5 Steroids 44111.6 Eicosanoids 44511.7 Membranes 447CHAPTER 12 PEPTIDES, PROTEINS, AND ENZYMES 45812.1 Amino Acids 46012.2 The Peptide Bond 46412.3 Peptides, Proteins, and pH 46812.4 Protein Structure 46912.5 Denaturation 47712.6 Enzymes 47812.7 Control of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions 482CHAPTER 13 NUCLEIC ACIDS 49813.1 Nucleic Acid Building Blocks 50013.2 Nucleoside Di- and Triphosphates, Cyclic Nucleotides 50513.3 Polynucleotides 50613.4 DNA Structure 50913.5 Denaturation 51213.6 Nucleic Acids and Information Flow 51413.7 DNA Replication 51513.8 Transcription and RNA 51713.9 Translation 52013.10 Control of Gene Expression 52213.11 Mutation 52413.12 Recombinant DNA 52513.13 DNA Fingerprinting 529CHAPTER 14 METABOLISM 54014.1 Metabolic Pathways, Energy, and Coupled Reactions 54214.2 Overview of Metabolism 54314.3 Digestion 54814.4 Glycolysis 55114.5 Gluconeogenesis 55614.6 Glycogen Metabolism 55814.7 Citric Acid Cycle 56014.8 Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation 56214.9 Lipid Metabolism 56614.10 Amino Acid Metabolism 571Appendix A Important Families of Organic Compounds 582Appendix B Naming Ions, Ionic Compounds, Binary Molecules, and OrganicCompounds 584Appendix C Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 591Appendix D Glossary 639Index I

Kenneth W. Raymond is the author of Student Solutions Manual to accompany General Organic and Biological Chemistry, 4e, published by Wiley.

• CHAPTER 1 SCIENCE AND MEASUREMENTS 11.1 The Scientific Method 21.2 Matter and Energy 51.3 Units of Measurement 91.4 Scientific Notation, SI and Metric Prefixes 131.5 Measurements and Significant Figures 151.6 Conversion Factors and the Factor Label Method 221.7 Density, Specific Gravity, and Specific Heat 251.8 Measurements in General Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, and Biochemistry 29CHAPTER 2 ATOMS AND2.1 Atoms 442.2 Elements 462.3 Trace Elements 482.4 Atomic Number and Mass Number 512.5 Periodic Table 542.6 The Mole 592.7 The Arrangement of Electrons 622.8 Radioactive Isotopes 682.9 Radioisotopes in Medicine 71CHAPTER 3 COMPOUNDS 883.1 Ions 903.2 The Octet Rule 933.3 Ionic Compounds 963.4 Covalent Bonds 1013.5 Molecules 1033.6 Formula Weight, Molecular Weight, and Molar Mass 105CHAPTER 4 AN INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 1164.1 Structural Formulas 1184.2 Polar Covalent Bonds, Shape, and Polarity 1234.3 Noncovalent Interactions 1304.4 Families of Organic Compounds 132CHAPTER 5 REACTIONS 1505.1 Chemical Equations 1525.2 Reaction Types 1565.3 Reactions Involving Water 1585.4 Oxidation and Reduction 1615.5 Mole and Mass Relationships in Reactions 1675.6 Calculating the Yield of a Reaction 1715.7 Free Energy and Reaction Rate 174CHAPTER 6 GASES, SOLUTIONS, COLLOIDS, AND SUSPENSIONS 1906.1 Gases and Pressure 1926.2 The Gas Laws 1976.3 Partial Pressure 2026.4 Solutions 2046.5 Precipitation Reactions 2076.6 Solubility of Gases in Water 2096.7 Organic and Biochemical Compounds 2126.8 Concentration 2166.9 Dilution 2216.10 Colloids and Suspensions 2226.11 Diffusion and Osmosis 