Hou Xian-guang is former Director, Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, KunmingDavid J. Siveter is Professor Emeritus of Paleontology, University of LeicesterDerek J. Siveter is Professor Emeritus of Earth Sciences, University of OxfordRichard J. Aldridge was Professor Emeritus and F.W. Bennett Professor of Geology, University of LeicesterCong Pei-yun is Professor of Paleobiology, Yunnan University, KunmingSarah E. Gabbott is Professor of Paleobiology, University of LeicesterMa Xiao-ya is Professor of Paleobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming, and the Natural History Museum, LondonMark A. Purnell is Professor of Paleobiology, University of LeicesterMark Williams is Professor of Paleobiology, University of Leicester

The first edition of The Cambrian fossils of Chengjiang was a �must have� book for palaeontologists.  Now I am afraid you are all going to have to fork out for the second edition. After 13 years, this completely revised edition reflects the significant amount of research that has taken place over the last decade or more on the remarkable Chengjiang lagerstätte.The fossil material of the Chengjiang lagerstätte is of course stuff to drool over and the envy of palaeontologists who have to deal with the more common forms of hard-part preservation.  Over 30 species have been added to the taxonomic list, reflecting a greater understanding of the diversity and taxonomy of this biota, which now boasts a total of over 250 species. A significant number of these are still �floating around� waiting for their systematic identity card so the Chengjiang case is far from being closed.The discovery is now over 30 years old, being first found in 1984 by Hou Xian-Guang, who is still active and one of the authors of this new edition. Since the first edition was published, the site has been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List (in 2012) as a �globally outstanding example of a major stage in the history of life, representing a paleobiological window of great significance�. As such, the 515-520 Ma Chengjiang biota complements Canada�s slightly younger, 505 Ma Burgess Shale biota. The latter is somewhat less diverse (c 120 known species) but has a similar ecological structure; consequently, the taxonomic similarities and differences between the two are of particular evolutionary interest and significance.This second edition of The Cambrian fossils of Chengjiang is much more than a mere update. It provides an overview of the lagerstätte and the rapidly expanding literature on all aspects of its geology, much of which is in Chinese and otherwise difficult to access. The format of the book is larger and many of the photos are even better than before. The book would be a fine present for any palaeontologist - even if you have to treat yourself!Reviewed by: Douglas Palmer"The work is authoritative and highly illustrated; the high-quality illustrations were, and are, an immensely important aspect of the work. They show just how beauti-fully preserved these soft-bodied animals are and how, with the requisite skills, this extraordinary detail can be illustrated. It is essential that this book be on every paleo-biologist�s bookshelf." - Paul Seldon, Priscum Summer 2018 "Very much like its predecessor, this book is bound to become a standard reference thanks to its very well contextualized introduction and really complete overview of the Chengjiang biota. Whether you are a natural science teacher, a specialist of the Cambrian Explosion, have an interest in palaeontology and evolution of early life, or you just like the weird diversity of forms in Cambrian animals, then this book is for you. I would recommend it to all palaeontologists and libraries, this is a must-have!" - Vincent Perrier, Paleontology Association Newsletter, July 2018

