Edited by Jonathan RodriguezSenior Research Fellow, Instituto de Telecomunicações, Aveiro, Portugal

• Contributor Biographies xiiiPreface xxixAcknowledgements xxxiIntroduction xxxiii1 Drivers for 5G: The ‘Pervasive Connected World’ 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Historical Trend of Wireless Communications 21.3 Evolution of LTE Technology to Beyond 4G 41.4 5G Roadmap 51.5 10 Pillars of 5G 61.5.1 Evolution of Existing RATs 61.5.2 Hyperdense Small‐Cell Deployment 71.5.3 Self‐Organising Network 81.5.4 Machine Type Communication 81.5.5 Developing Millimetre‐Wave RATs 81.5.6 Redesigning Backhaul Links 91.5.7 Energy Efficiency 91.5.8 Allocation of New Spectrum for 5G 101.5.9 Spectrum Sharing 101.5.10 RAN Virtualisation 101.6 5G in Europe 111.6.1 Horizon 2020 Framework Programme 111.6.2 5G Infrastructure PPP 121.6.3 METIS Project 131.6.4 5G Innovation Centre 141.6.5 Visions of Companies 141.7 5G in North America 151.7.1 Academy Research 151.7.2 Company R&D 151.8 5G in Asia 161.8.1 5G in China 161.8.2 5G in South Korea 191.8.3 5G in Japan 211.9 5G Architecture 231.10 Conclusion 24Acknowledgements 25References 252 The 5G Internet 292.1 Introduction 292.2 Internet of Things and Context‐Awareness 322.2.1 Internet of Things 332.2.2 Context‐Awareness 342.3 Networking Reconfiguration and Virtualisation Support 352.3.1 Software Defined Networking 362.3.2 Network Function Virtualisation 382.4 Mobility 402.4.1 An Evolutionary Approach from the Current Internet 402.4.2 A Clean‐Slate Approach 452.5 Quality of Service Control 472.5.1 Network Resource Provisioning 472.5.2 Aggregate Resource Provisioning 492.6 Emerging Approach for Resource Over‐Provisioning 502.6.1 Control Information Repository 532.6.2 Service Admission Control Policies 532.6.3 Network Resource Provisioning 532.6.4 Control Enforcement Functions 542.6.5 Network Configurations 542.6.6 Network Operations 552.7 Summary 57Acknowledgements 57References 583 Small Cells for 5G Mobile Networks 633.1 Introduction 633.2 What are Small Cells? 643.2.1 WiFi and Femtocells as Candidate Small‐Cell Technologies 663.2.2 WiFi and Femto Performance – Indoors vs Outdoors 703.3 Capacity Limits and Achievable Gains with Densification 733.3.1 Gains with Multi‐Antenna Techniques 733.3.2 Gains with Small Cells 763.4 Mobile Data Demand 813.4.1 Approach and Methodology 813.5 Demand vs Capacity 813.6 Small‐Cell Challenges 933.7 Conclusions and Future Directions 97References 994 Cooperation for Next Generation Wireless Networks 1054.1 Introduction 1054.2 Cooperative Diversity and Relaying Strategies 1074.2.1 Cooperation and Network Coding 1074.2.2 Cooperative ARQ MAC Protocols 1084.3 PHY Layer Impact on MAC Protocol Analysis 1104.3.1 Impact of Fast Fading and Shadowing on Packet Reception for QoS Guarantee 1114.3.2 Impact of Shadowing Spatial Correlation 1124.4 Case Study: NCCARQ 1134.4.1 NCCARQ Overview 1134.4.2 PHY Layer Impact 1144.5 Performance Evaluation 1164.5.1 Simulation Scenario 1164.5.2 Simulation Results 1174.6 Conclusion 122Acknowledgements 122References 1225 Mobile Clouds: Technology and Services for Future Communication Platforms 1255.1 Introduction 1255.2 The Mobile Cloud 1275.2.1 User Resources 1295.2.2 Software Resources 1305.2.3 Hardware Resources 1315.2.4 Networking Resources 1325.3 Mobile Cloud Enablers 1335.3.1 The Mobile User Domain 1335.3.2 Wireless Technologies 1355.3.3 Software and Middleware 1395.4 Network Coding 