Optimization of Energy Systems

IBRAHIM DINCER is a tenured full professor of Mechanical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science at UOIT. He is Vice President for Strategy in International Association for Hydrogen Energy (IAHE) and Vice-President for World Society of Sustainable Energy Technologies (WSSET). Renowned for his pioneering works in the area of sustainable energy technologies he has authored and co-authored numerous books and book chapters, more than a thousand refereed journal and conference papers, and many technical reports. He has chaired many national and international conferences, symposia, workshops and technical meetings. He has delivered more than 300 keynote and invited lectures. He is an active member of various international scientific organizations and societies, and serves as editor-in-chief, associate editor, regional editor, and editorial board member on various prestigious international journals. He is a recipient of several research, teaching and service awards, including the Premier's research excellence award in Ontario, Canada, in 2004. MARC A. ROSEN is a professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Ontario Institute of Technology in Oshawa, Canada, where he served as founding Dean of Engineering and Applied Science. Dr. Rosen is an active teacher and researcher in thermodynamics, energy technology, sustainable energy and the environmental impact of energy and industrial systems. He is a registered Professional Engineer in Ontario, and has served in many professional capacities, including being founding Editor-in-Chief of several journals, and a Director of Oshawa Power and Utilities Corporation. A Past-President of the Engineering Institute of Canada and the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering, Dr. Rosen received an Award of Excellence in Research and Technology Development from the Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy, and is a Fellow of the Engineering Institute of Canada, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering, the Canadian Academy of Engineering and the International Energy Foundation. POURIA AHMADI is a postdoctoral fellow in the Fuel Cell Research group at Simon Fraser University (SFU). He earned his PhD in 2013 in mechanical engineering at the Clean Energy Research Lab at University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Canada. There, he worked on the design, analysis and optimization of advanced integrated energy systems for enhanced sustainability. Prior to joining SFU, he was a postdoctoral fellow at Ryerson University in Toronto, Ontario, where he worked on integrated renewable energy technologies for a net zero energy community in London, Ontario, Canada. He also worked as a research assistant and PhD student at the advanced heat transfer lab at Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. He has 65 publications in both high ranked and peer-reviewed journals and international conference proceedings.