• Foreword ixPreface xiPart One Geological and Evolutionary Setting of the Biota 11 Geological time and the evolution of early life on Earth 32 The evolutionary significance of the Chengjiang biota 73 The discovery and study of the Chengjiang Lagerstätte 124 The distribution and geological setting of the Chengjiang Lagerstätte 205 The taphonomy and preservation of the Chengjiang fossils 266 The paleoecology of the Chengjiang biota 307 Cambrian Lagerstätten 35sPart Two Chengjiang Fossils 398 Algae 40Fuxianospira gyrata Chen & Zhou, 1997 40Megaspirellus houi Chen & Erdtmann, 1991 42Sinocylindra yunnanensis Chen & Erdtmann, 1991 44Yuknessia sp. of Chen & Erdtmann, 1991 469 Ctenophora 48Galeactena hemispherica Ou et al., 2015 49Maotianoascus octonarius Chen & Zhou, 1997 50Batofasciculus ramificans Hou et al., 1999 52Yunnanoascus haikouensis Hu et al., 2007 5410 Porifera 56Paradiagoniella xiaolantianensis Chen et al., 2014 56Triticispongia diagonata Mehl & Reitner, 1993 58Saetaspongia densa Mehl & Reitner, 1993 60Leptomitus teretiusculus Chen et al., 1989 62Choiaella radiata Rigby & Hou, 1995 64Choia xiaolantianensis Hou et al., 1999 66Allantospongia mica Rigby & Hou, 1995 68Leptomitella conica Chen et al., 1989 70Paraleptomitella dictyodroma Chen et al., 1989 72Paraleptomitella globula Chen et al., 1989 74Quadrolaminiella diagonalis Chen et al., 1990 7611 Cnidaria 78Archisaccophyllia kunmingensis Hou et al., 2005 78Xianguangia sinica Chen & Erdtmann, 1991 8012 Entoprocta 82Cotyledion tylodes Luo & Hu, 1999 8213 Phoronida 84Iotuba chengjiangensis Chen & Zhou, 1997 8414 Brachiopoda 86Yuganotheca elegans Zhang et al., 2014 86Heliomedusa orienta Sun & Hou, 1987 88Longtancunella chengjiangensis Hou et al., 1999 90Diandongia pista Rong, 1974 92Lingulellotreta malongensis (Rong, 1974) 94Lingulella chengjiangensis Jin et al., 1993 9615 Annelida 98Cambrosipunculus tentaculatus Huang et al., 2004 99Maotianchaeta fuxianella Chen, 2004 10016 Trochozoa of uncertain affinity 102Ambrolinevitus maximus Jiang, 1982 103Ambrolinevitus ventricosus Qian, 1978 104Burithes yunnanensis Hou et al., 1999 106Linevitus opimus Yu, 1974 108Nectocaris pteryx Conway Morris, 1976 110Wiwaxia papilio Zhang et al., 2015 11217 Priapulida and relatives 114Mafangscolex sinensis (Hou & Sun, 1988) 114Maotianshania cylindrica Sun & Hou, 1987 116Cricocosmia jinningensis Hou & Sun, 1988 118Paraselkirkia sinica (Luo & Hou, 1999) 120Corynetis brevis Luo & Hu, 1999 122Sicyophorus rarus Luo & Hu, 1999 124Palaeopriapulites parvus Hou et al., 1999 126Eximipriapulus globocaudatus Ma et al., 2014 128Xiaoheiqingella peculiaris Hu, 2002 130Omnidens amplus Hou et al., 2006 132Acosmia maotiania Chen & Zhou, 1997 134Archotuba elongata (Luo & Hou, 1999) 13618 Lobopodians 138Paucipodia inermis Chen et al., 1995 138Diania cactiformis Liu et al., 2011 140Microdictyon sinicum Chen et al., 1989 142Onychodictyon ferox Hou et al., 1991 144Cardiodictyon catenulum Hou et al., 1991 146Hallucigenia fortis Hou & Bergström, 1995 148Luolishania longicruris Hou & Chen, 1989 150Antennacanthopodia gracilis Ou & Shu, 2011 15219 Anomalocaridids 154Anomalocaris saron Hou et al., 1995 154Amplectobelua symbrachiata Hou et al., 1995 156Lyrarapax unguispinus Cong et al., 2014 158Cucumericrus decoratus Hou et al., 1995 16020 Euarthropoda 162Isoxys paradoxus Hou, 1987 163Isoxys