Professor Qiuwei Wu, Centre for Electric Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, LyngbyQiuwei Wu is an assistant professor with the Centre for Electric Technology (CET), Technical University of Denmark (DTU) and is currently involved in the research of integration of electric vehicles (EVs), integration of wind power, market driven optimal operation of distribution systems, and the congestion management of distribution systems. He is co-work package leader of the first large scale demonstration project related to EV integration into power systems (WP2 of the EDISON project). Within this he is the main contributor on tasks of EV system architecture design, the potential of using EVs to provide ancillary services, and network impact of EVs on distribution and transmission systems. He has also worked on congestion management of distribution systems with large scale EV integration. Professor Wu gave a tutorial on “smart charging for electric vehicle(EV) fleet operators (FOs) and ICT implementation using IEC 61850” in the ISGT Europe 2011 conference. He contributed a chapter to the large edited book Modeling and Control of Sustainable Power Systems: Towards Smarter and Greener Electric Grids (Springer, 2011).

• Contributors xi Preface xiii1 Electrification of Vehicles: Policy Drivers and Impacts in Two Scenarios 1M. Albrecht, M. Nilsson and J. Åkerman1.1 Introduction 11.2 Policy Drivers, Policies and Targets 21.3 Scenarios and Environmental Impact Assessment 111.4 Future Policy Drivers for a BEV and PHEV Breakthrough 161.5 Results and Conclusion 24Acknowledgements 25References 252 EVs and the Current Nordic Electricity Market 32C. Bang, C. Hay, M. Togeby and C. Søndergren2.1 Chapter Overview 322.2 Electricity Consumption by EVs 332.3 Market Actors 372.4 Nordic Electricity Markets 392.5 Electricity Price 442.6 Electricity Sales Products for Demand Response 462.7 EVs in Different Markets 48References 533 Electric Vehicles in Future Market Models 54C. Søndergren, C. Bang, C. Hay and M. Togeby3.1 Introduction 543.2 Overview 543.3 Alternative Markets for Regulating Power and Reserves for EV Integration 563.4 Alternative Market Models for EV Integration 663.5 Management of Congestions in the Distribution Grid 69References 814 Investments and Operation in an Integrated Power and Transport System 82Nina Juul and Trine Krogh Boomsma4.1 Introduction 824.2 The Road Transport System 834.3 The Energy Systems Analysis Model, Balmorel 844.4 Modelling of Electric Drive Vehicles 854.5 Case Study 964.6 Scenarios 1014.7 Results 1014.8 Results from EDVs Contributing to Capacity Credit Equation 1084.9 Discussion and Conclusion 1104.10 Summary 111References 1115 Optimal Charging of Electric Drive Vehicles: A Dynamic Programming Approach 113Stefanos Delikaraoglou, Trine Krogh Boomsma and Nina Juul5.1 Introduction 1135.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles 1155.3 Optimal Charging on Market Conditions 1155.4 Dynamic Programming 1175.5 Fleet Operation 1185.6 Electricity Prices 1195.7 Driving Patterns 1205.8 A Danish Case Study 1215.9 Optimal Charging Patterns 1225.10 Discussion and Conclusion 127Acknowledgments 128References 1286 EV Portfolio Management 129Lars Henrik Hansen, Jakob Munch Jensen and Andreas Bjerre6.1 Introduction 1296.2 EV Fleet Modelling and Charging Strategies 1306.3 Case Studies of EV Fleet Management 140References 1527 Analysis of Regulating Power from EVs 153Qiuwei Wu, Arne Hejde Nielsen, Jacob Østergaard and Yi Ding7.1 Introduction 1537.2 Driving Pattern Analysis for EV Grid Integration 1547.3 Spot-Price-Based EV Charging Schedule 1587.4 Analysis of Regulating Power from EVs 1657.5 Summary 176References 1768 Frequency-Control Reserves and Voltage Support from Electric Vehicles 