225CHAPTER 7 ACIDS, BASES, AND EQUILIBRIUM 2387.1 Acids and Bases 2407.2 Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases 2417.3 Equilibrium 2437.4 Le Châtelier’s Principle 2467.5 Ionization of Water 2507.6 The pH Scale 2517.7 Acid and Base Strength 2547.8 Neutralizing Acids and Bases 2577.9 Effect of pH on Acid and Conjugate Base Concentrations 2597.10 Buffers 2617.11 Maintaining the pH of Blood Serum 263CHAPTER 8 ORGANIC REACTIONS 1—HYDROCARBONS, CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, AMINES, AND RELATED COMPOUNDS 2768.1 Alkanes 2788.2 Constitutional Isomers 2828.3 Conformations 2848.4 Cycloalkanes 2858.5 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds 2878.6 Reactions of Hydrocarbons 2918.7 Carboxylic Acids 2978.8 Phenols 2998.9 Carboxylic Acids and Phenols as Weak Organic Acids 3018.10 Preparing Esters 3048.11 Amines 3078.12 Amines as Weak Organic Bases 3118.13 Amides 313ORGANIC REACTIONS 2—ALCOHOLS, ETHERS,ALDEHYDES, AND KETONES 3349.1 Alcohols, Ethers, and Related Compounds 3369.2 Preparation 3399.3 Reactions 3419.4 Aldehydes and Ketones 3449.5 Oxidation of Aldehydes 3479.6 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones 3499.7 Reactions of Alcohols with Aldehydes and Ketones 352CHAPTER 10 CARBOHYDRATES 37010.1 Monosaccharides 37210.2 Stereoisomers 37410.3 Important Monosaccharides and Monosaccharide Derivatives 38110.4 Reactions of Monosaccharides 38410.5 Monosaccharides in Their Cyclic Form 38610.6 Oligosaccharides 39010.7 Polysaccharides 401CHAPTER 11 LIPIDS AND MEMBRANES 42011.1 Fatty Acids 42211.2 Waxes 42711.3 Triglycerides 42911.4 Phospholipids and Glycolipids 43711.5 Steroids 44111.6 Eicosanoids 44511.7 Membranes 447CHAPTER 12 PEPTIDES, PROTEINS, AND ENZYMES 45812.1 Amino Acids 46012.2 The Peptide Bond 46412.3 Peptides, Proteins, and pH 46812.4 Protein Structure 46912.5 Denaturation 47712.6 Enzymes 47812.7 Control of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions 482CHAPTER 13 NUCLEIC ACIDS 49813.1 Nucleic Acid Building Blocks 50013.2 Nucleoside Di- and Triphosphates, Cyclic Nucleotides 50513.3 Polynucleotides 50613.4 DNA Structure 50913.5 Denaturation 51213.6 Nucleic Acids and Information Flow 51413.7 DNA Replication 51513.8 Transcription and RNA 51713.9 Translation 52013.10 Control of Gene Expression 52213.11 Mutation 52413.12 Recombinant DNA 52513.13 DNA Fingerprinting 529CHAPTER 14 METABOLISM 54014.1 Metabolic Pathways, Energy, and Coupled Reactions 54214.2 Overview of Metabolism 54314.3 Digestion 54814.4 Glycolysis 55114.5 Gluconeogenesis 55614.6 Glycogen Metabolism 55814.7 Citric Acid Cycle 56014.8 Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation 56214.9 Lipid Metabolism 56614.10 Amino Acid Metabolism 571Appendix A Important Families of Organic Compounds 582Appendix B Naming Ions, Ionic Compounds, Binary Molecules, and OrganicCompounds 584Appendix C Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 591Appendix D Glossary 639Index I

Kenneth W. Raymond is the author of Student Solutions Manual to accompany General Organic and Biological Chemistry, 4e, published by Wiley.

