Ramon Ferrús and Oriol SallentUniversitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Spain

• Preface ixList of Abbreviations xiii1 Public Protection and Disaster Relief Communications 11.1 Background and Terminology 11.2 PPDR Functions and Organizations 31.3 Operational Framework and Communications Needs for PPDR 61.3.1 Operational Scenarios 71.3.2 Framework for PPDR Operations 91.3.3 Communications’ Reference Points in PPDR Operations 121.3.4 Communications Services Needed for PPDR Operations 161.4 Communications Systems for PPDR 191.4.1 General PPDR Requirements on Communications Systems 191.4.2 Technologies in Use for PPDR Communications 221.4.3 Current NB PMR Standards Used in PPDR 231.4.4 Main Limitations with Today’s PPDR Communications Systems 321.5 Regulatory and Standardization Framework 391.5.1 ITU Work on Emergency Communications 401.5.2 North and Latin America Regions 431.5.3 Asia and Pacific Region 441.5.4 Europe Region 45References 472 Mobile Broadband Data Applications and Capacity Needs 492.1 Introduction 492.2 Data]Centric, Multimedia Applications for PPDR 512.2.1 Video Transmission 512.2.2 Geographic Information Systems 542.2.3 Location and Tracking 552.2.4 Electronic Conferencing and Coordination Tools for Incident Command 562.2.5 Remote Database Access and Information Transfer Applications 562.2.6 PPDR Personnel Monitoring and Biomedical Telemetry 572.2.7 Remote Emergency Medical Services 582.2.8 Sensors and Remotely Controlled Devices 582.2.9 Mobile Office 592.3 Characterization of Broadband Data Applications for PPDR 592.4 Assessment of the Data Capacity Needs in Various Operational Scenarios 662.4.1 Throughput Requirements of PPDR Applications 662.4.2 Day]to]Day Operations Scenarios 712.4.3 Large Emergency/Public Events 732.4.4 Disaster Scenarios 76References 803 Future Mobile Broadband PPDR Communications Systems 813.1 Paradigm Change for the Delivery of PPDR Broadband Communications 813.2 Techno]economic Aspects Driving the Paradigm Change 833.2.1 Technology Dimension 843.2.2 Network Dimension 873.2.3 Spectrum Dimension 983.3 System View of Future Mobile Broadband PPDR Communications 1013.3.1 LTE Dedicated Networks 1033.3.2 LTE Commercial Networks 1043.3.3 Legacy PMR/LMR Networks 1043.3.4 Transportable Systems and Satellite Communications 1053.3.5 IP]Based Interconnection Backbones 1063.3.6 Applications and User Equipment 1063.3.7 Spectrum 1083.4 Current Initiatives 1093.4.1 Deployment of a Nationwide Dedicated LTE Broadband Network in the United States 1103.4.2 CEPT ECC Activities for a European]Wide Harmonization of Broadband PPDR 1133.4.3 Hybrid Approaches Taking Off in Belgium and Some Other European Countries 1143.4.4 LTE Emergency Services Network in the United Kingdom 1183.4.5 TCCA 119References 1214 LTE Technology for PPDR Communications 1254.1 Standardization Roadmap towards Mission]Critical LTE 1254.2 LTE Fundamentals 1294.2.1 Radio Interface 1314.2.2 Service Model: PDN Connection and EPS Bearer Service 1364.2.3 PCC Subsystem 1414.2.4 Security 1434.2.5 Roaming Support 1494.2.6 Voice Services over LTE 1504.3 Group Communications and PTT 1524.3.1 Existing Initiatives and Solutions for PTT over LTE 1534.3.2 3GPP Standardization Work 1534.3.3 GCSE 1554.3.4 MCPTT over LTE 1584.3.5 OMA PCPS 1614.4 Device]to]Device Communications 1644.4.1 3GPP Standardization Work 1664.4.2 ProSe Capabilities 1674.4.3 ProSe Functional Architecture 1724.5 Prioritization and QoS Control for PPDR 1744.5.1 Access Priority 1764.5.2 