Building Information Modeling

KAREN M. KENSEK and DOUGLAS E. NOBLE teach at the University of Southern California, School of Architecture. Prof. Kensek has received national BIM honors from the AIA TAP committee and Autodesk, hosts an annual conference on Building Information Modeling, and received the 2014 ACSA Award for Creativity with Prof. Noble. They are both past presidents of Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture (ACADIA) and are active in the American Institute of Architects (AIA).

• Foreword xviiAcknowledgments xxiIntroduction xxiiiSoftware Mentioned xxxiPart 1 Design Thinking and BIM 1Chapter 1 Smart Buildings/Smart(er) Designers: BIM and the Creative Design ProcessGlenn Goldman Andrzej Zarzycki1.1 Introduction 31.2 Evaluation of Visual Information: Form 51.3 Generative Abilities of Parametric Models 61.4 How Lighting, Thermal, and Structural Considerations Can Drive the Design 61.5 Limitations of Current Parametric Models 81.6 Physics and Materiality 91.6.1 Solving for Multiple Criteria 101.6.2 Other Data Types 101.6.3 Soft Constraints 111.7 Design and Construction 2.0 121.7.1 Context-Aware Data 121.7.2 Beyond a Single Lifespan of the Project 131.8 Conclusion 15Discussion Questions 15Bibliography 16Chapter 2 Necessity of Cognitive Modeling in BIM’s Future 17Ömer Akin2.1 Introduction: Some Useful Concepts 172.2 Building Information Modeling: The Brand New World of Design Computing 202.3 Cognitive Strategies for BIM: Challenges and Opportunities 212.4 Conclusions 26Discussion Questions 26References 27Chapter 3 Modeling Architectural Meaning 29Mark J. Clayton3.1 Introduction 293.2 Architectural Ontology 303.3 Regulating Lines 303.4 Diagrams and Semantics 363.5 Types 383.6 Conclusion 40Discussion Questions 40References 41Chapter 4 Knowledge-Based Building Information Modeling 43Hugo Sheward Charles Eastman4.1 The Potential of Building Information Modeling (BIM) to Capture Design Expertise 434.2 “Vanilla BIM” versus Knowledge-Based BIM 444.3 What Is Design Expertise? 444.3.1 Heuristics Applied to Design Processes 454.3.2 Design Workflows and Knowledge-Based BIM 464.4 Capturing and Deploying Design Expertise 474.4.1 Capturing Design Expertise 474.4.2 Embedding Knowledge in BIM 474.4.3 Example 1: Building Service Core 494.4.4 Example 2: Ventilation in Laboratories 504.5 Examples of Deployment 534.5.1 Deployment in Manufacturing 534.5.2 Uses in Architecture, Engineering, and Construction 534.6 Summary 54Discussion Questions 54References 55Part 2 BIM Analytics 57Chapter 5 Parametric BIM SIM: Integrating Parametric Modeling, BIM, and Simulation for Architectural Design 59Wei Yan5.1 Executive Summary 595.2 Introduction 595.2.1 Parametric Modeling 605.2.2 BIM and Parametric BIM 605.2.3 Building Energy Simulation 615.2.4 A Streamlined Modeling Process 635.3 Complexity and Interfaces 65Chapter 6 Models and Measurement: Changing Design Value with Simulation, Analysis, and Outcomes 79Phillip G. Bernstein Matt Jezyk5.3.1 Complexity and Computability 655.3.2 User Interfaces and System Interfaces 665.4 Case Studies 695.4.1 Physical BIM for Thermal and Daylighting Simulations 695.4.2 Parametric BIM-Based Energy Optimization 725.5 Conclusion 74Acknowledgments 74Discussion Questions 74References 756.1 Introduction 796.2 BIM 1.0 806.3 Analysis and Simulation through BIM 1.0 806.4 BIM 2.0 836.5 Geometry, Behavioral Properties, Parameters, and Analysis 856.6 Ideation and Design Production under BIM 2.0 896.7 Design Empowerment 916.8 Conclusion: Avenues to Alternative Value Generation 91Discussion Questions 92References 