Haitham Abu-Rub is currently a professor at Texas A&M University at Qatar. His main research interests are energy conversion systems, including renewable and electromechanical systems. He has published more than 200 journal and conference papers, coauthored four books, supervised several lucrative research projects, and is also an editor of several international journals such as in the IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy. He is currently leading various potential projects on photovoltaic and hybrid renewable power generation systems with different types of converters.Mariusz Malinowski is currently with the Institute of Control and Industrial Electronics (ICIE) at Warsaw University of Technology (WUT). He has authored more than 100 technical papers and is the holder of two implemented patents. Dr. Malinowski is also an Associate Editor for the IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, and previously edited the IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine. He was the recipient of the Siemens Prize (2002, 2007) and the Polish Minister of Science and Higher Education Awards (2003, 2008). He also received IEEE IES David Irwin Early Career Award for “Outstanding research and development of modulation and control for industrial electronics converters” in 2011.Kamal Al-Haddad has been a professor with the École de Technologie Supérieure’s Electrical Engineering Department since 1990. He has supervised 90 Ph.D. and M.Sc.A. students working in the field of power electronics  for various industrial systems, including modelling, simulation, control, and packaging. He has also coauthored more than 400 transactions and conference papers, transferred 21 technologies to the industry, and is accredited with codeveloping the SimPowerSystem toolbox. Kamal Al-Haddad is currently a fellow member of the Canadian Academy of Engineering, IEEE-IES President Elect 2014–2015, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics Associate Editor, and director of ETS-GREPCI research group.

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• Foreword xixPreface xxiAcknowledgements xxvList of Contributors xxvii1 Energy, Global Warming and Impact of Power Electronics in the Present Century 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Energy 21.3 Environmental Pollution: Global Warming Problem 31.4 Impact of Power Electronics on Energy Systems 81.5 Smart Grid 201.6 Electric/Hybrid Electric Vehicles 211.7 Conclusion and Future Prognosis 23References 252 Challenges of the Current Energy Scenario: The Power Electronics Contribution 272.1 Introduction 272.2 Energy Transmission and Distribution Systems 282.3 Renewable Energy Systems 342.4 Transportation Systems 412.5 Energy Storage Systems 422.6 Conclusions 47References 473 An Overview on Distributed Generation and Smart Grid Concepts and Technologies 503.1 Introduction 503.2 Requirements of Distributed Generation Systems and Smart Grids 513.3 Photovoltaic Generators 523.4 Wind and Mini-hydro Generators 553.5 Energy Storage Systems 563.6 Electric Vehicles 573.7 Microgrids 573.8 Smart Grid Issues 593.9 Active Management of Distribution Networks 603.10 Communication Systems in Smart Grids 613.11 Advanced Metering Infrastructure and Real-Time Pricing 623.12 Standards for Smart Grids 63References 654 Recent Advances in Power Semiconductor Technology 694.1 Introduction 694.2 Silicon Power Transistors 704.3 Overview of SiC Transistor Designs 754.4 Gate and Base Drivers for SiC Devices 804.5 Parallel Connection of Transistors 894.6 Overview of Applications 974.7 Gallium Nitride Transistors 1004.8 Summary 102References 1025 AC-Link Universal Power Converters: A New Class of Power Converters for Renewable Energy and Transportation 1075.1 Introduction 1075.2 Hard Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter 1085.3 Soft Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter 1125.4 Principle of Operation of the Soft Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter 1135.5 Design Procedure 1225.6 Analysis 1235.7 Applications 1265.8 Summary 133Acknowledgment 133References 1336 High Power Electronics: Key Technology forWind Turbines 1366.1 Introduction 1366.2 Development of Wind Power Generation 1376.3 Wind Power Conversion 1386.4 Power Converters for Wind Turbines 1436.5 Power Semiconductors for Wind Power Converter 1496.6 