auritus (Jiang, 1982) 164Pectocaris spatiosa Hou, 1999 166Shankouia zhenghei Chen et al., 2004 168Chengjiangocaris longiformis Hou & Bergström, 1991 170Fuxianhuia protensa Hou, 1987 172Pseudoiulia cambriensis Hou & Bergström, 1998 174Fortiforceps foliosa Hou & Bergström, 1997 176Occacaris oviformis Hou, 1999 178Forfexicaris valida Hou, 1999 180Jianfengia multisegmentalis Hou, 1987 182Tanglangia longicaudata Luo & Hu, 1999 184Parapeytoia yunnanensis Hou et al., 1995 186Haikoucaris ercaiensis Chen et al., 2004 188Alalcomenaeus sp. of Tanaka et al., 2013 190Leanchoilia illecebrosa (Hou, 1987) 192Retifacies abnormalis Hou et al., 1989 194Pygmaclypeatus daziensis Zhang et al., 2000 196Squamacula clypeata Hou & Bergström, 1997 198Urokodia aequalis Hou et al., 1989 200Sinoburius lunaris Hou et al., 1991 202Acanthomeridion serratum Hou et al., 1989 204Cindarella eucalla Chen et al., 1996 206Xandarella spectaculum Hou et al., 1991 208Skioldia aldna Hou & Bergström, 1997 210Saperion glumaceum Hou et al., 1991 212Kuamaia lata Hou, 1987 214Naraoia spinosa Zhang & Hou, 1985 216Misszhouia longicaudata (Zhang & Hou, 1985) 218Eoredlichia intermedia (Lu, 1940) 220Kuanyangia sp. of Hou & Bergström, 1997 222Yunnanocephalus yunnanensis (Mansuy, 1912) 224Parapaleomerus sinensis Hou et al., 1999 226Kwanyinaspis maotianshanensis Zhang & Shu, 2005 227Kunmingella douvillei (Mansuy, 1912) 228Kunyangella cheni Huo, 1965 230Primicaris larvaformis Zhang et al., 2003 232Branchiocaris? yunnanensis Hou, 1987 234‘Canadaspis’ laevigata (Hou & Bergström, 1991) 236Chuandianella ovata (Lee, 1975) 238Clypecaris pteroidea Hou, 1999 240Combinivalvula chengjiangensis Hou, 1987 242Synophalos xynos Hou et al., 2009 244Yunnanocaris megista Hou, 1999 24621 Chaetognatha 248Protosagitta spinosa Hu, 2002 24822 Hemichordata 250Galeaplumosus abilus Hou et al., 2011 25123 Ambulacraria of uncertain affinity 252Rotadiscus grandis Sun & Hou, 1987 253Eldonia eumorpha (Sun & Hou, 1987) 254Phlogites longus Luo & Hu, 1999 25624 Chordata 258Shankouclava anningense Chen et al., 2003 258Myllokunmingia fengjiaoa Shu et al., 1999 260Zhongxiniscus intermedius Luo & Hu, 2001 262Cathaymyrus haikouensis Luo & Hu, 2001 26325 Bilateria of uncertain affinity 264Dinomischus venustus Chen et al., 1989 264Facivermis yunnanicus Hou & Chen, 1989 266Vetulocystis catenata Shu et al., 2004 268Yunnanozoon lividum Hou et al., 1991 27026 Vetulicolians 272Heteromorphus confusus (Chen & Zhou, 1997) 272Pomatrum ventralis Luo & Hu, 1999 274Yuyuanozoon magnificissimi Chen et al., 2003 276Beidazoon venustum Shu, 2005 278Vetulicola cuneata Hou, 1987 28027 Animals of uncertain affinity 282Nidelric pugio Hou et al., 2014 282Allonnia phrixothrix Bengtson & Hou, 2001 284Stromatoveris psygmoglena Shu et al., 2006 28628 Species recorded from the Chengjiang biota 28829 Phylogenetic arrangement of chapters 292References 293Systematic Index 308General Index 312

Hou Xian-guang is former Director, Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, KunmingDavid J. Siveter is Professor Emeritus of Paleontology, University of LeicesterDerek J. Siveter is Professor Emeritus of Earth Sciences, University of OxfordRichard J. Aldridge was Professor Emeritus and F.W. Bennett Professor of Geology, University of LeicesterCong Pei-yun is Professor of Paleobiology, Yunnan University, KunmingSarah E. Gabbott is Professor of Paleobiology, University of LeicesterMa Xiao-ya is Professor of Paleobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming, and the Natural History Museum, LondonMark A. Purnell is Professor of Paleobiology, University of LeicesterMark Williams is Professor of Paleobiology, University of Leicester