Admission Priority 1794.5.3 Data Plane QoS Configuration 1804.5.4 MPS 1814.6 Isolated E]UTRAN Operation 1824.7 High]Power UE 1844.8 RAN Sharing Enhancements 185References 1895 LTE Networks for PPDR Communications 1935.1 Introduction 1935.1.1 Separation of Service and Network Layers in PPDR Communications Delivery 1945.1.2 Design of a ‘Public Safety Grade’ Network 1965.2 Delivery Options for Mobile Broadband PPDR Networks and Services 1965.3 Dedicated Networks 2015.3.1 Cost]Efficient Network Footprints 2025.3.2 Expanding the User Base beyond PPDR Responders 2045.4 Commercial Networks 2085.4.1 Organizational and Contractual Aspects 2115.4.2 Commercial Networks’ Readiness to Provide Mission]Critical PPDR Services 2125.4.3 Current Support of Priority Services over Commercial Networks 2165.5 Hybrid Solutions 2205.5.1 National Roaming for PPDR Users 2215.5.2 Deployment of an MVNO for PPDR 2225.5.3 RAN Sharing with MNOs 2275.5.4 Network Sharing of Critical and Professional Networks 2315.6 Network Architecture Design and Implementation Aspects 2325.6.1 Reference Model for a Critical Communications System 2335.6.2 Interconnection to Commercial Networks 2355.6.3 Interconnection to Legacy PMR Networks 2405.6.4 Interconnection of Deployable Systems 2415.6.5 Satellite Backhauling and Direct Access 2435.6.6 Interconnection IP]Based Backbones 2475.6.7 Network Architecture for an MVNO]Based Solution 250References 2526 Radio Spectrum for PPDR Communications 2576.1 Spectrum Management: Regulatory Framework and Models 2576.1.1 Global]Level Regulatory Framework 2586.1.2 Regional]Level Regulatory Framework 2596.1.3 National]Level Regulatory Framework 2626.1.4 Spectrum Management Models 2646.2 Internationally Harmonized Frequency Ranges for PPDR Communications 2666.3 Spectrum Needs for Mobile Broadband PPDR Communications 2706.3.1 Spectrum Components 2706.3.2 Methodologies for the Computation of Spectrum Needs 2716.3.3 Spectrum Estimates 2756.4 Existing Spectrum Assignments for PPDR and Candidate Bands for Mobile Broadband 2756.4.1 European Region 2776.4.2 North America 2826.4.3 Asia]Pacific and Latin America 2836.5 Spectrum Sharing for PPDR Communications 2856.5.1 Spectrum Sharing Models 2876.5.2 Shared Use of Spectrum Based on LSA 2886.5.3 Shared Use of Spectrum Based on Secondary Access to TVWS 299References 311Index 317

Ramon Ferrús and Oriol SallentUniversitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Spain

• Preface ixList of Abbreviations xiii1 Public Protection and Disaster Relief Communications 11.1 Background and Terminology 11.2 PPDR Functions and Organizations 31.3 Operational Framework and Communications Needs for PPDR 61.3.1 Operational Scenarios 71.3.2 Framework for PPDR Operations 91.3.3 Communications’ Reference Points in PPDR Operations 121.3.4 Communications Services Needed for PPDR Operations 161.4 Communications Systems for PPDR 191.4.1 General PPDR Requirements on Communications Systems 191.4.2 Technologies in Use for PPDR Communications 221.4.3 Current NB PMR Standards Used in PPDR 231.4.4 Main Limitations with Today’s PPDR Communications Systems 321.5 Regulatory and Standardization Framework 391.5.1 ITU Work on Emergency Communications 401.5.2 North and Latin America Regions 431.5.3 Asia and Pacific Region 441.5.4 Europe Region 45References 472 Mobile Broadband Data Applications and Capacity Needs 492.1 Introduction 492.2 Data]Centric, Multimedia Applications for PPDR 512.2.1 Video Transmission 512.2.2 Geographic Information Systems 542.2.3 