Controls and Grid Requirements for Modern Wind Turbines 1506.7 Emerging Reliability Issues for Wind Power System 1556.8 Conclusion 156References 1567 Photovoltaic Energy Conversion Systems 1607.1 Introduction 1607.2 Power Curves and Maximum Power Point of PV Systems 1627.3 Grid-Connected PV System Configurations 1657.4 Control of Grid-Connected PV Systems 1817.5 Recent Developments in Multilevel Inverter-Based PV Systems 1927.6 Summary 195References 1958 Controllability Analysis of Renewable Energy Systems 1998.1 Introduction 1998.2 Zero Dynamics of the Nonlinear System 2018.3 Controllability of Wind Turbine Connected through L Filter to the Grid 2028.4 Controllability of Wind Turbine Connected through LCL Filter to the Grid 2088.5 Controllability and Stability Analysis of PV System Connected to Current Source Inverter 2198.6 Conclusions 228References 2299 Universal Operation of Small/Medium-Sized Renewable Energy Systems 2319.1 Distributed Power Generation Systems 2319.2 Control of Power Converters for Grid-Interactive Distributed Power Generation Systems 2439.3 Ancillary Feature 2599.4 Summary 267References 26810 Properties and Control of a Doubly Fed Induction Machine 27010.1 Introduction. Basic principles of DFIM 27010.2 Vector Control of DFIM Using an AC/DC/AC Converter 28010.3 DFIM-Based Wind Energy Conversion Systems 305References 31711 AC–DC–AC Converters for Distributed Power Generation Systems 31911.1 Introduction 31911.2 Pulse-Width Modulation for AC–DC–AC Topologies 32811.3 DC-Link Capacitors Voltage Balancing in Diode-Clamped Converter 33411.4 Control Algorithms for AC–DC–AC Converters 34511.5 AC–DC–AC Converter with Active Power FeedForward 35611.6 Summary and Conclusions 361References 36212 Power Electronics for More Electric Aircraft 36512.1 Introduction 36512.2 More Electric Aircraft 36712.3 More Electric Engine (MEE) 37212.4 Electric Power Generation Strategies 37412.5 Power Electronics and Power Conversion 37812.6 Power Distribution 38112.7 Conclusions 384References 38513 Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles 38713.1 Introduction 38713.2 Electric, Hybrid Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Topologies 38813.3 EV and PHEV Charging Infrastructures 39213.4 Power Electronics for EV and PHEV Charging Infrastructure 40413.5 Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) Concepts 40713.6 Power Electronics for PEV Charging 410References 41914 Multilevel Converter/Inverter Topologies and Applications 42214.1 Introduction 42214.2 Fundamentals of Multilevel Converters/Inverters 42314.3 Cascaded Multilevel Inverters and Their Applications 43214.4 Emerging Applications and Discussions 44414.5 Summary 459Acknowledgment 461References 46115 Multiphase Matrix Converter Topologies and Control 46315.1 Introduction 46315.2 Three-Phase Input with Five-Phase Output Matrix Converter 46415.3 Simulation and Experimental Results 48415.4 Matrix Converter with Five-Phase Input and Three-Phase Output 48815.5 Sample Results 499Acknowledgment 501References 50116 Boost Preregulators for Power Factor Correction in Single-Phase Rectifiers 50316.1 Introduction 50316.2 Basic Boost PFC 50416.3 Half-Bridge Asymmetric Boost PFC 51116.4 Interleaved Dual-Boost PFC 51916.5 Conclusion 528References 52917 Active Power Filter 53417.1 Introduction 53417.2 Harmonics 53517.3 Effects and Negative Consequences of Harmonics 53517.4 International Standards for Harmonics 53617.5 Types of Harmonics 53717.5.1 Harmonic Current Sources 53717.5.2 Harmonic Voltage Sources 53717.6 Passive Filters 53917.7 Power Definitions 54017.8 Active Power Filters 54317.9 APF Switching Frequency Choice Methodology 54717.10 Harmonic Current Extraction Techniques (HCET) 54817.11 Shunt Active Power Filter 55517.12 Series Active Power Filter 56417.13 Unified Power Quality Conditioner 565Acknowledgment 569References 56918A Hardware-in-the-Loop Systems with Power Electronics: A Powerful Simulation Tool 57318A.1 Background 57318A.2 Increasing the Performance of the Power Stage 57518A.3 Machine Model of an Asynchronous Machine 58118A.4 Results and Conclusions 583References 58918B Real-Time Simulation of Modular Multilevel Converters (MMCs) 59118B.1 Introduction 59118B.2 Choice of Modeling for MMC and Its Limitations 59718B.3 Hardware Technology for Real-Time Simulation 59818B.4 Implementation for Real-Time Simulator Using Different