178Jayakrishnan R. Pillai and Birgitte Bak-Jensen8.1 Introduction 1788.2 Power System Ancillary Services 1798.3 Electric Vehicles to Support Wind Power Integration 1798.4 Electric Vehicles as Frequency-Control Reserves 1818.5 Voltage Support and Electric Vehicle Integration Trends in Power Systems 1898.6 Summary 189Acknowledgements 190References 1909 Operation and Degradation Aspects of EV Batteries 192Claus Nygaard Rasmussen, Søren Højgaard Jensen and Guang Ya Yang9.1 Introduction 1929.2 Battery Modelling and Validation Techniques 1939.3 Thermal Effects and Degradation of EV Batteries 2099.4 Electric EC Model 221References 23110 Day-Ahead Grid Tariffs for Congestion Management from EVs 233Niamh O’Connell, Qiuwei Wu and Jacob Østergaard10.1 Introduction 23310.2 Dynamic Tariff Concept 23810.3 Case Studies 24610.4 Conclusions 256References 25711 Impact Study of EV Integration on Distribution Networks 259Qiuwei Wu, Arne Hejde Nielsen, Jacob Østergaard and Yi Ding11.1 Introduction 25911.2 Impact Study Methodology and Scenarios 26011.3 Bornholm Power System 26311.4 Conventional Demand Profile Modeling 26811.5 Impact Study on 0.4 kV Grid 27011.6 Impact Study on 10 kV Grid 27611.7 Impact Study on 60 kV Grid 28011.8 Conclusions 284References 285Index

Professor Qiuwei Wu, Centre for Electric Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, LyngbyQiuwei Wu is an assistant professor with the Centre for Electric Technology (CET), Technical University of Denmark (DTU) and is currently involved in the research of integration of electric vehicles (EVs), integration of wind power, market driven optimal operation of distribution systems, and the congestion management of distribution systems. He is co-work package leader of the first large scale demonstration project related to EV integration into power systems (WP2 of the EDISON project). Within this he is the main contributor on tasks of EV system architecture design, the potential of using EVs to provide ancillary services, and network impact of EVs on distribution and transmission systems. He has also worked on congestion management of distribution systems with large scale EV integration. Professor Wu gave a tutorial on “smart charging for electric vehicle(EV) fleet operators (FOs) and ICT implementation using IEC 61850” in the ISGT Europe 2011 conference. He contributed a chapter to the large edited book Modeling and Control of Sustainable Power Systems: Towards Smarter and Greener Electric Grids (Springer, 2011).

• Contributors xi Preface xiii1 Electrification of Vehicles: Policy Drivers and Impacts in Two Scenarios 1M. Albrecht, M. Nilsson and J. Åkerman1.1 Introduction 11.2 Policy Drivers, Policies and Targets 21.3 Scenarios and Environmental Impact Assessment 111.4 Future Policy Drivers for a BEV and PHEV Breakthrough 161.5 Results and Conclusion 24Acknowledgements 25References 252 EVs and the Current Nordic Electricity Market 32C. Bang, C. Hay, M. Togeby and C. Søndergren2.1 Chapter Overview 322.2 Electricity Consumption by EVs 332.3 Market Actors 372.4 Nordic Electricity Markets 392.5 Electricity Price 442.6 Electricity Sales Products for Demand Response 462.7 EVs in Different Markets 48References 533 Electric Vehicles in Future Market Models 54C. Søndergren, C. Bang, C. Hay and M. Togeby3.1 Introduction 543.2 Overview 543.3 Alternative Markets for Regulating Power and Reserves for EV Integration 563.4 Alternative Market Models for EV Integration 663.5 Management of Congestions in the Distribution Grid 69References 814 Investments and Operation in an Integrated Power and Transport System 82Nina Juul and Trine Krogh Boomsma4.1 Introduction 824.2 The Road Transport System 834.3 The Energy Systems Analysis Model, Balmorel 844.4 Modelling of Electric Drive Vehicles 854.5 Case Study 964.6 Scenarios 1014.7 Results 1014.8 Results from EDVs Contributing to Capacity Credit Equation 1084.9 Discussion and Conclusion 1104.10 Summary 111References 1115 Optimal Charging of Electric Drive Vehicles: A Dynamic Programming Approach 113Stefanos Delikaraoglou, Trine Krogh Boomsma and Nina Juul5.1 Introduction 1135.