Charles Boberg is Associate Professor in the Department of Linguistics at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. His research focuses on variation and change in North American English, particularly Canadian English and accents in film and television. He is the author of The English Language in Canada: Status, History and Comparative Analysis (2010) and a co-author of the Atlas of North American English (with William Labov and Sharon Ash, 2006).John Nerbonne worked at HP Labs, the German AI Center, and the University of Groningen, where he was head of Digital Humanities. He is currently an honorary professor in Freiburg. Nerbonne works in quantitative linguistics, using computational and statistical methods. He is a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, was president of the Association for Computational Linguistics in 2002, and a Humboldt prize winner in 2013.Dominic Watt is Senior Lecturer in Forensic Speech Science at the University of York, UK. His research interests are in forensic phonetics and linguistics, speech perception, sociophonetics, and language and identity studies. He is co-author of English Accents and Dialects (with Arthur Hughes and Peter Trudgill, 2012), and co-editor of Language and Identities (with Carmen Llamas, 2010) and Language, Borders and Identity (2014).

"Dialectology, the study of how and why language varies from place to place, comes brilliantly to life with this comprehensive, state-of-the-art Handbook. Grounded in history yet filled with cutting-edge methodology, research findings and personal insights from top researchers in the field, this book gives scholars and students the ideal reference manual for studying and understanding dialects in the 21st century."Professor Sali Tagliamonte, University of Toronto, Canada"It's all here - an enormously helpful and brilliantly well-planned volume, by the world's very top dialectology researcher. The Handbook has everything that needs to be known about regional variations in language, including the history of its study, its manifestations,  its causes, and its consequences." Professor Peter Trudgill, University of East Anglia, UK"This timely volume comprises thirty six chapters written by leading exponents in the discipline, comprehensively covering in three excellent sections issues in  theory, method and data. It is a fine resource for anyone working on language variation, language history, or for those who require access to bodies of language data: indispensable for researchers and students alike." Professor Lesley Milroy, Professor Emerita, University of Michigan, USA

• List of Contributors viiiIntroduction 1CHARLES BOBERG, JOHN NERBONNE, AND DOMINIC WATTSection 1: Theory (section editor: Dominic Watt) 1Section IntroductionDOMINIC WATT1 Dialectology, Philology, and Historical Linguistics 23RAYMOND HICKEY2 The Dialect Dictionary 39JACQUES VAN KEYMEULEN3 Linguistic Atlases 57WILLIAM A. KRETZSCHMAR, JR.4 Structural Dialectology 73MATTHEW J. GORDON5 Dialectology and Formal Linguistic Theory: The Blind Man and the Lame 88FRANS HINSKENS6 Sociodialectology 106TORE KRISTIANSEN7 Dialectometry 123HANS GOEBL8 Dialect Contact and New Dialect Formation 143DAVID BRITAIN9 Dialect Change in Europe—Leveling and Convergence 159PETER AUER10 Perceptual Dialectology 177DENNIS R. PRESTON11 Dialect Intelligibility 204CHARLOTTE GOOSKENS12 Applied Dialectology: Dialect Coaching, Dialect Reduction, and Forensic Phonetics 219DOMINIC WATTSection 2: Methods (section editor: John Nerbonne) 233Section IntroductionJOHN NERBONNE13 Dialect Sampling Methods 241RONALD MACAULAY14 The Dialect Questionnaire 253CARMEN LLAMAS15 Written Dialect Surveys 268J.K. CHAMBERS16 Field Interviews in Dialectology 284GUY BAILEY17 Corpus‐Based Approaches to Dialect Study 300BENEDIKT SZMRECSANYI AND LIESELOTTE ANDERWALD18 Acoustic Phonetic Dialectology 314ERIK R. THOMAS19 Computational Dialectology 330WILBERT HEERINGA AND JELENA PROKIĆ20 Dialect Maps 348STEFAN RABANUS21 Identifying Regional Dialects in On‐Line Social Media 368JACOB EISENSTEIN22 Logistic Regression Analysis of Linguistic Data 384JOHN C. PAOLILLO23 Statistics for Aggregate Variationist Analyses 400JOHN NERBONNE AND MARTIJN WIELING24 Spatial Statistics for Dialectology 415JACK GRIEVESection 3: Data (section editor: Charles Boberg) 435Section IntroductionCHARLES BOBERG25 Dialects of British and Southern Hemisphere English 439KEVIN WATSON26 Dialects of North American English 450CHARLES BOBERG27 Dialects of German, Dutch, and the Scandinavian Languages 462SEBASTIAN KURSCHNER28 Dialects of French 474DAMIEN HALL29 Dialects of Italy 486TULLIO TELMON30 Dialects of Spanish and Portuguese 498John M. Lipski31 Dialects of the Slavic Languages 510VLADIMIR ZHOBOV AND RONELLE ALEXANDER32 Dialects of Arabic 523ENAM AL‐WER AND RUDOLF DE JONG33 Dialects in the Indo‐Aryan Landscape 535ASHWINI DEO34 Dialects of Chinese 547CHAOJU TANG35 Dialects of Japanese 559TAKUICHIRO ONISHI36 Dialects of Malay/Indonesian 571ALEXANDER ADELAARIndex 582

