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      1. Ekonomi och Ledarskap
      2. Företagsekonomi
      3. Redovisning och finansiering
      4. Finansiering

      Central Counterparties

      Mandatory Central Clearing and Initial Margin Requirements for OTC Derivatives

      AvJon Gregory

      Inbunden, Engelska, 2014

      Del i serien Wiley Finance Series

      911 kr

      Beställningsvara. Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar. Fri frakt över 249 kr.

      Fler format och utgåvor

      E-bok

      805 kr

      E-bok

      805 kr

      Beskrivning

      Practical guidance toward handling the latest changes to the OTC derivatives market Central Counterparties is a practical guide to central clearing and bilateral margin requirements, from one of the industry's most influential credit practitioners. With up-to-date information on the latest regulations imposed after the global financial crisis, this book covers the mechanics of the clearing process and analyses the resulting consequences. Detailed discussion explains the ways in which the very significant clearing and margining rules will affect the OTC derivatives market and the financial markets in general, with practical guidance toward implementation and how to handle the potential consequences.Over-the-counter derivatives were blamed by many for playing a major role in the 2007 financial crisis, resulting in a significant attention and dramatic action by policymakers, politicians, and regulators to reduce counterparty credit risk which was seen as a major issue in the crisis. The two most important regulatory changes are the mandatory clearing of standardised OTC derivatives, and the requirements for bilateral margin posting in non-standard OTC contracts. Central Counterparties is a complete reference guide to navigating these changes, providing clarification and practical advice. Review the mitigation of counterparty credit risk with the historical development of central clearingClarify the latest regulatory requirements imposed by Dodd-Frank, EMIR, Basel III and moreLearn the mechanics of central clearing, with special attention to complex issues such as margin calculations, the loss waterfall, client clearing and regulatory capital rulesGain insight into the advantages and disadvantages of clearing and bilateral margin requirements, and the potential issues that ariseAs the clearing and margining mandates are phased in, the associated costs will be severe enough to dramatically shift the topology of the financial markets and transform the nature of risk. Central Counterparties provides the information, clarification and expert insight market practitioners need to get up to speed quickly.

      Produktinformation

      • Utgivningsdatum:2014-06-13
      • Mått:178 x 249 x 25 mm
      • Vikt:726 g
      • Format:Inbunden
      • Språk:Engelska
      • Serie:Wiley Finance Series
      • Antal sidor:336
      • Förlag:John Wiley & Sons Inc
      • ISBN:9781118891513

      Utforska kategorier

      • Finansiering inom Ekonomi och Ledarskap

      Mer om författaren

      DR JON GREGORY is a partner at Solum Financial Partners LLP and specialises in counterparty risk and CVA related consulting and advisory projects. He has worked on many aspects of credit risk in his career, being previously with Barclays Capital, BNP Paribas and Citigroup. He is author of the book Counterparty Credit Risk and Credit Value Adjustment: A Continuing Challenge for Global Financial Markets Second Edition. Jon holds a PhD from Cambridge University.