Approach 60118B.5 Conclusion 606References 60619 Model Predictive Speed Control of Electrical Machines 60819.1 Introduction 60819.2 Review of Classical Speed Control Schemes for Electrical Machines 60919.3 Predictive Current Control 61319.4 Predictive Torque Control 61719.5 Predictive Torque Control Using a Direct Matrix Converter 61919.6 Predictive Speed Control 62219.7 Conclusions 626Acknowledgment 627References 62720 The Electrical Drive Systems with the Current Source Converter 63020.1 Introduction 63020.2 The Drive System Structure 63120.3 The PWM in CSCs 63320.4 The Generalized Control of a CSR 63620.5 The Mathematical Model of an Asynchronous and a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor 63920.6 The Current and Voltage Control of an Induction Machine 64120.7 The Current and Voltage Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor 65120.8 The Control System of a Doubly Fed Motor Supplied by a CSC 65720.9 Conclusion 661References 66221 Common-Mode Voltage and Bearing Currents in PWM Inverters: Causes, Effects and Prevention 66421.1 Introduction 66421.2 Determination of the Induction Motor Common-Mode Parameters 67121.3 Prevention of Common-Mode Current: Passive Methods 67421.4 Active Systems for Reducing the CM Current 68221.5 Common-Mode Current Reduction by PWM Algorithm Modifications 68321.6 Summary 692References 69222 High-Power Drive Systems for Industrial Applications: Practical Examples 69522.1 Introduction 69522.2 LNG Plants 69622.3 Gas Turbines (GTs): the Conventional Compressor Drives 69722.4 Technical and Economic Impact of VFDs 69922.5 High-Power Electric Motors 70022.6 High-Power Electric Drives 70522.7 Switching Devices 70522.8 High-Power Converter Topologies 70922.9 Multilevel VSI Topologies 71122.10 Control of High-Power Electric Drives 71922.11 Conclusion 723Acknowledgment 724References 72423 Modulation and Control of Single-Phase Grid-Side Converters 72723.1 Introduction 72723.2 Modulation Techniques in Single-Phase Voltage Source Converters 72923.3 Control of AC–DC Single-Phase Voltage Source Converters 74823.4 Summary 763References 76324 Impedance Source Inverters 76624.1 Multilevel Inverters 76624.2 Quasi-Z-Source Inverter 76724.3 qZSI-Based Cascade Multilevel PV System 77524.4 Hardware Implementation 780Acknowledgments 782References 782Index 787

Haitham Abu-Rub is currently a professor at Texas A&M University at Qatar. His main research interests are energy conversion systems, including renewable and electromechanical systems. He has published more than 200 journal and conference papers, coauthored four books, supervised several lucrative research projects, and is also an editor of several international journals such as in the IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy. He is currently leading various potential projects on photovoltaic and hybrid renewable power generation systems with different types of converters.Mariusz Malinowski is currently with the Institute of Control and Industrial Electronics (ICIE) at Warsaw University of Technology (WUT). He has authored more than 100 technical papers and is the holder of two implemented patents. Dr. Malinowski is also an Associate Editor for the IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, and previously edited the IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine. He was the recipient of the Siemens Prize (2002, 2007) and the Polish Minister of Science and Higher Education Awards (2003, 2008). He also received IEEE IES David Irwin Early Career Award for “Outstanding research and development of modulation and control for industrial electronics converters” in 2011.Kamal Al-Haddad has been a professor with the École de Technologie Supérieure’s Electrical Engineering Department since 1990. He has supervised 90 Ph.D. and M.Sc.A. students working in the field of power electronics  for various industrial systems, including modelling, simulation, control, and packaging. He has also coauthored more than 400 transactions and conference papers, transferred 21 technologies to the industry, and is accredited with codeveloping the SimPowerSystem toolbox. Kamal Al-Haddad is currently a fellow member of the Canadian Academy of Engineering, IEEE-IES President Elect 2014–2015, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics Associate Editor, and director of ETS-GREPCI research group.