Location and Tracking 552.2.4 Electronic Conferencing and Coordination Tools for Incident Command 562.2.5 Remote Database Access and Information Transfer Applications 562.2.6 PPDR Personnel Monitoring and Biomedical Telemetry 572.2.7 Remote Emergency Medical Services 582.2.8 Sensors and Remotely Controlled Devices 582.2.9 Mobile Office 592.3 Characterization of Broadband Data Applications for PPDR 592.4 Assessment of the Data Capacity Needs in Various Operational Scenarios 662.4.1 Throughput Requirements of PPDR Applications 662.4.2 Day]to]Day Operations Scenarios 712.4.3 Large Emergency/Public Events 732.4.4 Disaster Scenarios 76References 803 Future Mobile Broadband PPDR Communications Systems 813.1 Paradigm Change for the Delivery of PPDR Broadband Communications 813.2 Techno]economic Aspects Driving the Paradigm Change 833.2.1 Technology Dimension 843.2.2 Network Dimension 873.2.3 Spectrum Dimension 983.3 System View of Future Mobile Broadband PPDR Communications 1013.3.1 LTE Dedicated Networks 1033.3.2 LTE Commercial Networks 1043.3.3 Legacy PMR/LMR Networks 1043.3.4 Transportable Systems and Satellite Communications 1053.3.5 IP]Based Interconnection Backbones 1063.3.6 Applications and User Equipment 1063.3.7 Spectrum 1083.4 Current Initiatives 1093.4.1 Deployment of a Nationwide Dedicated LTE Broadband Network in the United States 1103.4.2 CEPT ECC Activities for a European]Wide Harmonization of Broadband PPDR 1133.4.3 Hybrid Approaches Taking Off in Belgium and Some Other European Countries 1143.4.4 LTE Emergency Services Network in the United Kingdom 1183.4.5 TCCA 119References 1214 LTE Technology for PPDR Communications 1254.1 Standardization Roadmap towards Mission]Critical LTE 1254.2 LTE Fundamentals 1294.2.1 Radio Interface 1314.2.2 Service Model: PDN Connection and EPS Bearer Service 1364.2.3 PCC Subsystem 1414.2.4 Security 1434.2.5 Roaming Support 1494.2.6 Voice Services over LTE 1504.3 Group Communications and PTT 1524.3.1 Existing Initiatives and Solutions for PTT over LTE 1534.3.2 3GPP Standardization Work 1534.3.3 GCSE 1554.3.4 MCPTT over LTE 1584.3.5 OMA PCPS 1614.4 Device]to]Device Communications 1644.4.1 3GPP Standardization Work 1664.4.2 ProSe Capabilities 1674.4.3 ProSe Functional Architecture 1724.5 Prioritization and QoS Control for PPDR 1744.5.1 Access Priority 1764.5.2 Admission Priority 1794.5.3 Data Plane QoS Configuration 1804.5.4 MPS 1814.6 Isolated E]UTRAN Operation 1824.7 High]Power UE 1844.8 RAN Sharing Enhancements 185References 1895 LTE Networks for PPDR Communications 1935.1 Introduction 1935.1.1 Separation of Service and Network Layers in PPDR Communications Delivery 1945.1.2 Design of a ‘Public Safety Grade’ Network 1965.2 Delivery Options for Mobile Broadband PPDR Networks and Services 1965.3 Dedicated Networks 2015.3.1 Cost]Efficient Network Footprints 2025.3.2 Expanding the User Base beyond PPDR Responders 2045.4 Commercial Networks 2085.4.1 Organizational and Contractual Aspects 2115.4.2 Commercial Networks’ Readiness to Provide Mission]Critical PPDR Services 2125.4.3 Current Support of Priority Services over Commercial Networks 2165.5 Hybrid Solutions 2205.5.1 National Roaming for PPDR Users 2215.5.2 Deployment of an MVNO for PPDR 2225.5.3 RAN Sharing with MNOs 2275.5.4 Network Sharing of Critical and Professional Networks 2315.6 Network Architecture Design and Implementation Aspects 2325.6.1 Reference Model for a Critical Communications System 2335.6.2 Interconnection to Commercial Networks 2355.6.3 