1405.5 Summary 145References 1456 Cognitive Radio for 5G Wireless Networks 1496.1 Introduction 1496.2 Overview of Cognitive Radio Technology in 5G Wireless 1506.3 Spectrum Optimisation using Cognitive Radio 1526.4 Relevant Spectrum Optimisation Literature in 5G 1526.4.1 Dynamic Spectrum Access 1526.4.2 Spectrum Regulatory Policy 1536.4.3 Marketing Policy and Model 1546.5 Cognitive Radio and Carrier Aggregation 1546.6 Energy‐Efficient Cognitive Radio Technology 1556.7 Key Requirements and Challenges for 5G Cognitive Terminals 1566.7.1 5G Devices as Cognitive Radio Terminals 1576.7.2 5G Cognitive Terminal Challenges 1596.8 Summary 162References 1627 The Wireless Spectrum Crunch: White Spaces for 5G? 1657.1 Introduction 1657.2 Background 1687.2.1 Early Spectrum Management 1687.2.2 History of TV White Spaces 1697.2.3 History of Radar White Spaces 1717.3 TV White Space Technology 1717.3.1 Standards 1727.3.2 Approaches to White Space 1737.4 White Space Spectrum Opportunities and Challenges 1757.5 TV White Space Applications 1787.5.1 Fixed Wireless Networking 1807.5.2 Public Safety Applications 1817.5.3 Mobile Broadband 1827.6 International Efforts 1857.7 Role of WS in 5G 1867.8 Conclusion 186References 1878 Towards a Unified 5G Broadcast‐Broadband Architecture 1918.1 Introduction 1918.2 Background 1928.3 Challenges to Be Addressed 1958.3.1 The Spectrum Dimension 1958.3.2 The Risk of Fragmentation of the Terminal Market 1968.3.3 The Change in TV Consumer Patterns and the Need for a Flexible Approach 1978.3.4 Business‐Related Hurdles 1988.3.5 Societal Requirement: TV Broadcasting as a Public Service Media in Europe 1988.4 Candidate Network Architectures for a BC‐BB Convergent Solution 1998.4.1 Solution 1: Cellular Broadcasting in the TV Spectrum 2008.4.2 Solution 2: Hybrid Network Approach – Using DVB‐T 2 FEFs for LTE Transmission 2018.4.3 Solution 3: Next Generation Common Broadcasting System 2018.5 The BC‐BB Study: What Needs to Be Done 2048.5.1 TV and Video Future Consumption Models in Europe 2048.5.2 BC‐BB Architecture Options 2048.5.3 Large‐Scale Simulation and Assessment of BC‐BB Convergent Options 2048.5.4 Feasibility Study 2058.6 Conclusion 205References 2069 Security for 5G Communications 2079.1 Introduction 2079.2 Overview of a Potential 5G Communications System Architecture 2089.3 Security Issues and Challenges in 5G Communications Systems 2099.3.1 User Equipment 2109.3.2 Access Networks 2129.3.3 Mobile Operator’s Core Network 2169.3.4 External IP Networks 2179.4 Summary 218References 21910 SON Evolution for 5G Mobile Networks 22110.1 Introduction 22110.2 SON in UMTS and LTE 22210.3 The Need for SON in 5G 23110.4 Evolution towards Small‐Cell Dominant HetNets 23610.4.1 Towards a New SON Architecture for 5G 23710.5 Conclusion 239References 24011 Green Flexible RF for 5G 24111.1 Introduction 24111.2 Radio System Design 24211.2.1 Antenna Design for 5G 24211.2.2 Passive Front‐End Design Using SIW for 5G Application 25411.2.3 RF Power Amplifiers 25711.3 Nonlinear Crosstalk in MIMO Systems 26411.4 Summary 269Acknowledgements 269References 27012 Conclusion and Future Outlook 27312.1 Design Drivers for Next‐Generation Networks 27312.2 5G: A Green Inter‐networking Experience 27412.2.1 Emerging Approaches to Allow Drastic Reduction in the Signalling Overhead 27812.3 A Vision for 5G Mobile 27812.3.1 Mobile Small Cells the Way Forward? 27912.4 Final Remarks 282References 282Index 285