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• Foreword xixPreface xxiAcknowledgements xxvList of Contributors xxvii1 Energy, Global Warming and Impact of Power Electronics in the Present Century 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Energy 21.3 Environmental Pollution: Global Warming Problem 31.4 Impact of Power Electronics on Energy Systems 81.5 Smart Grid 201.6 Electric/Hybrid Electric Vehicles 211.7 Conclusion and Future Prognosis 23References 252 Challenges of the Current Energy Scenario: The Power Electronics Contribution 272.1 Introduction 272.2 Energy Transmission and Distribution Systems 282.3 Renewable Energy Systems 342.4 Transportation Systems 412.5 Energy Storage Systems 422.6 Conclusions 47References 473 An Overview on Distributed Generation and Smart Grid Concepts and Technologies 503.1 Introduction 503.2 Requirements of Distributed Generation Systems and Smart Grids 513.3 Photovoltaic Generators 523.4 Wind and Mini-hydro Generators 553.5 Energy Storage Systems 563.6 Electric Vehicles 573.7 Microgrids 573.8 Smart Grid Issues 593.9 Active Management of Distribution Networks 603.10 Communication Systems in Smart Grids 613.11 Advanced Metering Infrastructure and Real-Time Pricing 623.12 Standards for Smart Grids 63References 654 Recent Advances in Power Semiconductor Technology 694.1 Introduction 694.2 Silicon Power Transistors 704.3 Overview of SiC Transistor Designs 754.4 Gate and Base Drivers for SiC Devices 804.5 Parallel Connection of Transistors 894.6 Overview of Applications 974.7 Gallium Nitride Transistors 1004.8 Summary 102References 1025 AC-Link Universal Power Converters: A New Class of Power Converters for Renewable Energy and Transportation 1075.1 Introduction 1075.2 Hard Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter 1085.3 Soft Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter 1125.4 Principle of Operation of the Soft Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter 1135.5 Design Procedure 1225.6 Analysis 1235.7 Applications 1265.8 Summary 133Acknowledgment 133References 1336 High Power Electronics: Key Technology forWind Turbines 1366.1 Introduction 1366.2 Development of Wind Power Generation 1376.3 Wind Power Conversion 1386.4 Power Converters for Wind Turbines 1436.5 Power Semiconductors for Wind Power Converter 1496.6 Controls and Grid Requirements for Modern Wind Turbines 1506.7 Emerging Reliability Issues for Wind Power System 1556.8 Conclusion 156References 1567 Photovoltaic Energy Conversion Systems 1607.1 Introduction 1607.2 Power Curves and Maximum Power Point of PV Systems 1627.3 Grid-Connected PV System Configurations 1657.4 Control of Grid-Connected PV Systems 1817.5 Recent Developments in Multilevel Inverter-Based PV Systems 1927.6 Summary 195References 1958 Controllability Analysis of Renewable Energy Systems 1998.1 Introduction 1998.2 Zero Dynamics of the Nonlinear System 2018.3 Controllability of Wind Turbine Connected through L Filter to the Grid 2028.4 Controllability of Wind Turbine Connected through LCL Filter to the Grid 2088.5 Controllability and Stability Analysis of PV System Connected to Current Source Inverter 2198.6 Conclusions 228References 2299 Universal Operation of Small/Medium-Sized Renewable Energy Systems 2319.1 Distributed Power Generation Systems 2319.2 Control of Power Converters for Grid-Interactive Distributed Power Generation Systems 2439.3 Ancillary Feature 2599.4 Summary 267References 26810 Properties and Control of a Doubly Fed Induction Machine 27010.1 Introduction. Basic principles of DFIM 27010.2 Vector Control of DFIM Using an AC/DC/AC Converter 28010.3 DFIM-Based Wind Energy Conversion Systems 305References 31711 