Charles Boberg is Associate Professor in the Department of Linguistics at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. His research focuses on variation and change in North American English, particularly Canadian English and accents in film and television. He is the author of The English Language in Canada: Status, History and Comparative Analysis (2010) and a co-author of the Atlas of North American English (with William Labov and Sharon Ash, 2006).John Nerbonne worked at HP Labs, the German AI Center, and the University of Groningen, where he was head of Digital Humanities. He is currently an honorary professor in Freiburg. Nerbonne works in quantitative linguistics, using computational and statistical methods. He is a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, was president of the Association for Computational Linguistics in 2002, and a Humboldt prize winner in 2013.Dominic Watt is Senior Lecturer in Forensic Speech Science at the University of York, UK. His research interests are in forensic phonetics and linguistics, speech perception, sociophonetics, and language and identity studies. He is co-author of English Accents and Dialects (with Arthur Hughes and Peter Trudgill, 2012), and co-editor of Language and Identities (with Carmen Llamas, 2010) and Language, Borders and Identity (2014).

"Dialectology, the study of how and why language varies from place to place, comes brilliantly to life with this comprehensive, state-of-the-art Handbook. Grounded in history yet filled with cutting-edge methodology, research findings and personal insights from top researchers in the field, this book gives scholars and students the ideal reference manual for studying and understanding dialects in the 21st century."Professor Sali Tagliamonte, University of Toronto, Canada"It's all here - an enormously helpful and brilliantly well-planned volume, by the world's very top dialectology researcher. The Handbook has everything that needs to be known about regional variations in language, including the history of its study, its manifestations,  its causes, and its consequences." Professor Peter Trudgill, University of East Anglia, UK"This timely volume comprises thirty six chapters written by leading exponents in the discipline, comprehensively covering in three excellent sections issues in  theory, method and data. It is a fine resource for anyone working on language variation, language history, or for those who require access to bodies of language data: indispensable for researchers and students alike." Professor Lesley Milroy, Professor Emerita, University of Michigan, USA