Interconnection to Legacy PMR Networks 2405.6.4 Interconnection of Deployable Systems 2415.6.5 Satellite Backhauling and Direct Access 2435.6.6 Interconnection IP]Based Backbones 2475.6.7 Network Architecture for an MVNO]Based Solution 250References 2526 Radio Spectrum for PPDR Communications 2576.1 Spectrum Management: Regulatory Framework and Models 2576.1.1 Global]Level Regulatory Framework 2586.1.2 Regional]Level Regulatory Framework 2596.1.3 National]Level Regulatory Framework 2626.1.4 Spectrum Management Models 2646.2 Internationally Harmonized Frequency Ranges for PPDR Communications 2666.3 Spectrum Needs for Mobile Broadband PPDR Communications 2706.3.1 Spectrum Components 2706.3.2 Methodologies for the Computation of Spectrum Needs 2716.3.3 Spectrum Estimates 2756.4 Existing Spectrum Assignments for PPDR and Candidate Bands for Mobile Broadband 2756.4.1 European Region 2776.4.2 North America 2826.4.3 Asia]Pacific and Latin America 2836.5 Spectrum Sharing for PPDR Communications 2856.5.1 Spectrum Sharing Models 2876.5.2 Shared Use of Spectrum Based on LSA 2886.5.3 Shared Use of Spectrum Based on Secondary Access to TVWS 299References 311Index 317

Ramon Ferrús and Oriol SallentUniversitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Spain

• Preface ixList of Abbreviations xiii1 Public Protection and Disaster Relief Communications 11.1 Background and Terminology 11.2 PPDR Functions and Organizations 31.3 Operational Framework and Communications Needs for PPDR 61.3.1 Operational Scenarios 71.3.2 Framework for PPDR Operations 91.3.3 Communications’ Reference Points in PPDR Operations 121.3.4 Communications Services Needed for PPDR Operations 161.4 Communications Systems for PPDR 191.4.1 General PPDR Requirements on Communications Systems 191.4.2 Technologies in Use for PPDR Communications 221.4.3 Current NB PMR Standards Used in PPDR 231.4.4 Main Limitations with Today’s PPDR Communications Systems 321.5 Regulatory and Standardization Framework 391.5.1 ITU Work on Emergency Communications 401.5.2 North and Latin America Regions 431.5.3 Asia and Pacific Region 441.5.4 Europe Region 45References 472 Mobile Broadband Data Applications and Capacity Needs 492.1 Introduction 492.2 Data]Centric, Multimedia Applications for PPDR 512.2.1 Video Transmission 512.2.2 Geographic Information Systems 542.2.3 Location and Tracking 552.2.4 Electronic Conferencing and Coordination Tools for Incident Command 562.2.5 Remote Database Access and Information Transfer Applications 562.2.6 PPDR Personnel Monitoring and Biomedical Telemetry 572.2.7 Remote Emergency Medical Services 582.2.8 Sensors and Remotely Controlled Devices 582.2.9 Mobile Office 592.3 Characterization of Broadband Data Applications for PPDR 592.4 Assessment of the Data Capacity Needs in Various Operational Scenarios 662.4.1 Throughput Requirements of PPDR Applications 662.4.2 Day]to]Day Operations Scenarios 712.4.3 Large Emergency/Public Events 732.4.4 Disaster Scenarios 76References 803 Future Mobile Broadband PPDR Communications Systems 813.1 Paradigm Change for the Delivery of PPDR Broadband Communications 813.2 Techno]economic Aspects Driving the Paradigm Change 833.2.1 Technology Dimension 843.2.2 Network Dimension 873.2.3 Spectrum Dimension 983.3 System View of Future Mobile Broadband PPDR Communications 1013.3.1 LTE Dedicated Networks 1033.3.2 LTE Commercial Networks 1043.3.3 Legacy PMR/LMR Networks 1043.3.4 Transportable Systems and Satellite Communications 1053.3.5 IP]Based Interconnection