AC–DC–AC Converters for Distributed Power Generation Systems 31911.1 Introduction 31911.2 Pulse-Width Modulation for AC–DC–AC Topologies 32811.3 DC-Link Capacitors Voltage Balancing in Diode-Clamped Converter 33411.4 Control Algorithms for AC–DC–AC Converters 34511.5 AC–DC–AC Converter with Active Power FeedForward 35611.6 Summary and Conclusions 361References 36212 Power Electronics for More Electric Aircraft 36512.1 Introduction 36512.2 More Electric Aircraft 36712.3 More Electric Engine (MEE) 37212.4 Electric Power Generation Strategies 37412.5 Power Electronics and Power Conversion 37812.6 Power Distribution 38112.7 Conclusions 384References 38513 Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles 38713.1 Introduction 38713.2 Electric, Hybrid Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Topologies 38813.3 EV and PHEV Charging Infrastructures 39213.4 Power Electronics for EV and PHEV Charging Infrastructure 40413.5 Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) Concepts 40713.6 Power Electronics for PEV Charging 410References 41914 Multilevel Converter/Inverter Topologies and Applications 42214.1 Introduction 42214.2 Fundamentals of Multilevel Converters/Inverters 42314.3 Cascaded Multilevel Inverters and Their Applications 43214.4 Emerging Applications and Discussions 44414.5 Summary 459Acknowledgment 461References 46115 Multiphase Matrix Converter Topologies and Control 46315.1 Introduction 46315.2 Three-Phase Input with Five-Phase Output Matrix Converter 46415.3 Simulation and Experimental Results 48415.4 Matrix Converter with Five-Phase Input and Three-Phase Output 48815.5 Sample Results 499Acknowledgment 501References 50116 Boost Preregulators for Power Factor Correction in Single-Phase Rectifiers 50316.1 Introduction 50316.2 Basic Boost PFC 50416.3 Half-Bridge Asymmetric Boost PFC 51116.4 Interleaved Dual-Boost PFC 51916.5 Conclusion 528References 52917 Active Power Filter 53417.1 Introduction 53417.2 Harmonics 53517.3 Effects and Negative Consequences of Harmonics 53517.4 International Standards for Harmonics 53617.5 Types of Harmonics 53717.5.1 Harmonic Current Sources 53717.5.2 Harmonic Voltage Sources 53717.6 Passive Filters 53917.7 Power Definitions 54017.8 Active Power Filters 54317.9 APF Switching Frequency Choice Methodology 54717.10 Harmonic Current Extraction Techniques (HCET) 54817.11 Shunt Active Power Filter 55517.12 Series Active Power Filter 56417.13 Unified Power Quality Conditioner 565Acknowledgment 569References 56918A Hardware-in-the-Loop Systems with Power Electronics: A Powerful Simulation Tool 57318A.1 Background 57318A.2 Increasing the Performance of the Power Stage 57518A.3 Machine Model of an Asynchronous Machine 58118A.4 Results and Conclusions 583References 58918B Real-Time Simulation of Modular Multilevel Converters (MMCs) 59118B.1 Introduction 59118B.2 Choice of Modeling for MMC and Its Limitations 59718B.3 Hardware Technology for Real-Time Simulation 59818B.4 Implementation for Real-Time Simulator Using Different Approach 60118B.5 Conclusion 606References 60619 Model Predictive Speed Control of Electrical Machines 60819.1 Introduction 60819.2 Review of Classical Speed Control Schemes for Electrical Machines 60919.3 Predictive Current Control 61319.4 Predictive Torque Control 61719.5 Predictive Torque Control Using a Direct Matrix Converter 61919.6 Predictive Speed Control 62219.7 Conclusions 626Acknowledgment 627References 62720 The Electrical Drive Systems with the Current Source Converter 63020.1 Introduction 63020.2 The Drive System Structure 63120.3 The PWM in CSCs 63320.4 The Generalized Control of a CSR 63620.5 The Mathematical Model of an Asynchronous and