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles 1155.3 Optimal Charging on Market Conditions 1155.4 Dynamic Programming 1175.5 Fleet Operation 1185.6 Electricity Prices 1195.7 Driving Patterns 1205.8 A Danish Case Study 1215.9 Optimal Charging Patterns 1225.10 Discussion and Conclusion 127Acknowledgments 128References 1286 EV Portfolio Management 129Lars Henrik Hansen, Jakob Munch Jensen and Andreas Bjerre6.1 Introduction 1296.2 EV Fleet Modelling and Charging Strategies 1306.3 Case Studies of EV Fleet Management 140References 1527 Analysis of Regulating Power from EVs 153Qiuwei Wu, Arne Hejde Nielsen, Jacob Østergaard and Yi Ding7.1 Introduction 1537.2 Driving Pattern Analysis for EV Grid Integration 1547.3 Spot-Price-Based EV Charging Schedule 1587.4 Analysis of Regulating Power from EVs 1657.5 Summary 176References 1768 Frequency-Control Reserves and Voltage Support from Electric Vehicles 178Jayakrishnan R. Pillai and Birgitte Bak-Jensen8.1 Introduction 1788.2 Power System Ancillary Services 1798.3 Electric Vehicles to Support Wind Power Integration 1798.4 Electric Vehicles as Frequency-Control Reserves 1818.5 Voltage Support and Electric Vehicle Integration Trends in Power Systems 1898.6 Summary 189Acknowledgements 190References 1909 Operation and Degradation Aspects of EV Batteries 192Claus Nygaard Rasmussen, Søren Højgaard Jensen and Guang Ya Yang9.1 Introduction 1929.2 Battery Modelling and Validation Techniques 1939.3 Thermal Effects and Degradation of EV Batteries 2099.4 Electric EC Model 221References 23110 Day-Ahead Grid Tariffs for Congestion Management from EVs 233Niamh O’Connell, Qiuwei Wu and Jacob Østergaard10.1 Introduction 23310.2 Dynamic Tariff Concept 23810.3 Case Studies 24610.4 Conclusions 256References 25711 Impact Study of EV Integration on Distribution Networks 259Qiuwei Wu, Arne Hejde Nielsen, Jacob Østergaard and Yi Ding11.1 Introduction 25911.2 Impact Study Methodology and Scenarios 26011.3 Bornholm Power System 26311.4 Conventional Demand Profile Modeling 26811.5 Impact Study on 0.4 kV Grid 27011.6 Impact Study on 10 kV Grid 27611.7 Impact Study on 60 kV Grid 28011.8 Conclusions 284References 285Index

Professor Qiuwei Wu, Centre for Electric Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, LyngbyQiuwei Wu is an assistant professor with the Centre for Electric Technology (CET), Technical University of Denmark (DTU) and is currently involved in the research of integration of electric vehicles (EVs), integration of wind power, market driven optimal operation of distribution systems, and the congestion management of distribution systems. He is co-work package leader of the first large scale demonstration project related to EV integration into power systems (WP2 of the EDISON project). Within this he is the main contributor on tasks of EV system architecture design, the potential of using EVs to provide ancillary services, and network impact of EVs on distribution and transmission systems. He has also worked on congestion management of distribution systems with large scale EV integration. Professor Wu gave a tutorial on “smart charging for electric vehicle(EV) fleet operators (FOs) and ICT implementation using IEC 61850” in the ISGT Europe 2011 conference. He contributed a chapter to the large edited book Modeling and Control of Sustainable Power Systems: Towards Smarter and Greener Electric Grids (Springer, 2011).