Edited by Jonathan RodriguezSenior Research Fellow, Instituto de Telecomunicações, Aveiro, Portugal

• Contributor Biographies xiiiPreface xxixAcknowledgements xxxiIntroduction xxxiii1 Drivers for 5G: The ‘Pervasive Connected World’ 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Historical Trend of Wireless Communications 21.3 Evolution of LTE Technology to Beyond 4G 41.4 5G Roadmap 51.5 10 Pillars of 5G 61.5.1 Evolution of Existing RATs 61.5.2 Hyperdense Small‐Cell Deployment 71.5.3 Self‐Organising Network 81.5.4 Machine Type Communication 81.5.5 Developing Millimetre‐Wave RATs 81.5.6 Redesigning Backhaul Links 91.5.7 Energy Efficiency 91.5.8 Allocation of New Spectrum for 5G 101.5.9 Spectrum Sharing 101.5.10 RAN Virtualisation 101.6 5G in Europe 111.6.1 Horizon 2020 Framework Programme 111.6.2 5G Infrastructure PPP 121.6.3 METIS Project 131.6.4 5G Innovation Centre 141.6.5 Visions of Companies 141.7 5G in North America 151.7.1 Academy Research 151.7.2 Company R&D 151.8 5G in Asia 161.8.1 5G in China 161.8.2 5G in South Korea 191.8.3 5G in Japan 211.9 5G Architecture 231.10 Conclusion 24Acknowledgements 25References 252 The 5G Internet 292.1 Introduction 292.2 Internet of Things and Context‐Awareness 322.2.1 Internet of Things 332.2.2 Context‐Awareness 342.3 Networking Reconfiguration and Virtualisation Support 352.3.1 Software Defined Networking 362.3.2 Network Function Virtualisation 382.4 Mobility 402.4.1 An Evolutionary Approach from the Current Internet 402.4.2 A Clean‐Slate Approach 452.5 Quality of Service Control 472.5.1 Network Resource Provisioning 472.5.2 Aggregate Resource Provisioning 492.6 Emerging Approach for Resource Over‐Provisioning 502.6.1 Control Information Repository 532.6.2 Service Admission Control Policies 532.6.3 Network Resource Provisioning 532.6.4 Control Enforcement Functions 542.6.5 Network Configurations 542.6.6 Network Operations 552.7 Summary 57Acknowledgements 57References 583 Small Cells for 5G Mobile Networks 633.1 Introduction 633.2 What are Small Cells? 643.2.1 WiFi and Femtocells as Candidate Small‐Cell Technologies 663.2.2 WiFi and Femto Performance – Indoors vs Outdoors 703.3 Capacity Limits and Achievable Gains with Densification 733.3.1 Gains with Multi‐Antenna Techniques 733.3.2 Gains with Small Cells 763.4 Mobile Data Demand 813.4.1 Approach and Methodology 813.5 Demand vs Capacity 813.6 Small‐Cell Challenges 933.7 Conclusions and Future Directions 97References 994 Cooperation for Next Generation Wireless Networks 1054.1 Introduction 1054.2 Cooperative Diversity and Relaying Strategies 1074.2.1 Cooperation and Network Coding 1074.2.2 Cooperative ARQ MAC Protocols 1084.3 PHY Layer Impact on MAC Protocol Analysis 1104.3.1 Impact of Fast Fading and Shadowing on Packet Reception for QoS Guarantee 1114.3.2 Impact of Shadowing Spatial Correlation 1124.4 Case Study: NCCARQ 1134.4.1 NCCARQ Overview 1134.4.2 PHY Layer Impact 1144.5 Performance Evaluation 1164.5.1 Simulation Scenario 1164.5.2 Simulation Results 1174.6 Conclusion 122Acknowledgements 122References 1225 Mobile Clouds: Technology and Services for Future Communication Platforms 1255.1 Introduction 1255.2 The Mobile Cloud 1275.2.1 User Resources 1295.2.2 Software Resources 1305.2.3 Hardware Resources 1315.2.4 Networking Resources 1325.3 Mobile Cloud Enablers 1335.3.1 The Mobile User Domain 1335.3.2 Wireless Technologies 1355.3.3 Software and Middleware 1395.4 Network Coding 