      Innehållsförteckning

      • Acknowledgements xvPart I: Background 11 Introduction 31.1 The crisis 31.2 The move towards central clearing 41.3 What is a CCP? 61.4 Initial margins 71.5 Possible drawbacks 81.6 Clearing in context 92 Exchanges, OTC Derivatives, DPCs and SPVs 112.1 Exchanges 112.1.1 What is an exchange? 112.1.2 The need for clearing 122.1.3 Direct clearing 122.1.4 Clearing rings 132.1.5 Complete clearing 142.2 OTC derivatives 162.2.1 OTC vs. exchange-traded 162.2.2 Market development 182.2.3 OTC derivatives and clearing 192.3 Counterparty risk mitigation in OTC markets 202.3.1 Systemic risk 202.3.2 Special purpose vehicles 212.3.3 Derivatives product companies 222.3.4 Monolines and CDPCs 232.3.5 Lessons for central clearing 242.3.6 Clearing in OTC derivatives markets 252.4 Summary 263 Basic Principles of Central Clearing 273.1 What is clearing? 273.2 Functions of a CCP 273.2.1 Financial markets topology 283.2.2 Novation 283.2.3 Multilateral offset 293.2.4 Margining 303.2.5 Auctions 303.2.6 Loss mutualisation 313.3 Basic questions 313.3.1 What can be cleared? 313.3.2 Who can clear? 333.3.3 How many OTC CCPs will there be? 353.3.4 Utilities or profit-making organisations? 363.3.5 Can CCPs fail? 363.4 The impact of central clearing 363.4.1 General points 363.4.2 Comparing OTC and centrally cleared markets 373.4.3 Advantages of CCPs 373.4.4 Disadvantages of CCPs 383.4.5 Impact of central clearing 384 The Global Financial Crisis and the Clearing of OTC Derivatives 414.1 The global financial crisis 414.1.1 Build-up 414.1.2 Impact of the GFC 414.1.3 CCPs in the GFC 424.1.4 LCH.Clearnet and SwapClear 424.1.5 Lehman and other CCPs 434.1.6 Responses 444.1.7 Objections 454.2 Regulatory changes 464.2.1 Basel III 474.2.2 Dodd–Frank 484.2.3 EMIR 484.2.4 Differences between the US and Europe 494.2.5 Bilateral margin requirements 504.2.6 Exemptions 524.3 Regulation of CCPS 534.3.1 Problems with mandates 534.3.2 Oversight 534.3.3 CCPs and liquidity support 55Part II: Counterpa rty Risk, Netting and Margin 575 Netting 595.1 Bilateral netting 595.1.1 Origins of netting 595.1.2 Payment netting and CLS 605.1.3 Close out netting 605.1.4 The ISDA Master Agreement 625.1.5 The impact of netting 625.1.6 Netting impact outside OTC derivatives markets 635.2 Multilateral netting 655.2.1 The classic bilateral problem 655.2.2 Aim of multilateral netting 655.2.3 Trade compression 665.2.4 Trade compression and standardisation 685.2.5 Central clearing 705.2.6 Multilateral netting increasing exposure 716 Margining 756.1 Basics of margin 756.1.1 Rationale 756.1.2 Title transfer and security interest 766.1.3 Simple example 766.1.4 The margin period of risk 776.1.5 Haircuts 786.2 Margin and funding 796.2.1 Funding costs 796.2.2 Reuse and rehypothecation 806.2.3 Segregation 826.2.4 Margin transformation 846.3 Margin in bilateral OTC derivatives markets 846.3.1 The credit support annex (CSA) 846.3.2 Types of CSA 856.3.3 Thresholds and initial margins 866.3.4 Disputes 876.3.5 Standard CSA 886.3.6 Margin practices in bilateral OTC markets 896.4 The risks of margining 926.4.1 Margin impact outside OTC derivatives markets 926.4.2 Operational risk 936.4.3 Liquidity risk 936.4.4 Funding liquidity risk 946.4.5 Segregation risk 946.5 Regulatory margin requirements 946.5.1 Background 946.5.2 General requirements 956.5.3 Threshold 976.5.4 Segregation and rehypothecation 986.5.5 Initial margin methodologies 996.5.6 Non-netting across asset class 1016.5.7 Haircuts 1016.5.8 Criticisms 1027 Counterparty Risk