93Chapter 7 Energy Modeling in Conceptual Design 95Timothy Hemsath7.1 Introduction 957.2 Building Performance Simulation (BPS) 957.3 BIM’s Role in the Process 977.4 Conceptual Design Decisions 987.5 Sensitivity Analysis and Optimization 1017.5.1 Sensitivity Analysis 1017.5.2 Conceptual Design Optimization 1027.6 BIM Affordances 1057.7 Conclusion 107Acknowledgments 107Discussion Questions 107References 108Chapter 8 Performance Art: Analytics and the New Theater of Design Practice 109Daniel Davis Nathan Miller8.1 Introduction 1098.2 Instruments 1108.3 Analytics 1128.4 Interactions 1158.5 Conclusion: Algorithms Are Thoughts 116Discussion Questions 117References 117Chapter 9 Automated Energy Performance Visualization for BIM 119Paola Sanguinetti Pasi Paasiala Charles Eastman9.1 Introduction 1199.2 Case Study: Automated Analysis of U.S. Courthouse Models for GSA 1209.2.1 Preliminary Concept Design (PCD) 1209.2.2 Post-Processing for Energy Analysis 1209.2.3 Building Model Property Definition 1239.3 Performance Visualization 1239.3.1 Aggregation of Simulation Output Variables 1249.3.2 Visualization of Thermal Flows 1249.4 Discussion 1259.5 Conclusion 127Acknowledgments 127Discussion Questions 127References 127Chapter 10 Urban Energy Information Modeling: High Fidelity Aggregated Building Simulation for District Energy Systems 129Nina Baird Shalini Ramesh Henry Johnstone Khee Poh Lam10.1 Introduction 12910.2 Understanding District Energy Systems 12910.3 Community Energy Planning 13010.4 Dynamic Energy Mapping 13210.4.1 An Initial Example: Pittsburgh’s Lower Hill District 13210.4.2 Urban Energy Simulation of the Lower Hill District 13310.4.3 Future Improvements Using Cloud Services 13410.4.4 First Order District System Analysis 13510.4.5 Data Visualization for Time-of-Use Aggregate Load Profiles 13610.4.6 Interpreting Lower Hill District Results 13710.5 The Future: BIM in Urban Energy Information Modeling 139Discussion Questions 140References 140Chapter 11 BIM and the Predesign Process: Modeling the Unknown 143Michael Donn11.1 Introduction 14311.1.1 Current BIM Concepts Limit Performance Analysis 14411.1.2 Performance Analysis in Early Design 14411.2 Limits of Traditional Early Design Analysis 14511.2.1 The Promise of BIM in Early Design 14511.2.2 Performative (Generative) Design as a Solution 14511.2.3 Daylight Design Example of Limits of Traditional Analysis 14711.2.4 Modern Performance Metrics in Daylight Design 14711.3 BIM-Based Detailed Performance Analysis 14911.3.1 A BIM Is More than a Representation of a Building 14911.3.2 The Role of the Analyst in Performance Simulation 15011.3.3 Tools for Rapid Evaluation of Design Scenarios 15211.4 Conclusion: Inventing a New BIM for Early Design Analysis 153Discussion Questions 154References 154Chapter 12 Analytical BIM: BIM Fragments, Domain Gaps, and Other Impediments 157Karen M. Kensek12.1 Introduction 15712.2 Analytical Modeling 15712.3 Building Information Modeling 15812.4 Levels of BIM 15912.4.1 Pre-BIM: Planning Stages 16112.4.2 BIM Light: A Component-Based 3D Model 16112.4.3 BIM + Information 16112.4.4 BIM + Knowledge 16212.4.5 BIM + Decisions 16312.5 FDEIC Knowledge 16412.6 Feedback Loop 16512.7 Fragment BIMs and Three Gaps 16612.7.1 Architect to Energy Consultant 16712.7.2 Architect to Contractor 16712.7.3 Architect and Contractor to Facilities Manager and Owner 16912.8 Conclusion 170Acknowledgments 170Discussion Questions 170References 171Part 3 Comprehensive BIM 173Chapter 13 One BIM to Rule Them All: Future Reality or Myth? 175Brian R. Johnson13.1 Introduction 17513.2 A Brief History of the Single Model 17513.3 The 2D Interregnum 17613.3.1 Drawings versus Models 17613.4 What’s Wrong with This Picture? 