• Acknowledgements xiiiPreface xv1 Thermodynamic Fundamentals 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Thermodynamics 11.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics 21.3.1 Thermodynamic System 31.3.2 Process 31.3.3 Cycle 31.3.4 Heat 41.3.5 Work 41.3.6 Thermodynamic Property 41.3.6.1 Specific Internal Energy 41.3.6.2 Specific Enthalpy 51.3.6.3 Specific Entropy 51.3.7 Thermodynamic Tables 51.3.8 Engineering Equation Solver (EES) 61.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 121.5 Reversibility and Irreversibility 141.6 Exergy 141.6.1 Exergy Associated with Kinetic and Potential Energy 151.6.2 Physical Exergy 161.6.3 Chemical Exergy 161.6.3.1 Standard Chemical Exergy 161.6.3.2 Chemical Exergy of Gas Mixtures 171.6.3.3 Chemical Exergy of Humid Air 171.6.3.4 Chemical Exergy of Liquid Water and Ice 181.6.3.5 Chemical Exergy for Absorption Chillers 211.6.4 Exergy Balance Equation 231.6.5 Exergy Efficiency 241.6.6 Procedure for Energy and Exergy Analyses 241.7 Concluding Remarks 27References 27Study Questions/Problems 282 Modeling and Optimization 332.1 Introduction 332.2 Modeling 342.2.1 Air compressors 362.2.2 Gas Turbines 372.2.3 Pumps 382.2.4 Closed Heat Exchanger 392.2.5 Combustion Chamber (CC) 402.2.6 Ejector 412.2.7 Flat Plate Solar Collector 432.2.8 Solar Photovoltaic Thermal (PV/T) System 442.2.9 Solar Photovoltaic Panel 442.3 Optimization 472.3.1 System Boundaries 482.3.2 Objective Functions and System Criteria 482.3.3 Decision Variables 482.3.4 Constraints 482.3.5 Optimization Methods 492.3.5.1 Classical Optimization 492.3.5.2 Numerical Optimization Methods 492.3.5.3 Evolutionary Algorithms 502.4 Multi-objective Optimization 512.4.1 Sample Applications of Multi-objective Optimization 522.4.1.1 Economics 522.4.1.2 Finance 532.4.1.3 Engineering 532.4.2 Illustrative Example: Air Compressor Optimization 532.4.2.1 Thermodynamic and Economic Modeling and Analysis 532.4.2.2 Decision Variables 552.4.2.3 Constraints 562.4.2.4 Multi-objective Optimization 562.4.3 llustrative Example: Steam Turbine 582.4.3.1 Decision Variables 592.4.3.2 Constraints 592.4.3.3 Multi-objective Optimization 602.5 Concluding Remarks 61References 63Study Questions/Problems 633 Modeling and Optimization of Thermal Components 653.1 Introduction 653.2 Air Compressor 663.3 Steam Turbine 673.4 Pump 683.4.1 Modeling and Simulation of a Pump 693.4.2 Decision variables 693.4.3 Constraints 693.4.4 Multi-objective Optimization of a Pump 703.5 Combustion Chamber 733.5.1 Modeling and Analysis of a Combustion Chamber 733.5.1.1 Total Cost Rate 753.5.2 Decision Variables 753.5.3 Constraints 753.5.4 Multi-objective Optimization 763.6 Flat Plate Solar Collector 783.6.1 Modeling and Analysis of Collector 783.6.2 Decision Variables and Input Data 793.6.3 Constraints 793.6.4 Multi-objective Optimization 813.7 Ejector 813.7.1 Modeling and Analysis of an Ejector 833.7.2 Decision Variables and Constraints 853.7.3 Objective Functions and Optimization 853.8 Concluding Remarks 89References 89Study Questions/Problems 904 Modeling and Optimization of Heat Exchangers 924.1 Introduction 924.2 Types of Heat Exchangers 934.3 Modeling and Optimization of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers 964.3.1 Modeling and Simulation 964.3.2 Optimization 994.3.2.1 Definition of Objective Functions 994.3.2.2 Decision Variables 994.3.3 Case Study 1004.3.4 Model Verification 1004.3.5 Optimization Results 1014.3.6 Sensitivity Analysis Results 1034.4 Modeling and Optimization of Cross Flow Plate Fin Heat Exchangers 1034.4.1 Modeling and Simulation 1054.4.2 Optimization 1074.4.2.1 Decision Variables 1084.4.3 Case Study 1084.4.4 Model Verification 1084.4.5 Optimization Results 1094.4.6 Sensitivity Analysis Results 1124.5 Modeling and Optimization of Heat Recovery Steam Generators 1184.5.1 Modeling and Simulation 1184.5.2 Optimization 1214.5.2.1 Decision Variables 1214.5.3 Case Study 1214.5.4 Modeling Verification 1224.5.5 Optimization Results 1224.5.6 Sensitivity Analysis