Padhraig Fleming is Senior Clinical Lecturer and Consultant Orthodontist at Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK. He is an Associate Editor of the American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics and the Journal of Dentistry and a co-author of Clinical Cases in Orthodontics (Wiley-Blackwell, 2012). Padhraig was awarded the Dewel Prize by the American Association of Orthodontists in 2011. He has been involved in numerous clinical trials investigating the relative merits of a range of orthodontic appliances and techniques. Robert Lee is Honorary Professor and Consultant at Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK. Having founded the postgraduate training programme at The Royal London Hospital in 1983, Robert has been the Director of Specialist Training for Barts Health NHS Trust, Chairman of the Examiners in Orthodontics of The Royal College of Surgeons in England and Chairman of the Specialist Advisory Committee for Orthodontics. He has been undertaking clinical trials on functional appliances as his main research interest for more than 20 years.

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• List of Contributors viPreface vii1 Biological basis for functional appliance therapy 12 Development of functional appliances 103 The role of genetics and environmental factors on the condyle in mandibular growth 21Peter A. Mossey and Colin Larmour4 Functional appliance therapy: Indications and case selection 285 Clinical use of the Twin Block appliance 516 Rigid fixed functional appliances 70Peter Miles7 Flexible fixed functional appliances 93Peter Miles8 Transferring from functional to fixed appliances 1029 The use of functional appliances in the correction of Class III malocclusion 119Andrew DiBiase10 Functional appliances: A focused review of the clinical evidence 12711 Cases 135Index 160