• CHAPTER 1 SCIENCE AND MEASUREMENTS 11.1 The Scientific Method 21.2 Matter and Energy 51.3 Units of Measurement 91.4 Scientific Notation, SI and Metric Prefixes 131.5 Measurements and Significant Figures 151.6 Conversion Factors and the Factor Label Method 221.7 Density, Specific Gravity, and Specific Heat 251.8 Measurements in General Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, and Biochemistry 29CHAPTER 2 ATOMS AND2.1 Atoms 442.2 Elements 462.3 Trace Elements 482.4 Atomic Number and Mass Number 512.5 Periodic Table 542.6 The Mole 592.7 The Arrangement of Electrons 622.8 Radioactive Isotopes 682.9 Radioisotopes in Medicine 71CHAPTER 3 COMPOUNDS 883.1 Ions 903.2 The Octet Rule 933.3 Ionic Compounds 963.4 Covalent Bonds 1013.5 Molecules 1033.6 Formula Weight, Molecular Weight, and Molar Mass 105CHAPTER 4 AN INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 1164.1 Structural Formulas 1184.2 Polar Covalent Bonds, Shape, and Polarity 1234.3 Noncovalent Interactions 1304.4 Families of Organic Compounds 132CHAPTER 5 REACTIONS 1505.1 Chemical Equations 1525.2 Reaction Types 1565.3 Reactions Involving Water 1585.4 Oxidation and Reduction 1615.5 Mole and Mass Relationships in Reactions 1675.6 Calculating the Yield of a Reaction 1715.7 Free Energy and Reaction Rate 174CHAPTER 6 GASES, SOLUTIONS, COLLOIDS, AND SUSPENSIONS 1906.1 Gases and Pressure 1926.2 The Gas Laws 1976.3 Partial Pressure 2026.4 Solutions 2046.5 Precipitation Reactions 2076.6 Solubility of Gases in Water 2096.7 Organic and Biochemical Compounds 2126.8 Concentration 2166.9 Dilution 2216.10 Colloids and Suspensions 2226.11 Diffusion and Osmosis 225CHAPTER 7 ACIDS, BASES, AND EQUILIBRIUM 2387.1 Acids and Bases 2407.2 Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases 2417.3 Equilibrium 2437.4 Le Châtelier’s Principle 2467.5 Ionization of Water 2507.6 The pH Scale 2517.7 Acid and Base Strength 2547.8 Neutralizing Acids and Bases 2577.9 Effect of pH on Acid and Conjugate Base Concentrations 2597.10 Buffers 2617.11 Maintaining the pH of Blood Serum 263CHAPTER 8 ORGANIC REACTIONS 1—HYDROCARBONS, CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, AMINES, AND RELATED COMPOUNDS 2768.1 Alkanes 2788.2 Constitutional Isomers 2828.3 Conformations 2848.4 Cycloalkanes 2858.5 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds 2878.6 Reactions of Hydrocarbons 2918.7 Carboxylic Acids 2978.8 Phenols 2998.9 Carboxylic Acids and Phenols as Weak Organic Acids 3018.10 Preparing Esters 3048.11 Amines 3078.12 Amines as Weak Organic Bases 3118.13 Amides 313ORGANIC REACTIONS 2—ALCOHOLS, ETHERS,ALDEHYDES, AND KETONES 3349.1 Alcohols, Ethers, and Related Compounds 3369.2 Preparation 3399.3 Reactions 3419.4 Aldehydes and Ketones 3449.5 Oxidation of Aldehydes 3479.6 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones 3499.7 Reactions of Alcohols with Aldehydes and Ketones 352CHAPTER 10 CARBOHYDRATES 37010.1 Monosaccharides 37210.2 Stereoisomers 37410.3 Important Monosaccharides and Monosaccharide Derivatives 38110.4 Reactions of Monosaccharides 38410.5 Monosaccharides in Their Cyclic Form 38610.6 Oligosaccharides 39010.7 Polysaccharides 401CHAPTER 11 LIPIDS AND MEMBRANES 42011.1 Fatty Acids 42211.2 Waxes 42711.3 Triglycerides 42911.4 Phospholipids and Glycolipids 43711.5 Steroids 44111.6 Eicosanoids 44511.7 Membranes 447CHAPTER 12 PEPTIDES, PROTEINS, AND ENZYMES 45812.1 Amino Acids 46012.2 The Peptide Bond 46412.3 Peptides, Proteins, and pH 46812.4 Protein Structure 46912.5 Denaturation 47712.6 Enzymes 47812.7 Control of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions 482CHAPTER 13 NUCLEIC ACIDS 49813.1 Nucleic Acid Building Blocks 50013.2 Nucleoside Di- and Triphosphates, Cyclic Nucleotides 50513.3 Polynucleotides 50613.4 DNA Structure 50913.5 Denaturation 51213.6 Nucleic Acids and Information Flow 51413.7 DNA Replication 51513.8 Transcription and RNA 51713.9 Translation 52013.10 Control of Gene Expression 52213.11 Mutation 52413.12 Recombinant DNA 52513.13 DNA Fingerprinting 529CHAPTER 14 METABOLISM 54014.1 Metabolic Pathways, Energy, and Coupled Reactions 54214.2 Overview of Metabolism 54314.3 Digestion 54814.4 Glycolysis 55114.5 Gluconeogenesis 55614.6 Glycogen Metabolism 55814.7 Citric Acid Cycle 56014.8 Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation 56214.9 Lipid Metabolism 56614.10 Amino Acid Metabolism 571Appendix A Important Families of Organic Compounds 582Appendix B Naming Ions, Ionic Compounds, Binary Molecules, and OrganicCompounds 584Appendix C Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 591Appendix D Glossary 639Index I