in OTC Derivatives 1057.1 Introduction 1057.1.1 Background 1057.1.2 Origins 1067.1.3 Settlement and pre-settlement risk 1067.2 Exposure 1087.2.1 Definition 1087.2.2 Mark-to-market and replacement cost 1107.2.3 Non-margined exposure 1107.2.4 Margined exposure 1117.3 Valuation adjustments 1147.3.1 CVA 1147.3.2 Impact of margin on CVA 1147.3.3 DVA and FVA 1157.3.4 Wrong-way risk 1177.3.5 The balance between counterparty risk and funding 118Appendix 7A: Simple formula for the benefit of a margin agreement 119Part III: Structure and Mechanics of Clearing 1218 The Basics of CCP Operation 1238.1 CCP setup 1238.1.1 CCP ownership 1238.1.2 Fees 1248.1.3 What needs to be cleared? 1258.1.4 Important OTC derivative CCPs 1258.2 CCP operation 1278.2.1 CCP members and non-members 1278.2.2 Process of clearing 1298.2.3 Compression 1308.2.4 Requirements for products to be cleared 1318.3 CCP risk management 1338.3.1 Overview 1338.3.2 Membership requirements 1358.3.3 Margining 1368.3.4 Margin interest rates 1378.4 Default management 1398.4.1 Declaring a default 1398.4.2 Close out process 1408.4.3 Auction 1408.4.4 Client positions 1418.4.5 Loss allocation 1418.4.6 Wrong-way risk 1438.5 CCP linkage 1438.5.1 Interoperability 1438.5.2 Participant and peer-to-peer models 1448.5.3 Mutual offset 1468.5.4 Cross-margining 1469 Margin and Default Fund Methodologies 1499.1 Variation margin 1499.1.1 Valuation 1499.1.2 Frequency of margin calls 1509.1.3 Convexity and price alignment interest 1509.1.4 Variation margin and liquidity risk 1519.2 Initial margin 1529.2.1 Close out period 1529.2.2 Coverage 1549.2.3 Linkage to credit quality 1559.2.4 Haircuts and non-cash margins 1569.2.5 The SPAN methodology 1579.3 VAR and historical simulation 1589.3.1 Value-at-risk and expected shortfall 1589.3.2 Historical simulation 1619.3.3 Look-back periods 1619.3.4 Relative and absolute scenarios 1619.3.5 Procyclicality 1629.4 Initial margins for OTC derivatives 1649.4.1 Requirements for initial margin approach 1649.4.2 OTC CCP initial margin approaches 1659.4.3 Competition 1679.4.4 Computation considerations 1689.4.5 Standard initial margin model (SIMM) 1699.5 Cross-margining 1709.5.1 Rationale 1709.5.2 Cross-margining within a CCP 1719.5.3 Exchange-traded and OTC products 1729.5.4 Cross-margining between CCPs 1739.5.5 Methodologies for cross-margining 1749.6 Default funds 1749.6.1 Coverage of initial margin 1749.6.2 Role of the default fund 1759.6.3 Default fund vs. initial margin 1769.6.4 Size of the default fund 1779.6.5 Splitting default funds 17810 The Loss Waterfall and Loss Allocation Methods 18110.1 Potential CCP loss events 18110.1.1 Review of the loss waterfall 18110.1.2 Clearing member default losses 18310.1.3 Non-default related losses 18410.2 Analysis of CCP loss structure 18410.2.1 Second loss exposure 18410.2.2 The prisoner’s dilemma 18510.2.3 Unlimited default fund contributions 18610.2.4 Default fund tranches 18610.3 Other loss allocation methods 18710.3.1 Variation margin gains haircutting 18810.3.2 Partial tear-up and forced allocation 18910.3.3 Complete tear-up 19110.3.4 Other methods 19210.3.5 Impact on client trades 19210.3.6 Methods used in practice 19310.4 Capital charges for CCP exposures 19410.4.1 Qualifying CCPs 19410.4.2 Trade and default fund related exposures 19510.4.3 Capital requirements for trade exposures 19610.4.4 Capital requirements for default fund exposures 19710.4.5 Method 1 (interim rules) 19810.4.6 Method 2 (interim rules) 19910.4.7 Final rules 20010.4.8 Example and discussion 20010.4.9 