• Contributors xi Preface xiii1 Electrification of Vehicles: Policy Drivers and Impacts in Two Scenarios 1M. Albrecht, M. Nilsson and J. Åkerman1.1 Introduction 11.2 Policy Drivers, Policies and Targets 21.3 Scenarios and Environmental Impact Assessment 111.4 Future Policy Drivers for a BEV and PHEV Breakthrough 161.5 Results and Conclusion 24Acknowledgements 25References 252 EVs and the Current Nordic Electricity Market 32C. Bang, C. Hay, M. Togeby and C. Søndergren2.1 Chapter Overview 322.2 Electricity Consumption by EVs 332.3 Market Actors 372.4 Nordic Electricity Markets 392.5 Electricity Price 442.6 Electricity Sales Products for Demand Response 462.7 EVs in Different Markets 48References 533 Electric Vehicles in Future Market Models 54C. Søndergren, C. Bang, C. Hay and M. Togeby3.1 Introduction 543.2 Overview 543.3 Alternative Markets for Regulating Power and Reserves for EV Integration 563.4 Alternative Market Models for EV Integration 663.5 Management of Congestions in the Distribution Grid 69References 814 Investments and Operation in an Integrated Power and Transport System 82Nina Juul and Trine Krogh Boomsma4.1 Introduction 824.2 The Road Transport System 834.3 The Energy Systems Analysis Model, Balmorel 844.4 Modelling of Electric Drive Vehicles 854.5 Case Study 964.6 Scenarios 1014.7 Results 1014.8 Results from EDVs Contributing to Capacity Credit Equation 1084.9 Discussion and Conclusion 1104.10 Summary 111References 1115 Optimal Charging of Electric Drive Vehicles: A Dynamic Programming Approach 113Stefanos Delikaraoglou, Trine Krogh Boomsma and Nina Juul5.1 Introduction 1135.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles 1155.3 Optimal Charging on Market Conditions 1155.4 Dynamic Programming 1175.5 Fleet Operation 1185.6 Electricity Prices 1195.7 Driving Patterns 1205.8 A Danish Case Study 1215.9 Optimal Charging Patterns 1225.10 Discussion and Conclusion 127Acknowledgments 128References 1286 EV Portfolio Management 129Lars Henrik Hansen, Jakob Munch Jensen and Andreas Bjerre6.1 Introduction 1296.2 EV Fleet Modelling and Charging Strategies 1306.3 Case Studies of EV Fleet Management 140References 1527 Analysis of Regulating Power from EVs 153Qiuwei Wu, Arne Hejde Nielsen, Jacob Østergaard and Yi Ding7.1 Introduction 1537.2 Driving Pattern Analysis for EV Grid Integration 1547.3 Spot-Price-Based EV Charging Schedule 1587.4 Analysis of Regulating Power from EVs 1657.5 Summary 176References 1768 Frequency-Control Reserves and Voltage Support from Electric Vehicles 178Jayakrishnan R. Pillai and Birgitte Bak-Jensen8.1 Introduction 1788.2 Power System Ancillary Services 1798.3 Electric Vehicles to Support Wind Power Integration 1798.4 Electric Vehicles as Frequency-Control Reserves 1818.5 Voltage Support and Electric Vehicle Integration Trends in Power Systems 1898.6 Summary 189Acknowledgements 190References 1909 Operation and Degradation Aspects of EV Batteries 192Claus Nygaard Rasmussen, Søren Højgaard Jensen and Guang Ya Yang9.1 Introduction 1929.2 Battery Modelling and Validation Techniques 1939.3 Thermal Effects and Degradation of EV Batteries 2099.4 Electric EC Model 221References 23110 Day-Ahead Grid Tariffs for Congestion Management from EVs 233Niamh O’Connell, Qiuwei Wu and Jacob Østergaard10.1 Introduction 23310.2 Dynamic Tariff Concept 23810.3 Case Studies 24610.4 Conclusions 256References 25711 Impact Study of EV Integration on Distribution Networks 259Qiuwei Wu, Arne Hejde Nielsen, Jacob Østergaard and Yi Ding11.1 Introduction 25911.2 Impact Study Methodology and Scenarios 26011.3 Bornholm Power System 26311.4 Conventional Demand Profile Modeling 26811.5 Impact Study on 0.4 kV Grid 27011.6 Impact Study on 10 kV Grid 27611.7 Impact Study on 60 kV Grid 28011.8 Conclusions 284References 285Index