Textbook of Neuroanatomy

MARIA A. PATESTAS is Professor of Anatomy at Des Moines University in Des Moines, IA, USA. LESLIE P. GARTNER is Professor of Anatomy retired from the Department of Biomedical Sciences at the Dental Schol of the University of Maryland in Baltimore, MD, USA.

• Preface viiiAbout the Companion Website xPart I General principles of the nervous system 1Chapter 1 Introduction to the Nervous System 3Cells of the Central Nervous System 5Central Nervous System 5Peripheral Nervous System 8Questions to Ponder 9Chapter 2 Development of the Nervous System 10Early Development 11Neurulation 13Early Development of the Spinal Cord and Brain 18Development of the Spinal Cord 20Development of the Brain 22Synonyms and Eponyms of the Nervous System 29Questions to Ponder 29Chapter 3 Histophysiology of the Nervous System 30Neurons 31Neuroglia 38Generation and conduction of Nerve Impulses 42Synonyms and Eponyms of Nervous System Histopathology 46Questions to Ponder 46Chapter 4 Neurotransmitter substances 47Classification of Neurotransmitter Substances 50Questions to Ponder 57Chapter 5 Spinal cord 58Morphology of the Spinal Cord 59Internal Morphology of the Spinal Cord 65Vascular Supply of the Spinal Cord 68Synonyms and Eponyms of the Spinal Cord 72Questions to Ponder 72Chapter 6 Gross Anatomy of the Brain 73Cerebrum 74Diencephalon 85Cerebellum 86Brainstem 89Synonyms and Eponyms of the Brain 94Questions to Ponder 94Chapter 7 Brainstem 95Internal Organization of the Brainstem 95Medulla 99Pons 105Midbrain 110Synonyms and Eponyms of the Brainstem 119Questions to Ponder 119Chapter 8 Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid 120Cranial Meninges 121Spinal Meninges 128Venous Sinuses of the Cranial Dura Mater 129Cerebrospinal Fluid 133Ventricles of the Brain 133Synonyms and eponyms of the Nervous System 135Questions to Ponder 135Chapter 9 Vascular Supply of the Central Nervous System 136Vascular Supply of the Spinal Cord 137Arterial Supply of the Brain 138Venous Drainage of the Brain 151Synonyms and Eponyms of the Vascular Supply of the Central Nervous System 155Questions to Ponder 155Chapter 10 Autonomic Nervous System 156Sympathetic Nervous System 159Parasympathetic Nervous System 166Enteric Nervous System 169Neurotransmitters and Receptors of the Autonomic Nervous System 170Pelvic Autonomic Functions 171Synonyms and Eponyms of the Autonomic Nervous System 174Questions to Ponder 174Chapter 11 Spinal Reflexes 175Components of Reflexes 175Lower Motoneurons 176Skeletal Muscle Innervation 177Skeletal Muscle Receptors 177Muscle Stretch Reflex 179Reciprocal Inhibition 179Autogenic Inhibition (Inverse Myotatic Reflex) 180Flexor Reflex (Withdrawal Reflex, Nociceptive Reflex) 180Crossed Extension Reflex 181Maintenance of Muscle Tone via the Gamma Loop 181Alpha-Gamma Coactivation 182Synonyms and Eponyms of the Spinal Reflexes 184Questions to Ponder 184Part II Integrative Components of the Nervous System 185Chapter 12 Ascending sensory Pathways 187Sensory Receptors 188Anterolateral System 197Tactile Sensation and Proprioception 207Sensory Pathways to the Cerebellum 212Modulation of Nociception 224Neuroplasticity 226Synonyms and Eponyms of the Ascending Sensory Pathways 226Questions to Ponder 227Chapter 13 Motor Cortex and Descending Motor Pathways 228Cortical Areas Controlling Motor Activity 229Descending Motor Pathways 231Synonyms and Eponyms of the Motor Cortex and Descending Motor Pathways 248Questions to Ponder 249Chapter 14 Basal Nuclei 250Components of the Basal Nuclei 251Nuclei Associated with the Basal Nuclei 255Input, Intrinsic, and Output Nuclei of the Basal Nuclei 257Connections of the Basal Nuclei 259Circuits Connecting the Basal Nuclei, Thalamus, and