a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor 63920.6 The Current and Voltage Control of an Induction Machine 64120.7 The Current and Voltage Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor 65120.8 The Control System of a Doubly Fed Motor Supplied by a CSC 65720.9 Conclusion 661References 66221 Common-Mode Voltage and Bearing Currents in PWM Inverters: Causes, Effects and Prevention 66421.1 Introduction 66421.2 Determination of the Induction Motor Common-Mode Parameters 67121.3 Prevention of Common-Mode Current: Passive Methods 67421.4 Active Systems for Reducing the CM Current 68221.5 Common-Mode Current Reduction by PWM Algorithm Modifications 68321.6 Summary 692References 69222 High-Power Drive Systems for Industrial Applications: Practical Examples 69522.1 Introduction 69522.2 LNG Plants 69622.3 Gas Turbines (GTs): the Conventional Compressor Drives 69722.4 Technical and Economic Impact of VFDs 69922.5 High-Power Electric Motors 70022.6 High-Power Electric Drives 70522.7 Switching Devices 70522.8 High-Power Converter Topologies 70922.9 Multilevel VSI Topologies 71122.10 Control of High-Power Electric Drives 71922.11 Conclusion 723Acknowledgment 724References 72423 Modulation and Control of Single-Phase Grid-Side Converters 72723.1 Introduction 72723.2 Modulation Techniques in Single-Phase Voltage Source Converters 72923.3 Control of AC–DC Single-Phase Voltage Source Converters 74823.4 Summary 763References 76324 Impedance Source Inverters 76624.1 Multilevel Inverters 76624.2 Quasi-Z-Source Inverter 76724.3 qZSI-Based Cascade Multilevel PV System 77524.4 Hardware Implementation 780Acknowledgments 782References 782Index 787

Haitham Abu-Rub is currently a professor at Texas A&M University at Qatar. His main research interests are energy conversion systems, including renewable and electromechanical systems. He has published more than 200 journal and conference papers, coauthored four books, supervised several lucrative research projects, and is also an editor of several international journals such as in the IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy. He is currently leading various potential projects on photovoltaic and hybrid renewable power generation systems with different types of converters.Mariusz Malinowski is currently with the Institute of Control and Industrial Electronics (ICIE) at Warsaw University of Technology (WUT). He has authored more than 100 technical papers and is the holder of two implemented patents. Dr. Malinowski is also an Associate Editor for the IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, and previously edited the IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine. He was the recipient of the Siemens Prize (2002, 2007) and the Polish Minister of Science and Higher Education Awards (2003, 2008). He also received IEEE IES David Irwin Early Career Award for “Outstanding research and development of modulation and control for industrial electronics converters” in 2011.Kamal Al-Haddad has been a professor with the École de Technologie Supérieure’s Electrical Engineering Department since 1990. He has supervised 90 Ph.D. and M.Sc.A. students working in the field of power electronics  for various industrial systems, including modelling, simulation, control, and packaging. He has also coauthored more than 400 transactions and conference papers, transferred 21 technologies to the industry, and is accredited with codeveloping the SimPowerSystem toolbox. Kamal Al-Haddad is currently a fellow member of the Canadian Academy of Engineering, IEEE-IES President Elect 2014–2015, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics Associate Editor, and director of ETS-GREPCI research group.