Backbones 1063.3.6 Applications and User Equipment 1063.3.7 Spectrum 1083.4 Current Initiatives 1093.4.1 Deployment of a Nationwide Dedicated LTE Broadband Network in the United States 1103.4.2 CEPT ECC Activities for a European]Wide Harmonization of Broadband PPDR 1133.4.3 Hybrid Approaches Taking Off in Belgium and Some Other European Countries 1143.4.4 LTE Emergency Services Network in the United Kingdom 1183.4.5 TCCA 119References 1214 LTE Technology for PPDR Communications 1254.1 Standardization Roadmap towards Mission]Critical LTE 1254.2 LTE Fundamentals 1294.2.1 Radio Interface 1314.2.2 Service Model: PDN Connection and EPS Bearer Service 1364.2.3 PCC Subsystem 1414.2.4 Security 1434.2.5 Roaming Support 1494.2.6 Voice Services over LTE 1504.3 Group Communications and PTT 1524.3.1 Existing Initiatives and Solutions for PTT over LTE 1534.3.2 3GPP Standardization Work 1534.3.3 GCSE 1554.3.4 MCPTT over LTE 1584.3.5 OMA PCPS 1614.4 Device]to]Device Communications 1644.4.1 3GPP Standardization Work 1664.4.2 ProSe Capabilities 1674.4.3 ProSe Functional Architecture 1724.5 Prioritization and QoS Control for PPDR 1744.5.1 Access Priority 1764.5.2 Admission Priority 1794.5.3 Data Plane QoS Configuration 1804.5.4 MPS 1814.6 Isolated E]UTRAN Operation 1824.7 High]Power UE 1844.8 RAN Sharing Enhancements 185References 1895 LTE Networks for PPDR Communications 1935.1 Introduction 1935.1.1 Separation of Service and Network Layers in PPDR Communications Delivery 1945.1.2 Design of a ‘Public Safety Grade’ Network 1965.2 Delivery Options for Mobile Broadband PPDR Networks and Services 1965.3 Dedicated Networks 2015.3.1 Cost]Efficient Network Footprints 2025.3.2 Expanding the User Base beyond PPDR Responders 2045.4 Commercial Networks 2085.4.1 Organizational and Contractual Aspects 2115.4.2 Commercial Networks’ Readiness to Provide Mission]Critical PPDR Services 2125.4.3 Current Support of Priority Services over Commercial Networks 2165.5 Hybrid Solutions 2205.5.1 National Roaming for PPDR Users 2215.5.2 Deployment of an MVNO for PPDR 2225.5.3 RAN Sharing with MNOs 2275.5.4 Network Sharing of Critical and Professional Networks 2315.6 Network Architecture Design and Implementation Aspects 2325.6.1 Reference Model for a Critical Communications System 2335.6.2 Interconnection to Commercial Networks 2355.6.3 Interconnection to Legacy PMR Networks 2405.6.4 Interconnection of Deployable Systems 2415.6.5 Satellite Backhauling and Direct Access 2435.6.6 Interconnection IP]Based Backbones 2475.6.7 Network Architecture for an MVNO]Based Solution 250References 2526 Radio Spectrum for PPDR Communications 2576.1 Spectrum Management: Regulatory Framework and Models 2576.1.1 Global]Level Regulatory Framework 2586.1.2 Regional]Level Regulatory Framework 2596.1.3 National]Level Regulatory Framework 2626.1.4 Spectrum Management Models 2646.2 Internationally Harmonized Frequency Ranges for PPDR Communications 2666.3 Spectrum Needs for Mobile Broadband PPDR Communications 2706.3.1 Spectrum Components 2706.3.2 Methodologies for the Computation of Spectrum Needs 2716.3.3 Spectrum Estimates 2756.4 Existing Spectrum Assignments for PPDR and Candidate Bands for Mobile Broadband 2756.4.1 European Region 2776.4.2 North America 2826.4.3 Asia]Pacific and Latin America 2836.5 Spectrum Sharing for PPDR Communications 2856.5.1 Spectrum Sharing Models 2876.5.2 Shared Use of Spectrum Based on LSA 2886.5.3 Shared Use of Spectrum Based on Secondary Access to TVWS 299References 311Index 317