1405.5 Summary 145References 1456 Cognitive Radio for 5G Wireless Networks 1496.1 Introduction 1496.2 Overview of Cognitive Radio Technology in 5G Wireless 1506.3 Spectrum Optimisation using Cognitive Radio 1526.4 Relevant Spectrum Optimisation Literature in 5G 1526.4.1 Dynamic Spectrum Access 1526.4.2 Spectrum Regulatory Policy 1536.4.3 Marketing Policy and Model 1546.5 Cognitive Radio and Carrier Aggregation 1546.6 Energy‐Efficient Cognitive Radio Technology 1556.7 Key Requirements and Challenges for 5G Cognitive Terminals 1566.7.1 5G Devices as Cognitive Radio Terminals 1576.7.2 5G Cognitive Terminal Challenges 1596.8 Summary 162References 1627 The Wireless Spectrum Crunch: White Spaces for 5G? 1657.1 Introduction 1657.2 Background 1687.2.1 Early Spectrum Management 1687.2.2 History of TV White Spaces 1697.2.3 History of Radar White Spaces 1717.3 TV White Space Technology 1717.3.1 Standards 1727.3.2 Approaches to White Space 1737.4 White Space Spectrum Opportunities and Challenges 1757.5 TV White Space Applications 1787.5.1 Fixed Wireless Networking 1807.5.2 Public Safety Applications 1817.5.3 Mobile Broadband 1827.6 International Efforts 1857.7 Role of WS in 5G 1867.8 Conclusion 186References 1878 Towards a Unified 5G Broadcast‐Broadband Architecture 1918.1 Introduction 1918.2 Background 1928.3 Challenges to Be Addressed 1958.3.1 The Spectrum Dimension 1958.3.2 The Risk of Fragmentation of the Terminal Market 1968.3.3 The Change in TV Consumer Patterns and the Need for a Flexible Approach 1978.3.4 Business‐Related Hurdles 1988.3.5 Societal Requirement: TV Broadcasting as a Public Service Media in Europe 1988.4 Candidate Network Architectures for a BC‐BB Convergent Solution 1998.4.1 Solution 1: Cellular Broadcasting in the TV Spectrum 2008.4.2 Solution 2: Hybrid Network Approach – Using DVB‐T 2 FEFs for LTE Transmission 2018.4.3 Solution 3: Next Generation Common Broadcasting System 2018.5 The BC‐BB Study: What Needs to Be Done 2048.5.1 TV and Video Future Consumption Models in Europe 2048.5.2 BC‐BB Architecture Options 2048.5.3 Large‐Scale Simulation and Assessment of BC‐BB Convergent Options 2048.5.4 Feasibility Study 2058.6 Conclusion 205References 2069 Security for 5G Communications 2079.1 Introduction 2079.2 Overview of a Potential 5G Communications System Architecture 2089.3 Security Issues and Challenges in 5G Communications Systems 2099.3.1 User Equipment 2109.3.2 Access Networks 2129.3.3 Mobile Operator’s Core Network 2169.3.4 External IP Networks 2179.4 Summary 218References 21910 SON Evolution for 5G Mobile Networks 22110.1 Introduction 22110.2 SON in UMTS and LTE 22210.3 The Need for SON in 5G 23110.4 Evolution towards Small‐Cell Dominant HetNets 23610.4.1 Towards a New SON Architecture for 5G 23710.5 Conclusion 239References 24011 Green Flexible RF for 5G 24111.1 Introduction 24111.2 Radio System Design 24211.2.1 Antenna Design for 5G 24211.2.2 Passive Front‐End Design Using SIW for 5G Application 25411.2.3 RF Power Amplifiers 25711.3 Nonlinear Crosstalk in MIMO Systems 26411.4 Summary 269Acknowledgements 269References 27012 Conclusion and Future Outlook 27312.1 Design Drivers for Next‐Generation Networks 27312.2 5G: A Green Inter‐networking Experience 27412.2.1 Emerging Approaches to Allow Drastic Reduction in the Signalling Overhead 27812.3 A Vision for 5G Mobile 27812.3.1 Mobile Small Cells the Way Forward? 27912.4 Final Remarks 282References 282Index 285