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• Foreword xixPreface xxiAcknowledgements xxvList of Contributors xxvii1 Energy, Global Warming and Impact of Power Electronics in the Present Century 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Energy 21.3 Environmental Pollution: Global Warming Problem 31.4 Impact of Power Electronics on Energy Systems 81.5 Smart Grid 201.6 Electric/Hybrid Electric Vehicles 211.7 Conclusion and Future Prognosis 23References 252 Challenges of the Current Energy Scenario: The Power Electronics Contribution 272.1 Introduction 272.2 Energy Transmission and Distribution Systems 282.3 Renewable Energy Systems 342.4 Transportation Systems 412.5 Energy Storage Systems 422.6 Conclusions 47References 473 An Overview on Distributed Generation and Smart Grid Concepts and Technologies 503.1 Introduction 503.2 Requirements of Distributed Generation Systems and Smart Grids 513.3 Photovoltaic Generators 523.4 Wind and Mini-hydro Generators 553.5 Energy Storage Systems 563.6 Electric Vehicles 573.7 Microgrids 573.8 Smart Grid Issues 593.9 Active Management of Distribution Networks 603.10 Communication Systems in Smart Grids 613.11 Advanced Metering Infrastructure and Real-Time Pricing 623.12 Standards for Smart Grids 63References 654 Recent Advances in Power Semiconductor Technology 694.1 Introduction 694.2 Silicon Power Transistors 704.3 Overview of SiC Transistor Designs 754.4 Gate and Base Drivers for SiC Devices 804.5 Parallel Connection of Transistors 894.6 Overview of Applications 974.7 Gallium Nitride Transistors 1004.8 Summary 102References 1025 AC-Link Universal Power Converters: A New Class of Power Converters for Renewable Energy and Transportation 1075.1 Introduction 1075.2 Hard Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter 1085.3 Soft Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter 1125.4 Principle of Operation of the Soft Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter 1135.5 Design Procedure 1225.6 Analysis 1235.7 Applications 1265.8 Summary 133Acknowledgment 133References 1336 High Power Electronics: Key Technology forWind Turbines 1366.1 Introduction 1366.2 Development of Wind Power Generation 1376.3 Wind Power Conversion 1386.4 Power Converters for Wind Turbines 1436.5 Power Semiconductors for Wind Power Converter 1496.6 Controls and Grid Requirements for Modern Wind Turbines 1506.7 Emerging Reliability Issues for Wind Power System 1556.8 Conclusion 156References 1567 Photovoltaic Energy Conversion Systems 1607.1 Introduction 1607.2 Power Curves and Maximum Power Point of PV Systems 1627.3 Grid-Connected PV System Configurations 1657.4 Control of Grid-Connected PV Systems 1817.5 Recent Developments in Multilevel Inverter-Based PV Systems 1927.6 Summary 195References 1958 Controllability Analysis of Renewable Energy Systems 1998.1 Introduction 1998.2 Zero Dynamics of the Nonlinear System 2018.3 Controllability of Wind Turbine Connected through L Filter to the Grid 2028.4 Controllability of Wind Turbine Connected through LCL Filter to the Grid 2088.5 Controllability and Stability Analysis of PV System Connected to Current Source Inverter 2198.6 Conclusions 228References 2299 Universal Operation of Small/Medium-Sized Renewable Energy Systems 2319.1 Distributed Power Generation Systems 2319.2 Control of Power Converters for Grid-Interactive Distributed Power Generation Systems 2439.3 Ancillary Feature 2599.4 Summary 267References 26810 Properties and Control of a Doubly Fed Induction Machine 27010.1 Introduction. Basic principles of DFIM 27010.2 Vector Control of DFIM Using an AC/DC/AC Converter 28010.3 DFIM-Based Wind Energy Conversion Systems 305References 31711 AC–DC–AC Converters for Distributed Power Generation Systems 31911.1 Introduction 31911.2 Pulse-Width Modulation for AC–DC–AC Topologies 32811.3 DC-Link Capacitors Voltage Balancing in Diode-Clamped Converter 33411.4 Control Algorithms for AC–DC–AC Converters 34511.5 AC–DC–AC Converter with Active Power FeedForward 35611.6 Summary and Conclusions 361References 36212 Power Electronics for More Electric Aircraft 36512.1 Introduction 36512.2 More Electric Aircraft 36712.3 More Electric Engine (MEE) 37212.4 Electric Power Generation Strategies 37412.5 Power Electronics and Power Conversion 37812.6 Power Distribution 38112.7 Conclusions 384References 38513 Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles 38713.1 Introduction 38713.2 Electric, Hybrid Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Topologies 