• List of Contributors viiiIntroduction 1CHARLES BOBERG, JOHN NERBONNE, AND DOMINIC WATTSection 1: Theory (section editor: Dominic Watt) 1Section IntroductionDOMINIC WATT1 Dialectology, Philology, and Historical Linguistics 23RAYMOND HICKEY2 The Dialect Dictionary 39JACQUES VAN KEYMEULEN3 Linguistic Atlases 57WILLIAM A. KRETZSCHMAR, JR.4 Structural Dialectology 73MATTHEW J. GORDON5 Dialectology and Formal Linguistic Theory: The Blind Man and the Lame 88FRANS HINSKENS6 Sociodialectology 106TORE KRISTIANSEN7 Dialectometry 123HANS GOEBL8 Dialect Contact and New Dialect Formation 143DAVID BRITAIN9 Dialect Change in Europe—Leveling and Convergence 159PETER AUER10 Perceptual Dialectology 177DENNIS R. PRESTON11 Dialect Intelligibility 204CHARLOTTE GOOSKENS12 Applied Dialectology: Dialect Coaching, Dialect Reduction, and Forensic Phonetics 219DOMINIC WATTSection 2: Methods (section editor: John Nerbonne) 233Section IntroductionJOHN NERBONNE13 Dialect Sampling Methods 241RONALD MACAULAY14 The Dialect Questionnaire 253CARMEN LLAMAS15 Written Dialect Surveys 268J.K. CHAMBERS16 Field Interviews in Dialectology 284GUY BAILEY17 Corpus‐Based Approaches to Dialect Study 300BENEDIKT SZMRECSANYI AND LIESELOTTE ANDERWALD18 Acoustic Phonetic Dialectology 314ERIK R. THOMAS19 Computational Dialectology 330WILBERT HEERINGA AND JELENA PROKIĆ20 Dialect Maps 348STEFAN RABANUS21 Identifying Regional Dialects in On‐Line Social Media 368JACOB EISENSTEIN22 Logistic Regression Analysis of Linguistic Data 384JOHN C. PAOLILLO23 Statistics for Aggregate Variationist Analyses 400JOHN NERBONNE AND MARTIJN WIELING24 Spatial Statistics for Dialectology 415JACK GRIEVESection 3: Data (section editor: Charles Boberg) 435Section IntroductionCHARLES BOBERG25 Dialects of British and Southern Hemisphere English 439KEVIN WATSON26 Dialects of North American English 450CHARLES BOBERG27 Dialects of German, Dutch, and the Scandinavian Languages 462SEBASTIAN KURSCHNER28 Dialects of French 474DAMIEN HALL29 Dialects of Italy 486TULLIO TELMON30 Dialects of Spanish and Portuguese 498John M. Lipski31 Dialects of the Slavic Languages 510VLADIMIR ZHOBOV AND RONELLE ALEXANDER32 Dialects of Arabic 523ENAM AL‐WER AND RUDOLF DE JONG33 Dialects in the Indo‐Aryan Landscape 535ASHWINI DEO34 Dialects of Chinese 547CHAOJU TANG35 Dialects of Japanese 559TAKUICHIRO ONISHI36 Dialects of Malay/Indonesian 571ALEXANDER ADELAARIndex 582

Charles Boberg is Associate Professor in the Department of Linguistics at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. His research focuses on variation and change in North American English, particularly Canadian English and accents in film and television. He is the author of The English Language in Canada: Status, History and Comparative Analysis (2010) and a co-author of the Atlas of North American English (with William Labov and Sharon Ash, 2006).John Nerbonne worked at HP Labs, the German AI Center, and the University of Groningen, where he was head of Digital Humanities. He is currently an honorary professor in Freiburg. Nerbonne works in quantitative linguistics, using computational and statistical methods. He is a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, was president of the Association for Computational Linguistics in 2002, and a Humboldt prize winner in 2013.Dominic Watt is Senior Lecturer in Forensic Speech Science at the University of York, UK. His research interests are in forensic phonetics and linguistics, speech perception, sociophonetics, and language and identity studies. He is co-author of English Accents and Dialects (with Arthur Hughes and Peter Trudgill, 2012), and co-editor of Language and Identities (with Carmen Llamas, 2010) and Language, Borders and Identity (2014).