Client clearing and bilateral aspects 201Appendix 10A: Technical details on the interim and final rules 20311 Client Clearing, Segregation and Portability 20711.1 Operational aspects 20711.1.1 General setup 20711.1.2 Principal-to-principal model 20811.1.3 Agency model 20911.1.4 Margin requirements between client and CCP 20911.1.5 Client point of view 21011.1.6 Clearing member point of view 21211.1.7 Portability 21311.2 Segregation, rehypothecation and margin offset 21511.2.1 The need for segregation 21511.2.2 The difference between variation and initial margins 21611.2.3 Net and gross margin 21811.2.4 Net margin and portability 21811.3 Methods of segregation 22011.3.1 Omnibus segregation 22111.3.2 Individually segregated accounts 22211.3.3 LSOC 22311.3.4 Example 22611.3.5 The liquidity impact of segregation 22711.4 Regulatory requirements 22811.4.1 CPSS-IOSCO 22811.4.2 Dodd–Frank/CFTC 22811.4.3 EMIR 22911.4.4 Basel III and capital implications 229Part IV: Analysis of the Impa ct and Risks ofCe ntral Clearing 23112 Analysis of the Impact of Clearing and Margining 23312.1 The clearing landscape 23312.1.1 Bilateral vs. central clearing 23312.1.2 How much is currently cleared? 23612.1.3 What should be cleared? 23612.1.4 The number of CCPs 23812.1.5 Choosing a CCP 23912.2 Benefits and drawbacks of OTC clearing 24012.2.1 Advantages 24012.2.2 Disadvantages 24112.2.3 Homogenisation 24212.2.4 Moral hazard and informational asymmetry 24312.3 Side effects 24312.3.1 Futurisation 24312.3.2 Regulatory arbitrage 24412.3.3 Netting optimisation 24612.3.4 Re-leveraging 24612.3.5 Pricing behaviour 24712.4 Is there a better idea? 24813 The Cost and Impact of Clearing and Margining 25113.1 Overview 25113.1.1 Strengths and weaknesses of margin 25113.1.2 Variation margin 25213.1.3 Initial margin 25313.2 Examples 25413.2.1 American International Group (AIG) 25413.2.2 The BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill 25413.2.3 Ashanti 25513.3 The cost of margining 25613.3.1 Margin and funding 25613.3.2 How expensive? 25713.3.3 Variation margin 25913.3.4 Initial margin 26113.3.5 Converting counterparty risk to liquidity risk 26113.3.6 Manifestation of funding liquidity risks 26313.4 Implications 26414 Risks Caused by CCPs 26514.1 Overview 26514.1.1 General risks created by CCPs 26514.1.2 Risks for clearing members 26614.1.3 Risks for non-clearing members 26614.2 Historical CCP failures and near misses 26714.2.1 New York Gold Exchange Bank (1869) 26714.2.2 Caisse de Liquidation (1974) 26714.2.3 COMEX (1980) 26814.2.4 Commodity Clearing House (1983) 26814.2.5 Hong Kong Futures Exchange and 1987 crash 26914.2.6 BM&FBOVESPA (1999) 27014.2.7 Lessons from past CCP failures 27014.3 Important considerations 27114.3.1 Hindsight bias 27114.3.2 Race to the bottom? 27214.3.3 Distributive effects and the big picture 27214.3.4 Mutualisation and CCPs as CDOs 27314.3.5 The need for margin 27414.3.6 The impact of mandatory clearing 27514.3.7 Transparency 27514.3.8 Interconnectedness 27614.4 Risks faced by CCPS 27614.4.1 Default risk 27614.4.2 Non-default loss events 27714.4.3 Model risk 27814.4.4 Liquidity risk 27814.4.5 Operational and legal risk 27914.4.6 Other risks 27914.5 Keeping CCPs safe 28014.5.1 Will they be allowed to fail? 28014.5.2 Governance 28114.5.3 Disclosure 28214.5.4 Insurance schemes 28215 The Future Impact on Financial Markets 28315.1 Regulatory change 28315.2 The impact 28415.3 Good or bad? 285Glossary 287References 293Index 299
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