Results 1284.6 Concluding Remarks 129References 130Study Questions/Problems 1315 Modeling and Optimization of Refrigeration Systems 1335.1 Introduction 1335.2 Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle 1345.2.1 Thermodynamic Analysis 1355.2.2 Exergy Analysis 1385.2.3 Optimization 1445.2.3.1 Decision Variables 1455.2.3.2 Optimization Results 1465.3 Cascade Refrigeration Systems 1505.4 Absorption Chiller 1595.4.1 Thermodynamic Analysis 1615.4.2 Exergy Analysis 1625.4.3 Exergoeconomic Analysis 1665.4.4 Results and Discussion 1665.4.4.1 Optimization 1745.4.4.2 Optimization Results 1755.5 Concluding Remarks 178References 178Study Questions/Problems 1796 Modeling and Optimization of Heat Pump Systems 1836.1 Introduction 1836.2 Air/Water Heat Pump System 1846.3 System Exergy Analysis 1866.4 Energy and Exergy Results 1886.5 Optimization 1936.6 Concluding Remarks 196Reference 198Study Questions/Problems 1987 Modeling and Optimization of Fuel Cell Systems 1997.1 Introduction 1997.2 Thermodynamics of Fuel Cells 2007.2.1 Gibbs Function 2007.2.2 Reversible Cell Potential 2017.3 PEM Fuel Cell Modeling 2037.3.1 Exergy and Exergoeconomic Analyses 2047.3.2 Multi-objective Optimization of a PEM Fuel Cell System 2057.4 SOFC Modeling 2127.4.1 Mathematical Model 2127.4.2 Cost Analysis 2157.4.3 Optimization 2167.5 Concluding Remarks 219References 219Study Questions/Problems 2198 Modeling and Optimization of Renewable Energy Based Systems 2218.1 Introduction 2218.2 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) 2228.2.1 Thermodynamic Modeling of OTEC 2228.2.1.1 Flat Plate Solar Collector 2238.2.1.2 Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) 2248.2.1.3 PEM Electrolyzer 2258.2.2 Thermochemical Modeling of a PEM Electrolyzer 2268.2.3 Exergy Analysis 2278.2.4 Efficiencies 2288.2.4.1 Exergy Efficiency 2288.2.5 Exergoeconomic Analysis 2288.2.5.1 Flat Plate Solar Collector in OTEC Cycle 2288.2.5.2 OTEC Cycle 2298.2.6 Results and Discussion 2298.2.6.1 Modeling Validation and Simulation Code Results 2298.2.6.2 Exergy Analysis Results 2328.2.7 Multi-objective Optimization 2378.2.7.1 Objectives 2388.2.7.2 Decision Variables 2388.2.8 Optimization Results 2388.3 Solar Based Energy System 2418.3.1 Thermodynamic Analysis 2448.3.2 Exergoeconomic Analysis 2468.3.3 Results and Discussion 2468.3.3.1 Exergoeconomic Results 2488.3.4 Sensitivity Analysis 2508.3.5 Optimization 2538.3.6 Optimization Results 2548.4 Hybrid Wind–Photovoltaic–Battery System 2568.4.1 Modeling 2568.4.1.1 Photovoltaic (PV) Panel 2568.4.1.2 Wind Turbine (WT) 2628.4.1.3 Battery 2628.4.2 Objective Function, Design Parameters, and Constraints 2628.4.3 Real Parameter Genetic Algorithm 2638.4.4 Case Study 2648.4.5 Results and Discussion 2658.5 Concluding Remarks 268References 270Study Questions/Problems 2739 Modeling and Optimization of Power Plants 2759.1 Introduction 2759.2 Steam Power Plants 2769.2.1 Modeling and Analysis 2789.2.2 Objective Functions, Design Parameters, and Constraints 2819.3 Gas Turbine Power Plants 2839.3.1 Thermodynamic Modeling 2849.3.1.1 Air Compressor 2859.3.1.2 Air Preheater (AP) 2869.3.1.3 Combustion Chamber (CC) 2869.3.1.4 Gas Turbine 2869.3.2 Exergy and Exergoeconomic Analyses 2879.3.3 Environmental Impact Assessment 2899.3.4 Optimization 2909.3.4.1 Definition of Objective Functions 2909.3.4.2 Decision Variables 2919.3.4.3 Model Validation 2919.3.5 Results and Discussion 2929.3.6 Sensitivity Analysis 2949.3.7 Summary 2969.4 Combined Cycle Power Plants 2979.4.1 Thermodynamic