The first edition of The Cambrian fossils of Chengjiang was a �must have� book for palaeontologists.  Now I am afraid you are all going to have to fork out for the second edition. After 13 years, this completely revised edition reflects the significant amount of research that has taken place over the last decade or more on the remarkable Chengjiang lagerstätte.The fossil material of the Chengjiang lagerstätte is of course stuff to drool over and the envy of palaeontologists who have to deal with the more common forms of hard-part preservation.  Over 30 species have been added to the taxonomic list, reflecting a greater understanding of the diversity and taxonomy of this biota, which now boasts a total of over 250 species. A significant number of these are still �floating around� waiting for their systematic identity card so the Chengjiang case is far from being closed.The discovery is now over 30 years old, being first found in 1984 by Hou Xian-Guang, who is still active and one of the authors of this new edition. Since the first edition was published, the site has been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List (in 2012) as a �globally outstanding example of a major stage in the history of life, representing a paleobiological window of great significance�. As such, the 515-520 Ma Chengjiang biota complements Canada�s slightly younger, 505 Ma Burgess Shale biota. The latter is somewhat less diverse (c 120 known species) but has a similar ecological structure; consequently, the taxonomic similarities and differences between the two are of particular evolutionary interest and significance.This second edition of The Cambrian fossils of Chengjiang is much more than a mere update. It provides an overview of the lagerstätte and the rapidly expanding literature on all aspects of its geology, much of which is in Chinese and otherwise difficult to access. The format of the book is larger and many of the photos are even better than before. The book would be a fine present for any palaeontologist - even if you have to treat yourself!Reviewed by: Douglas Palmer"The work is authoritative and highly illustrated; the high-quality illustrations were, and are, an immensely important aspect of the work. They show just how beauti-fully preserved these soft-bodied animals are and how, with the requisite skills, this extraordinary detail can be illustrated. It is essential that this book be on every paleo-biologist�s bookshelf." - Paul Seldon, Priscum Summer 2018 "Very much like its predecessor, this book is bound to become a standard reference thanks to its very well contextualized introduction and really complete overview of the Chengjiang biota. Whether you are a natural science teacher, a specialist of the Cambrian Explosion, have an interest in palaeontology and evolution of early life, or you just like the weird diversity of forms in Cambrian animals, then this book is for you. I would recommend it to all palaeontologists and libraries, this is a must-have!" - Vincent Perrier, Paleontology Association Newsletter, July 2018