Edited by Jonathan RodriguezSenior Research Fellow, Instituto de Telecomunicações, Aveiro, Portugal

• Contributor Biographies xiiiPreface xxixAcknowledgements xxxiIntroduction xxxiii1 Drivers for 5G: The ‘Pervasive Connected World’ 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Historical Trend of Wireless Communications 21.3 Evolution of LTE Technology to Beyond 4G 41.4 5G Roadmap 51.5 10 Pillars of 5G 61.5.1 Evolution of Existing RATs 61.5.2 Hyperdense Small‐Cell Deployment 71.5.3 Self‐Organising Network 81.5.4 Machine Type Communication 81.5.5 Developing Millimetre‐Wave RATs 81.5.6 Redesigning Backhaul Links 91.5.7 Energy Efficiency 91.5.8 Allocation of New Spectrum for 5G 101.5.9 Spectrum Sharing 101.5.10 RAN Virtualisation 101.6 5G in Europe 111.6.1 Horizon 2020 Framework Programme 111.6.2 5G Infrastructure PPP 121.6.3 METIS Project 131.6.4 5G Innovation Centre 141.6.5 Visions of Companies 141.7 5G in North America 151.7.1 Academy Research 151.7.2 Company R&D 151.8 5G in Asia 161.8.1 5G in China 161.8.2 5G in South Korea 191.8.3 5G in Japan 211.9 5G Architecture 231.10 Conclusion 24Acknowledgements 25References 252 The 5G Internet 292.1 Introduction 292.2 Internet of Things and Context‐Awareness 322.2.1 Internet of Things 332.2.2 Context‐Awareness 342.3 Networking Reconfiguration and Virtualisation Support 352.3.1 Software Defined Networking 362.3.2 Network Function Virtualisation 382.4 Mobility 402.4.1 An Evolutionary Approach from the Current Internet 402.4.2 A Clean‐Slate Approach 452.5 Quality of Service Control 472.5.1 Network Resource Provisioning 472.5.2 Aggregate Resource Provisioning 492.6 Emerging Approach for Resource Over‐Provisioning 502.6.1 Control Information Repository 532.6.2 Service Admission Control Policies 532.6.3 Network Resource Provisioning 532.6.4 Control Enforcement Functions 542.6.5 Network Configurations 542.6.6 Network Operations 552.7 Summary 57Acknowledgements 57References 583 Small Cells for 5G Mobile Networks 633.1 Introduction 633.2 What are Small Cells? 643.2.1 WiFi and Femtocells as Candidate Small‐Cell Technologies 663.2.2 WiFi and Femto Performance – Indoors vs Outdoors 703.3 Capacity Limits and Achievable Gains with Densification 733.3.1 Gains with Multi‐Antenna Techniques 733.3.2 Gains with Small Cells 763.4 Mobile Data Demand 813.4.1 Approach and Methodology 813.5 Demand vs Capacity 813.6 Small‐Cell Challenges 933.7 Conclusions and Future Directions 97References 994 Cooperation for Next Generation Wireless Networks 1054.1 Introduction 1054.2 Cooperative Diversity and Relaying Strategies 1074.2.1 Cooperation and Network Coding 1074.2.2 Cooperative ARQ MAC Protocols 1084.3 PHY Layer Impact on MAC Protocol Analysis 1104.3.1 Impact of Fast Fading and Shadowing on Packet Reception for QoS Guarantee 1114.3.2 Impact of Shadowing Spatial Correlation 1124.4 Case Study: NCCARQ 1134.4.1 NCCARQ Overview 1134.4.2 PHY Layer Impact 1144.5 Performance Evaluation 1164.5.1 Simulation Scenario 1164.5.2 Simulation Results 1174.6 Conclusion 122Acknowledgements 122References 1225 Mobile Clouds: Technology and Services for Future Communication Platforms 1255.1 Introduction 1255.2 The Mobile Cloud 1275.2.1 User Resources 1295.2.2 Software Resources 1305.2.3 Hardware Resources 1315.2.4 Networking Resources 1325.3 Mobile Cloud Enablers 1335.3.1 The Mobile User Domain 1335.3.2 Wireless Technologies 1355.3.3 Software and Middleware 1395.4 Network Coding 