Modeling 2989.4.1.1 Duct Burner 2989.4.1.2 Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) 2989.4.1.3 Steam Turbine (ST) 3009.4.1.4 Condenser 3009.4.1.5 Pump 3009.4.2 Exergy Analysis 3009.4.3 Optimization 3019.4.3.1 Definition of Objectives 3019.4.3.2 Decision Variables 3029.4.3.3 Constraints 3029.4.4 Results and Discussion 3039.5 Concluding Remarks 312References 313Study Questions/Problems 31410 Modeling and Optimization of Cogeneration and Trigeneration Systems 31710.1 Introduction 31710.2 Gas Turbine Based CHP System 32110.2.1 Thermodynamic Modeling and Analyses 32210.2.1.1 Air Preheater 32210.2.1.2 Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) 32310.2.2 Optimization 32510.2.2.1 Single Objective Optimization 32510.2.2.2 Multi-objective Optimization 33110.2.2.3 Optimization Results 33310.3 Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) Cogeneration Systems 34210.3.1 Selection of Working Fluids 34310.3.2 Thermodynamic Modeling and Analysis 34410.3.2.1 Internal Combustion Engine 34510.3.2.2 Organic Rankine Cycle 34610.3.2.3 Ejector Refrigeration Cycle (ERC) 34610.3.3 Exergy Analysis 34810.3.4 Optimization 34810.3.4.1 Decision Variables 35010.3.4.2 Multi-objective optimization 35010.4 Micro Gas Turbine Trigeneration System 36210.4.1 Thermodynamic Modeling 36210.4.1.1 Topping Cycle (Brayton Cycle) 36210.4.1.2 Bottoming Cycle 36210.4.1.3 Absorption Chiller 36510.4.1.4 Domestic Water Heater 36510.4.2 Exergy Analysis 36510.4.3 Optimization 36610.4.3.1 Definition of Objectives 36610.4.3.2 Decision Variables 36710.4.3.3 Evolutionary Algorithm: Genetic Algorithm 36810.4.4 Optimization Results 36810.4.5 Sensitivity Analysis 37210.5 Biomass Based Trigeneration System 38110.5.1 Thermodynamic Modeling 38210.5.1.1 Gasifier 38210.5.1.2 Multi-effect Desalination Unit 38310.5.2 Exergy Analysis 38610.5.3 Optimization 38710.5.3.1 Decision Variables 39010.5.4 Optimization Results 39010.6 Concluding Remarks 392References 393Study Questions/Problems 39611 Modeling and Optimization of Multigeneration Energy Systems 39811.1 Introduction 39811.2 Multigeneration System Based On Gas Turbine Prime Mover 40111.2.1 Thermodynamic Modeling 40311.2.1.1 Brayton Cycle 40311.2.1.2 Bottoming Cycle 40411.2.1.3 Absorption Chiller 40611.2.1.4 Domestic Hot Water Heater 40611.2.1.5 Organic Rankine Cycle 40611.2.1.6 Heat Recovery Vapor Generator (HRVG) 40811.2.2 Exergy Analysis 41211.2.2.1 Exergy Efficiency 41311.2.3 Economic Analysis 41311.2.3.1 Brayton Cycle 41311.2.3.2 Steam Cycle 41411.2.3.3 ORC Cycle 41511.2.3.4 Absorption Chiller 41611.2.3.5 PEM Electrolyzer 41711.2.3.6 Domestic Hot Water (DHW) Heater 41711.2.3.7 Capital recovery factor (CRF) 41711.2.4 Multi-objective Optimization 41711.2.4.1 Definition of Objectives 41711.2.4.2 Decision Variables 41811.2.5 Optimization Results 41811.3 Biomass Based Multigeneration Energy System 42211.3.1 Thermodynamic Analysis 42411.3.1.1 Biomass Combustion 42411.3.1.2 ORC Cycle 42511.3.1.3 Domestic Water Heater 42611.3.1.4 Double-effect Absorption Chiller 42611.3.1.5 Reverse Osmosis (RO) Desalination Unit 42811.3.2 Exergy Analysis of the System 43011.3.3 Economic Analysis of the System 43111.3.3.1 Biomass Combustor and Evaporator 43111.3.3.2 Heating Process Unit 43211.3.3.3 Reverse Osmosis (RO) Desalination Unit 43211.3.4 Multi-objective Optimization 43211.3.4.1 Definition of Objectives 43211.3.4.2 Decision Variables 43311.3.5 Optimization Results 43311.4 Concluding Remarks 443References 443Study Questions/Problems 444Index 447