Sustainable Solid Waste Management

Ni-Bin Chang, PhD, is an elected fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers and the American Association for the Advancement of Society, as well as a senior member of the IEEE. He has co-authored and authored seven books including Systems Analysis for Sustainable Engineering: Theory and Applications and over 190 peer-reviewed articles. Ana Pires, PhD, is a member of IMAR-CMA - Marine and Environmental Research Centre, Portugal, and is a research engineer in the Department of Environmenyal Sciences (Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente).

• PREFACE xixI FUNDAMENTAL BACKGROUND 11 INTRODUCTION 31.1 The Concept of Sustainable Development 31.2 Sustainability in the Context of SWM 101.3 The Framework for Sustainability Assessment 121.4 The Structure of this Book 13References 162 TECHNOLOGY MATRIX FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 192.1 Waste Classification and Types of Waste 192.2 Waste Management Through Waste Hierarchy: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover, and Disposal 282.3 Waste Operational Units: Real-World Cases 342.4 Waste Operational Units: Equipment and Facilities 422.5 Technology Matrix for Multiple Solid Waste Streams 722.6 Final Remarks 90References 903 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONCERNS 993.1 Financial Concerns 1003.2 Economic Incentives and Socioeconomic Concerns 1143.3 Social Concerns 1233.4 Final Remarks 133References 1344 LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CONCERNS 1414.1 SWM Legislation 1414.2 Sustainable Waste Management Principles and Policies 1514.3 Policy Instruments 1554.4 ISWM Plans 1624.5 Final Remarks 163References 1635 RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF RISK 1715.1 Formulate the Problem: Inherent Hazards in Solid Waste Management 1715.2 Risk Assessment in Solid Waste Management 1765.3 Management of Risk 1835.4 Risk Communication 1845.5 How to Promote a Sustainable Solid Waste Management with Risk Analysis? 1865.6 Final Remarks 188References 188II PRINCIPLES OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 1936 GLOBAL CHANGE, SUSTAINABILITY, AND ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 1956.1 Global Change Impacts 1956.2 Sustainability Considerations and Criteria 2086.3 Adaptive Management Strategies for Solid Waste Management Systems 2086.4 Final Remarks 210References 2107 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 2157.1 Systems Engineering Principles 2157.2 System of Systems Engineering Approaches 2227.3 Centralized Versus Decentralized Approaches 2277.4 Sensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty Quantification 2307.5 Final Remarks 232References 2338 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING TOOLS AND METHODS FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 2358.1 Systems Analysis, Waste Management, and Technology Hub 2368.2 Cost–Benefit–Risk Trade-Offs and Single-Objective Optimization 2408.3 Multicriteria Decision-Making 2488.4 Game Theory and Conflict Resolution 2838.5 System Dynamics Modeling 2878.6 Final Remarks 290References 292Appendix Web Site Resources of Software Packages of LINDO and LINGO 299III INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY AND INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES 3019 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY AND MUNICIPAL UTILITY PARKS 3039.1 Industrial Symbiosis and Industrial Ecology 3039.2 Creation of Eco-Industrial Parks and Eco-Industrial Clusters 3099.3 Municipal Utility Parks in Urban Regions 3149.4 Final Remarks 319References 32110 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT AND SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 32310.1 Life Cycle Assessment for Solid Waste Management 32310.2 Phases of Life Cycle Assessment 32510.3 LCA Waste Management Software 35510.4 Putting LCA into Practice 36110.5 Life Cycle Management 37410.6 Final Remarks 376References 37611 STREAMLINED LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT FOR SOLID WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS 38711.1 Application of Life Cycle Assessment for Solid Waste Management 38811.2 LCA for Screening Technologies of Solid Waste Treatment 39011.3 LCA Assessment Methodology 39111.4 Description of the CSLCA 39711.5 Interpretation of CSLCA Results 40011.6 Final Remarks 412References 41212 CARBON-FOOTPRINT-BASED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 41712.1 The Global-Warming Potential Impact 41712.2 The Quantification Process 41812.3 GWP Assessment for Solid Waste Management 42612.4 Case