17713.4.1 Task Complexity 17713.4.2 Software Complexity 17913.4.3 When a Model Isn’t Enough: Data versus Process 18013.4.4 Limitations on Data as an Expression of Intent 18113.4.5 People and Cognition 18213.5 One BIM to Rule Them All? 183Discussion Questions 184References 184Chapter 14 Component-Based BIM: A Comprehensive, Detailed, Single-Model Strategy 187Anton C. Harfmann14.1 Executive Summary 18714.2 The Wicked Problem of Making Architecture 18814.2.1 Design Complexity and Uniqueness 18814.2.2 Fragmentation and Multiple Representations 18914.2.3 Redesign and Discovery 18914.3 Implementing Component-Based Design 19014.3.1 The Component-Based Paradigm: Overview 19014.3.2 Product/Manufacturer Links 19114.3.3 External Reasoning 19114.3.4 BIM-Driven Component Modeling 19214.3.5 Component-Based Model Example 19214.3.6 Component Model as Authority 19514.4 Conclusion 195Discussion Questions 196References 196Chapter 15 BIM Ecosystem: The Coevolution of Products, Processes, and People 197Ning Gu Vishal Singh Kerry London15.1 Introduction 19715.2 Coevolution of Products, Processes, and People 19815.3 Understanding the Industry Context of BIM 19915.3.1 Fundamental Characteristics of BIM and Their Evolution 19915.3.2 Industry Perception of BIM-Related Products, Processes, and People 20115.4 Establishing a BIM Ecosystem: Operational and Support Technical Requirements in BIM 20215.5 Establishing a BIM Ecosystem: Collaborative Platform BIM Decision Framework 20315.5.1 Current Scope and Development of the Decision Framework 20315.5.2 Sections of the Decision Framework for BIM Implementation 20415.5.3 Applying the Decision Framework in Collaborative Practice 20415.6 Discussion and Future BIM Ecosystem 20715.6.1 Key Issues and Implication of Future BIM Ecosystem 20715.6.2 Preparing for Future BIM Ecosystem 208Discussion Questions 209References 209Part 4 Reasoning with BIM 211Chapter 16 BIM, Materials, and Fabrication 213Christopher Beorkrem16.1 The Uber-Detail 21316.2 Materials 21416.3 The Logic of Materiality 21516.4 Soft Data 21816.5 Backward BIM 22016.6 BIM, Materials, and Fabrication 22216.7 Going Forward 22216.8 Conclusion 223Discussion Questions 224References 224Chapter 17 Communicating Semantics through Model Restructuring and Representation 225Ramesh Krishnamurti Varvara Toulkeridou Tajin Biswas17.1 Introduction 22517.2 Spatial Reasoning and Querying 22717.2.1 BIM as an Infrastructure for Spatial Reasoning 22717.2.2 Extraction, Restructuring, Representation 22717.2.3 Spatial Topology Data Extraction from IFC 22817.2.4 Prototype for Spatial Topology Queries 22917.3 Reasoning for Green Certification 23017.3.1 Aggregation, Augmentation, Representation 23117.3.2 Prototype for Green Certification 23217.4 Conclusion 233Discussion Questions 233References 234Chapter 18 BIM as a Catalyst to Foster Creativity through Collaboration 237Murali Paranandi18.1 Introduction 23718.2 The Role of Collaboration in Design 23818.3 Social Framework 23818.3.1 The Human Side 23918.3.2 Define and Manage Roles 24018.3.3 Co-locating to Facilitate Dialog 24118.4 Computational Workflows 24218.4.1 Tools for Designing and Collaborating 24218.4.2 Collaborative Prototyping 24318.4.3 Crowdsourcing 24418.4.4 Knowledge Capture and Sharing in the Cloud 24518.5 Conclusion 24718.5.1 Feedback to Academia 24718.5.2 Feedback to the Profession 247Acknowledgments 248Discussion Questions 248References 248Chapter 19 BIM and Virtual Reconstruction: A Long-Term View of (Re-)Modeling 251Bob Martens Herbert Peter19.1 Executive Summary 25119.2 Introduction 25219.3 BIM and Virtual Reconstruction 25319.4 Information Basis: Model Tree Structures 25719.5 Model Porting and Data Exchange 26119.5.1 Model Porting 26219.5.2 Data Exchange 26219.6 Outlook: Where Do We Go from Here? 26319.7 Conclusion 264Discussion Questions 264References 264Part 5 Professional BIM 267Chapter 20 Managing BIM Projects, Organizations, and Policies: Turning Aspirations into Quantitative Measures of Success 269Calvin Kam20.1 Introduction 26920.2 Scorecard Methodology 27020.3 Project Evaluation 27220.4 Continuous Evaluation 27520.5 Performance Indicators 27620.6 Portfolio Evaluation 27720.7 Country-Level BIM Evaluations 27820.8 Conclusion 279Acknowledgments 280Discussion Questions 280References 280Chapter 21 Space: The First (and Final) Frontier of BIM 281Stephen R Hagan21.1 Introduction 28121.2 Historical Perspectives of Space and the Facility Life Cycle 28221.3 Space, Measurement, and BIM 28221.4 BIM Spatial Pioneers: Coast Guard and GSA 28321.5 Project Spatial BIM: Connecting Program to Design, Construction, and Facility Management 28821.6 Geospatial, Campus-Wide, and Services-Oriented Spatial BIM 28921.7 Standardizing Spatial BIM: IFMA-BOMA, BISDM, CityGML, and Indoor Navigation 29021.8 Conclusion 290Discussion Questions 292References 292Chapter 22 Translating Designs for Construction + Operations: The Future of BIM in a World of Material and Energy Scarcity 295Franca Trubiano22.1 Buildings, Information, and Modeling 29522.1.1 The Promise 29522.1.2 The Critique 29622.2 The Changing Character of Architectural Representations 29722.3 Facilitating the Translation from Design to Construction—with Matter 29922.4 Facilitating the Translation from Design to Operations—with Energy 30822.5 Conclusion 310Discussion Questions 311References 311Chapter 23 Marx, BIM, and Contemporary Labor 313Peggy Deamer23.1 BIM and Work 31323.2 BIM Managers: What They Are Doing 31423.2.1 Design versus Technology 31423.2.2 Networked Tasks 31523.2.3 Political/Organizational Change 31623.3 The Enactment of Enlightened Management Theory 31723.4 Conclusion: Post-Capitalist Architecture 319Discussion Questions 319References 319Part 6 BIM Speculation 321Chapter 24 Beyond BIM: Next-Generation Building Information Modeling to Support Form, Function, and Use of Buildings 323Yehuda E. Kalay Davide Schaumann Seung Wan Hong Davide Simeone24.1 Rationale 32324.2 The Shortcomings of BIM 32524.3 Form, Function, Use 32724.3.1 Form 32724.3.2 Function 32724.3.3 Use 32824.4 Dependencies 32924.4.1 Form versus Function 32924.4.2 Form versus Use 33024.4.3 Function versus Use 33024.5 Objectives 33024.6 Methodology 33024.7 Implementation 33124.8 Conclusion 334Acknowledgments 334Discussion Questions 334References 334Chapter 25 Engines of Information: Big Data from Small Buildings 337Chandler Ahrens Aaron Sprecher25.1 Introduction 33725.2 Data to Information 33825.3 Looking through the Lens of Data 34025.4 Building an Information Model 34225.5 The Present Future 34325.6 IM: Drop the (B) 34425.7 Information to Knowledge 34725.8 Conclusion 347Discussion Questions 347References 348Chapter 26 BIM and MetaBIM: Design Narrative and Modeling Building Information 349Mark Burry26.1 Background to a Series of Dilemmas 34926.2 A Case in Point: The Sagrada Família Basilica Sala Creuer 35126.2.1 Sala Creuer Documentation 35126.2.2 Project Phases 35226.3 Creative Digital Workflow as BIM 35726.4 Watch This Space 360Acknowledgments 362Discussion Questions 362Glossary 363Author Biographies 373Index 385