"Dialectology, the study of how and why language varies from place to place, comes brilliantly to life with this comprehensive, state-of-the-art Handbook. Grounded in history yet filled with cutting-edge methodology, research findings and personal insights from top researchers in the field, this book gives scholars and students the ideal reference manual for studying and understanding dialects in the 21st century."Professor Sali Tagliamonte, University of Toronto, Canada"It's all here - an enormously helpful and brilliantly well-planned volume, by the world's very top dialectology researcher. The Handbook has everything that needs to be known about regional variations in language, including the history of its study, its manifestations,  its causes, and its consequences." Professor Peter Trudgill, University of East Anglia, UK"This timely volume comprises thirty six chapters written by leading exponents in the discipline, comprehensively covering in three excellent sections issues in  theory, method and data. It is a fine resource for anyone working on language variation, language history, or for those who require access to bodies of language data: indispensable for researchers and students alike." Professor Lesley Milroy, Professor Emerita, University of Michigan, USA

• List of Contributors viiiIntroduction 1CHARLES BOBERG, JOHN NERBONNE, AND DOMINIC WATTSection 1: Theory (section editor: Dominic Watt) 1Section IntroductionDOMINIC WATT1 Dialectology, Philology, and Historical Linguistics 23RAYMOND HICKEY2 The Dialect Dictionary 39JACQUES VAN KEYMEULEN3 Linguistic Atlases 57WILLIAM A. KRETZSCHMAR, JR.4 Structural Dialectology 73MATTHEW J. GORDON5 Dialectology and Formal Linguistic Theory: The Blind Man and the Lame 88FRANS HINSKENS6 Sociodialectology 106TORE KRISTIANSEN7 Dialectometry 123HANS GOEBL8 Dialect Contact and New Dialect Formation 143DAVID BRITAIN9 Dialect Change in Europe—Leveling and Convergence 159PETER AUER10 Perceptual Dialectology 177DENNIS R. PRESTON11 Dialect Intelligibility 204CHARLOTTE GOOSKENS12 Applied Dialectology: Dialect Coaching, Dialect Reduction, and Forensic Phonetics 219DOMINIC WATTSection 2: Methods (section editor: John Nerbonne) 233Section IntroductionJOHN NERBONNE13 Dialect Sampling Methods 241RONALD MACAULAY14 The Dialect Questionnaire 253CARMEN LLAMAS15 Written Dialect Surveys 268J.K. CHAMBERS16 Field Interviews in Dialectology 284GUY BAILEY17 Corpus‐Based Approaches to Dialect Study 300BENEDIKT SZMRECSANYI AND LIESELOTTE ANDERWALD18 Acoustic Phonetic Dialectology 314ERIK R. THOMAS19 Computational Dialectology 330WILBERT HEERINGA AND JELENA PROKIĆ20 Dialect Maps 348STEFAN RABANUS21 Identifying Regional Dialects in On‐Line Social Media 368JACOB EISENSTEIN22 Logistic Regression Analysis of Linguistic Data 384JOHN C. PAOLILLO23 Statistics for Aggregate Variationist Analyses 400JOHN NERBONNE AND MARTIJN WIELING24 Spatial Statistics for Dialectology 415JACK GRIEVESection 3: Data (section editor: Charles Boberg) 435Section IntroductionCHARLES BOBERG25 Dialects of British and Southern Hemisphere English 439KEVIN WATSON26 Dialects of North American English 450CHARLES BOBERG27 Dialects of German, Dutch, and the Scandinavian Languages 462SEBASTIAN KURSCHNER28 Dialects of French 474DAMIEN HALL29 Dialects of Italy 486TULLIO TELMON30 Dialects of Spanish and Portuguese 498John M. Lipski31 Dialects of the Slavic Languages 510VLADIMIR ZHOBOV AND RONELLE ALEXANDER32 Dialects of Arabic 523ENAM AL‐WER AND RUDOLF DE JONG33 Dialects in the Indo‐Aryan Landscape 535ASHWINI DEO34 Dialects of Chinese 547CHAOJU TANG35 Dialects of Japanese 559TAKUICHIRO ONISHI36 Dialects of Malay/Indonesian 571ALEXANDER ADELAARIndex 582