1405.5 Summary 145References 1456 Cognitive Radio for 5G Wireless Networks 1496.1 Introduction 1496.2 Overview of Cognitive Radio Technology in 5G Wireless 1506.3 Spectrum Optimisation using Cognitive Radio 1526.4 Relevant Spectrum Optimisation Literature in 5G 1526.4.1 Dynamic Spectrum Access 1526.4.2 Spectrum Regulatory Policy 1536.4.3 Marketing Policy and Model 1546.5 Cognitive Radio and Carrier Aggregation 1546.6 Energy‐Efficient Cognitive Radio Technology 1556.7 Key Requirements and Challenges for 5G Cognitive Terminals 1566.7.1 5G Devices as Cognitive Radio Terminals 1576.7.2 5G Cognitive Terminal Challenges 1596.8 Summary 162References 1627 The Wireless Spectrum Crunch: White Spaces for 5G? 1657.1 Introduction 1657.2 Background 1687.2.1 Early Spectrum Management 1687.2.2 History of TV White Spaces 1697.2.3 History of Radar White Spaces 1717.3 TV White Space Technology 1717.3.1 Standards 1727.3.2 Approaches to White Space 1737.4 White Space Spectrum Opportunities and Challenges 1757.5 TV White Space Applications 1787.5.1 Fixed Wireless Networking 1807.5.2 Public Safety Applications 1817.5.3 Mobile Broadband 1827.6 International Efforts 1857.7 Role of WS in 5G 1867.8 Conclusion 186References 1878 Towards a Unified 5G Broadcast‐Broadband Architecture 1918.1 Introduction 1918.2 Background 1928.3 Challenges to Be Addressed 1958.3.1 The Spectrum Dimension 1958.3.2 The Risk of Fragmentation of the Terminal Market 1968.3.3 The Change in TV Consumer Patterns and the Need for a Flexible Approach 1978.3.4 Business‐Related Hurdles 1988.3.5 Societal Requirement: TV Broadcasting as a Public Service Media in Europe 1988.4 Candidate Network Architectures for a BC‐BB Convergent Solution 1998.4.1 Solution 1: Cellular Broadcasting in the TV Spectrum 2008.4.2 Solution 2: Hybrid Network Approach – Using DVB‐T 2 FEFs for LTE Transmission 2018.4.3 Solution 3: Next Generation Common Broadcasting System 2018.5 The BC‐BB Study: What Needs to Be Done 2048.5.1 TV and Video Future Consumption Models in Europe 2048.5.2 BC‐BB Architecture Options 2048.5.3 Large‐Scale Simulation and Assessment of BC‐BB Convergent Options 2048.5.4 Feasibility Study 2058.6 Conclusion 205References 2069 Security for 5G Communications 2079.1 Introduction 2079.2 Overview of a Potential 5G Communications System Architecture 2089.3 Security Issues and Challenges in 5G Communications Systems 2099.3.1 User Equipment 2109.3.2 Access Networks 2129.3.3 Mobile Operator’s Core Network 2169.3.4 External IP Networks 2179.4 Summary 218References 21910 SON Evolution for 5G Mobile Networks 22110.1 Introduction 22110.2 SON in UMTS and LTE 22210.3 The Need for SON in 5G 23110.4 Evolution towards Small‐Cell Dominant HetNets 23610.4.1 Towards a New SON Architecture for 5G 23710.5 Conclusion 239References 24011 Green Flexible RF for 5G 24111.1 Introduction 24111.2 Radio System Design 24211.2.1 Antenna Design for 5G 24211.2.2 Passive Front‐End Design Using SIW for 5G Application 25411.2.3 RF Power Amplifiers 25711.3 Nonlinear Crosstalk in MIMO Systems 26411.4 Summary 269Acknowledgements 269References 27012 Conclusion and Future Outlook 27312.1 Design Drivers for Next‐Generation Networks 27312.2 5G: A Green Inter‐networking Experience 27412.2.1 Emerging Approaches to Allow Drastic Reduction in the Signalling Overhead 27812.3 A Vision for 5G Mobile 27812.3.1 Mobile Small Cells the Way Forward? 27912.4 Final Remarks 282References 282Index 285