Microbiology of Drinking Water

Gabriel Bitton is Professor Emeritus of Environmental Microbiology and Toxicology at University of Florida, Gainesville. He is the author of several books on various areas of microbiology. His research interests include Ecotoxicology: Toxicity Testing using microorganisms; Biosensors, Heavy metal toxicology and remediation, Environmental microbiology, Surface microbiology, Environmental Virology, Biotechnology and Environmental Control, Wastewater Microbiology, Bioremediation, Solid Waste toxicity and hormonal activity.

• PREFACE xi1 MICROBIAL CONTAMINANTS IN DRINKING WATER 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Transmission Routes of Pathogens and Parasites 11.3 Major Pathogens and Parasites of Health Concern in Drinking Water 6Web Resources 27Further Reading 272 MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DRINKING WATER TREATMENT 292.1 Introduction 292.2 Worldwide Concern Over Drinking Water Safety 302.3 Microbiological Quality of Source Water 332.4 Overview of Processes Involved in Drinking Water Treatment Plants 352.5 Process Microbiology and Fate of Pathogens and Parasites in Water Treatment Plants 362.6 Waste Residuals from Water Treatment Plants 552.7 Drinking Water Quality at the Consumer’s Tap 55Web Resources 62Further Reading 633 DRINKING WATER DISINFECTION 653.1 Introduction 653.2 Chlorine 663.3 Chlorine Dioxide 723.4 Ozone 743.5 Ultraviolet Light 763.6 Use of Photocatalists in Water Disinfection 853.7 Physical Removal/Inactivation of Microbial Pathogens 86Web Resources 89Further Reading 894 DRINKING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS: BIOFILM MICROBIOLOGY 914.1 Introduction 914.2 Biofilm Development in WDSs 934.3 Growh of Pathogens and Other Microorganisms in WDSs 1054.4 Some Advantages and Disadvantages of Biofilms in Drinking Water Treatment and Distribution 1094.5 Biofilm Control and Prevention 112Web Resources 114Further Reading 1155 ESTHETIC AND OTHER CONCERNS ASSOCIATED WITH DRINKING WATER TREATMENT AND DISTRIBUTION 1175.1 Introduction 1175.2 Taste and Odor Problems in Drinking Water Treatment Plants 1175.3 Algae and Cyanobacteria 1215.4 Fungi 1275.5 Actinomycetes 1295.6 Protozoa 1305.7 Invertebrates 1325.8 Endotoxins 1345.9 Iron, Manganese, and Sulfur Bacteria 1345.10 Nitrifying Bacteria in Water Distribution Systems 135Web Resources 137Further Reading 1386 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT AND BIOSTABILITY OF DRINKING WATER 1416.1 Introduction 1416.2 Biological Treatment of Drinking Water 1416.3 Assessment of Biostability of Drinking Water 143Web Resources 151Further Reading 1517 BIOTERRORISM AND DRINKING WATER SAFETY 1537.1 Introduction 1537.2 Early History of Biological Warfare 1537.3 BW Microbial Agents and Biotoxins 1547.4 Deliberate Contamination ofWater Supplies with BW Agents or Biotoxins 1617.5 Early Warning Systems for Assessing the Contamination of Source Waters or Water Distribution Systems 1657.6 Protection of Drinking Water Supplies 1687.7 Disinfection of BW-Contaminated Drinking Water 169Web Resources 170Further Reading 1718 WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 1738.1 Introduction: Water for a Thirsty Planet 1738.2 Some Statistics ofWaterborne Diseases in Developing Countries 1748.3 Some HWT Methods or Technologies in Use in Developing Countries 1758.4 Personal Portable Water Treatment Systems for Travelers and Hikers 189Web Resources 193Further Reading 1949 BOTTLED WATER MICROBIOLOGY 1959.1 Introduction 1959.2 Sources and Categories of Bottled Water 1979.3 Bottled Water Microorganisms 1999.4 Regulations Concerning Bottled Water 203Web Resources 204Further Reading 20510 INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR DRINKING WATER 20710.1 Health-Based Targets for Drinking Water 20710.2 Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) 20810.3 Some Examples of Use of Risk Assessment to Assess the Risk of Infection or Disease From Exposure to Microbial Pathogens 212Web Resources 216Further Reading 216REFERENCES 217INDEX 289