38813.3 EV and PHEV Charging Infrastructures 39213.4 Power Electronics for EV and PHEV Charging Infrastructure 40413.5 Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) Concepts 40713.6 Power Electronics for PEV Charging 410References 41914 Multilevel Converter/Inverter Topologies and Applications 42214.1 Introduction 42214.2 Fundamentals of Multilevel Converters/Inverters 42314.3 Cascaded Multilevel Inverters and Their Applications 43214.4 Emerging Applications and Discussions 44414.5 Summary 459Acknowledgment 461References 46115 Multiphase Matrix Converter Topologies and Control 46315.1 Introduction 46315.2 Three-Phase Input with Five-Phase Output Matrix Converter 46415.3 Simulation and Experimental Results 48415.4 Matrix Converter with Five-Phase Input and Three-Phase Output 48815.5 Sample Results 499Acknowledgment 501References 50116 Boost Preregulators for Power Factor Correction in Single-Phase Rectifiers 50316.1 Introduction 50316.2 Basic Boost PFC 50416.3 Half-Bridge Asymmetric Boost PFC 51116.4 Interleaved Dual-Boost PFC 51916.5 Conclusion 528References 52917 Active Power Filter 53417.1 Introduction 53417.2 Harmonics 53517.3 Effects and Negative Consequences of Harmonics 53517.4 International Standards for Harmonics 53617.5 Types of Harmonics 53717.5.1 Harmonic Current Sources 53717.5.2 Harmonic Voltage Sources 53717.6 Passive Filters 53917.7 Power Definitions 54017.8 Active Power Filters 54317.9 APF Switching Frequency Choice Methodology 54717.10 Harmonic Current Extraction Techniques (HCET) 54817.11 Shunt Active Power Filter 55517.12 Series Active Power Filter 56417.13 Unified Power Quality Conditioner 565Acknowledgment 569References 56918A Hardware-in-the-Loop Systems with Power Electronics: A Powerful Simulation Tool 57318A.1 Background 57318A.2 Increasing the Performance of the Power Stage 57518A.3 Machine Model of an Asynchronous Machine 58118A.4 Results and Conclusions 583References 58918B Real-Time Simulation of Modular Multilevel Converters (MMCs) 59118B.1 Introduction 59118B.2 Choice of Modeling for MMC and Its Limitations 59718B.3 Hardware Technology for Real-Time Simulation 59818B.4 Implementation for Real-Time Simulator Using Different Approach 60118B.5 Conclusion 606References 60619 Model Predictive Speed Control of Electrical Machines 60819.1 Introduction 60819.2 Review of Classical Speed Control Schemes for Electrical Machines 60919.3 Predictive Current Control 61319.4 Predictive Torque Control 61719.5 Predictive Torque Control Using a Direct Matrix Converter 61919.6 Predictive Speed Control 62219.7 Conclusions 626Acknowledgment 627References 62720 The Electrical Drive Systems with the Current Source Converter 63020.1 Introduction 63020.2 The Drive System Structure 63120.3 The PWM in CSCs 63320.4 The Generalized Control of a CSR 63620.5 The Mathematical Model of an Asynchronous and a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor 63920.6 The Current and Voltage Control of an Induction Machine 64120.7 The Current and Voltage Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor 65120.8 The Control System of a Doubly Fed Motor Supplied by a CSC 65720.9 Conclusion 661References 66221 Common-Mode Voltage and Bearing Currents in PWM Inverters: Causes, Effects and Prevention 66421.1 Introduction 66421.2 Determination of the Induction Motor Common-Mode Parameters 67121.3 Prevention of Common-Mode Current: Passive Methods 67421.4 Active Systems for Reducing the CM Current 68221.5 Common-Mode Current Reduction by PWM Algorithm Modifications 68321.6 Summary 692References 69222 High-Power Drive Systems for Industrial Applications: Practical Examples 69522.1 Introduction 69522.2 LNG Plants 69622.3 Gas Turbines (GTs): the Conventional Compressor Drives 69722.4 Technical and Economic Impact of VFDs 69922.5 High-Power Electric Motors 70022.6 High-Power Electric Drives 70522.7 Switching Devices 70522.8 High-Power Converter Topologies 70922.9 Multilevel VSI Topologies 71122.10 Control of High-Power Electric Drives 71922.11 Conclusion 723Acknowledgment 724References 72423 Modulation and Control of Single-Phase Grid-Side Converters 72723.1 Introduction 72723.2 Modulation Techniques in Single-Phase Voltage Source Converters 72923.3 Control of AC–DC Single-Phase Voltage Source Converters 74823.4 Summary 763References 76324 Impedance Source Inverters 76624.1 Multilevel Inverters 76624.2 Quasi-Z-Source Inverter 76724.3 qZSI-Based Cascade Multilevel PV System 77524.4 Hardware Implementation 780Acknowledgments 782References 782Index 787