Study 42912.5 Systems Analysis 43412.6 Final Remarks 436References 436IV INTEGRATED SYSTEMS PLANNING, DESIGN, AND MANAGEMENT 44113 MULTIOBJECTIVE DECISION-MAKING FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN A CARBON-REGULATED ENVIRONMENT 44313.1 Current Gaps of Cost–Benefit Analyses for Solid Waste Management 44413.2 Background of System Planning 44613.3 Formulation of Systems Engineering Models for Comparative Analysis 45113.4 Interpretation of Modeling Output for Decision Analysis 45913.5 Comparative Analysis 46413.6 Final Remarks 470References 47014 PLANNING REGIONAL MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITIES IN A FAST-GROWING URBAN REGION 47514.1 Forecasting Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Optimal Siting of MRF in a Fast-growing Urban Region 47614.2 Modeling Philosophy 47814.3 Study Region and System Analysis Framework 48014.4 Prediction of Solid Waste Generation 48314.5 Regional Planning of Material Recovery Facilities 49214.6 Final Remarks 506References 50815 OPTIMAL PLANNING FOR SOLID WASTE COLLECTION, RECYCLING, AND VEHICLE ROUTING 51515.1 Systems Engineering Approaches for Solid Waste Collection 51615.2 Simulation for Planning Solid Waste Recycling Drop-Off Stations 52015.3 Multiobjective Programming for Planning Solid Waste Recycling Drop-Off Stations 53315.4 Final Remarks 543References 54616 MULTIATTRIBUTE DECISION-MAKING WITH SUSTAINABILITY CONSIDERATIONS 55316.1 Deterministic Multiple Attribute Decision-Making Process 55416.2 MADM for Solid Waste Management 56816.3 Final Remarks 579References 58017 DECISION ANALYSIS FOR OPTIMAL BALANCE BETWEEN SOLID WASTE INCINERATION AND RECYCLING PROGRAMS 58517.1 Systems Analysis for Integrated Material Recycling and Waste-to-Energy Programs 58617.2 Refuse-Derived Fuel Process for Solid Waste Management 58717.3 Regional Shipping Strategies 59417.4 Final Remarks 606References 60918 ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATICS FOR INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 61118.1 How Does Environmental Informatics Help Solid Waste Management?  61118.2 Sensors and Sensor Networks for Solid Waste Management 61218.3 Database Design for Solid Waste Management 61518.4 Spatial Analysis with GIS and GPS for Solid Waste Management 61618.5 Expert Systems, Decision Support Systems, and Computational Intelligence Techniques 62418.6 Integrated Environmental Information Systems 64118.7 Final Remarks 644References 646V UNCERTAINTY ANALYSES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 66519 STOCHASTIC PROGRAMMING AND GAME THEORY FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT DECISION-MAKING 66719.1 Background of Stochastic Programming 66719.2 Model Formulations of Stochastic Programming 66819.3 Stochastic Programming with Multiple Objective Functions 68219.4 Stochastic Dynamic Programming 68619.5 Game Theory 68919.6 Final Remarks 698References 69920 FUZZY MULTIATTRIBUTE DECISION-MAKING FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT WITH SOCIETAL COMPLICATIONS 70320.1 Fundamentals of Fuzzy Set Theory 70320.2 Siting a Regional Landfill with Fuzzy Multiattribute Decision-Making and GIS Techniques 71320.3 Fair Fund Redistribution and Environmental Justice with GIS-based Fuzzy AHP Method 73120.4 Final Remarks 751References 75321 FUZZY MULTIATTRIBUTE DECISION-MAKING FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT WITH TECHNOLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS 75921.1 Integrated Fuzzy Topsis and AHP Method for Screening Solid Waste Recycling Alternatives 75921.2 The Algorithm of FIMADM Method 76521.3 The Solid Waste Management System 77121.4 Final Remarks 788References 78822 FUZZY MULTIOBJECTIVE DECISION-MAKING FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 79122.1 Fuzzy Linear Programming 79122.2 Fuzzy Multiobjective Programming—Fuzzy Global Criterion Method 79622.3 Fuzzy Goal Programming 80022.4 Case Study 80222.5 Final Remarks 823References 82623 GREY SYSTEMS THEORY FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 82923.1 Grey Systems Theory 82923.2 Grey Linear Programming 83123.3 The Stability Issues of Grey Programming Models 84023.4 The Hybrid Approach for Various Cases of Uncertainty Quantification 84323.5 Final Remarks 844References 84524 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS FOR THE FUTURE OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES 84924.1 The Evolution of Systems Analysis for Solid Waste Management 85024.2 Trend Analysis 86224.3 Technical Barriers and Socioeconomic Challenges 86924.4 Future Perspectives 87224.5 Final Remarks 874References 875INDEX 895