Cerebral Cortex 265Other Circuits of the Basal Nuclei 267Neurotransmitters of the Basal Nuclei 268“Direct” and “Indirect” Loops (Pathways) of the Basal Nuclei 270Circuits that Modulate Activity of the Basal Nuclei 271Synonyms and Eponyms of the Basal Nuclei 277Questions to Ponder 278Chapter 15 Cerebellum 279Morphology of the Cerebellum 281Cerebellar Peduncles 289Deep Cerebellar Nuclei 291Afferents (Input) to the Cerebellum 292Efferents (Output) from the Cerebellum 296Functional Organization of the Cerebellum: Intrinsic Circuitry 298Synonyms and Eponyms of the Cerebellum 302Questions to Ponder 302Chapter 16 Reticular Formation 303Morphology of the Reticular Formation 304Zones of the Reticular Formation 305Nuclei Associated with the Reticular Formation 307Input to and Output from the Reticular Formation 307Functions of the Reticular Formation 308Synonyms and Eponyms of the Reticular Formation 314Questions to Ponder 314Chapter 17 Cranial Nerves 315Olfactory Nerve (CN I) 320Optic Nerve (CN II) 320Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) 321Trochlear Nerve (CN IV) 323Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) 325Abducent Nerve (CN VI) 332Facial Nerve (CN VII) 336Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII) 338Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) 339Vagus Nerve (CN X) 342Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI) 345Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII) 346Synonyms and Eponyms of the Cranial Nerves 348Questions to Ponder 349Chapter 18 Visual System 350Eye 350Central Visual Pathways 355Visual Reflexes 365Synonyms and Eponyms of the Visual System 375Questions to Ponder 375Chapter 19 Auditory System 376Ear 376Auditory Transmission 381Central Auditory Pathways 383Synonyms and eponyms of the Auditory System 391Questions to Ponder 391Chapter 20 Vestibular System 392Vestibular Apparatus 393Vestibular Nerve (CN VIII) 399Central Pathways of the Vestibular System 400Control of Ocular Movements 403Vestibular Nystagmus 406Caloric Nystagmus 408Synonyms and Eponyms of the Vestibular System 409Questions to Ponder 410Chapter 21 Olfactory System 411Olfactory Receptor Cells 412Olfactory Transduction 412Olfactory Nerve (CN I) 414Central Connections of the Olfactory System 415Synonyms and Eponyms of the Olfactory System 418Questions to Ponder 419Chapter 22 Limbic System 420Limbic Lobe 421Brainstem Centers Associated with Limbic System Function 432Pathways of the Limbic System 432Limbic Association Cortex 435Limbic System Input to the Endocrine, Autonomic, and Somatic Motor Systems 435Synonyms and Eponyms of the Limbic System 437Questions to Ponder 438Chapter 23 Hypothalamus 439Borders 440Hypothalamic Zones and Component Nuclei 441Hypothalamic Regions (areas) and Component Nuclei 446Connections of the Hypothalamus 448Pathways of the Hypothalamus 449Functions of the Hypothalamus 452Hypothalamohypophyseal Connections 455Synonyms and Eponyms of the Hypothalamus 462Questions to Ponder 463Chapter 24 Thalamus 465Borders 465Anatomy 467Internal and External Medullary Laminae 468Thalamic Nuclei 469Synonyms and Eponyms of the Thalamus 477Questions to Ponder 478Chapter 25 Cerebral Cortex 479Cells of the Cerebral Cortex 481Types of Cortex 483Cell layers of the Neocortex 484Vertical Columnar Organization of the Cerebral Cortex 485Afferents (Input) to the Cerebral Cortex 485Efferents (Output) from the Cerebral Cortex 486Internal Capsule and Corona Radiata 489Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex 489Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex 490Cerebral Dominance 498Synonyms and Eponyms of the Cerebral Cortex 504Questions to Ponder 506Questions to Ponder: Answers to Odd Questions 507Index 517