• Foreword ixPreface xiPart One Geological and Evolutionary Setting of the Biota 11 Geological time and the evolution of early life on Earth 32 The evolutionary significance of the Chengjiang biota 73 The discovery and study of the Chengjiang Lagerstätte 124 The distribution and geological setting of the Chengjiang Lagerstätte 205 The taphonomy and preservation of the Chengjiang fossils 266 The paleoecology of the Chengjiang biota 307 Cambrian Lagerstätten 35sPart Two Chengjiang Fossils 398 Algae 40Fuxianospira gyrata Chen & Zhou, 1997 40Megaspirellus houi Chen & Erdtmann, 1991 42Sinocylindra yunnanensis Chen & Erdtmann, 1991 44Yuknessia sp. of Chen & Erdtmann, 1991 469 Ctenophora 48Galeactena hemispherica Ou et al., 2015 49Maotianoascus octonarius Chen & Zhou, 1997 50Batofasciculus ramificans Hou et al., 1999 52Yunnanoascus haikouensis Hu et al., 2007 5410 Porifera 56Paradiagoniella xiaolantianensis Chen et al., 2014 56Triticispongia diagonata Mehl & Reitner, 1993 58Saetaspongia densa Mehl & Reitner, 1993 60Leptomitus teretiusculus Chen et al., 1989 62Choiaella radiata Rigby & Hou, 1995 64Choia xiaolantianensis Hou et al., 1999 66Allantospongia mica Rigby & Hou, 1995 68Leptomitella conica Chen et al., 1989 70Paraleptomitella dictyodroma Chen et al., 1989 72Paraleptomitella globula Chen et al., 1989 74Quadrolaminiella diagonalis Chen et al., 1990 7611 Cnidaria 78Archisaccophyllia kunmingensis Hou et al., 2005 78Xianguangia sinica Chen & Erdtmann, 1991 8012 Entoprocta 82Cotyledion tylodes Luo & Hu, 1999 8213 Phoronida 84Iotuba chengjiangensis Chen & Zhou, 1997 8414 Brachiopoda 86Yuganotheca elegans Zhang et al., 2014 86Heliomedusa orienta Sun & Hou, 1987 88Longtancunella chengjiangensis Hou et al., 1999 90Diandongia pista Rong, 1974 92Lingulellotreta malongensis (Rong, 1974) 94Lingulella chengjiangensis Jin et al., 1993 9615 Annelida 98Cambrosipunculus tentaculatus Huang et al., 2004 99Maotianchaeta fuxianella Chen, 2004 10016 Trochozoa of uncertain affinity 102Ambrolinevitus maximus Jiang, 1982 103Ambrolinevitus ventricosus Qian, 1978 104Burithes yunnanensis Hou et al., 1999 106Linevitus opimus Yu, 1974 108Nectocaris pteryx Conway Morris, 1976 110Wiwaxia papilio Zhang et al., 2015 11217 Priapulida and relatives 114Mafangscolex sinensis (Hou & Sun, 1988) 114Maotianshania cylindrica Sun & Hou, 1987 116Cricocosmia jinningensis Hou & Sun, 1988 118Paraselkirkia sinica (Luo & Hou, 1999) 120Corynetis brevis Luo & Hu, 1999 122Sicyophorus rarus Luo & Hu, 1999 124Palaeopriapulites parvus Hou et al., 1999 126Eximipriapulus globocaudatus Ma et al., 2014 128Xiaoheiqingella peculiaris Hu, 2002 130Omnidens amplus Hou et al., 2006 132Acosmia maotiania Chen & Zhou, 1997 134Archotuba elongata (Luo & Hou, 1999) 13618 Lobopodians 138Paucipodia inermis Chen et al., 1995 138Diania cactiformis Liu et al., 2011 140Microdictyon sinicum Chen et al., 1989 142Onychodictyon ferox Hou et al., 1991 144Cardiodictyon catenulum Hou et al., 1991 146Hallucigenia fortis Hou & Bergström, 1995 148Luolishania longicruris Hou & Chen, 1989 150Antennacanthopodia gracilis Ou & Shu, 2011 15219 Anomalocaridids 154Anomalocaris saron Hou et al., 1995 154Amplectobelua symbrachiata Hou et al., 1995 156Lyrarapax unguispinus Cong et al., 2014 158Cucumericrus decoratus Hou et al., 1995 16020 Euarthropoda 162Isoxys paradoxus Hou, 1987 163Isoxys auritus (Jiang, 1982) 164Pectocaris spatiosa Hou, 1999 166Shankouia zhenghei Chen et al., 2004 168Chengjiangocaris longiformis Hou & Bergström, 1991 170Fuxianhuia protensa Hou, 1987 172Pseudoiulia cambriensis Hou & Bergström, 1998 174Fortiforceps foliosa Hou & Bergström, 1997 176Occacaris oviformis Hou, 1999 178Forfexicaris valida Hou, 1999 180Jianfengia multisegmentalis Hou, 1987 182Tanglangia longicaudata Luo & Hu, 1999 184Parapeytoia yunnanensis Hou et al., 1995 186Haikoucaris ercaiensis Chen et al., 2004 188Alalcomenaeus sp. of Tanaka et al., 2013 190Leanchoilia illecebrosa (Hou, 1987) 192Retifacies abnormalis Hou et al., 1989 194Pygmaclypeatus daziensis Zhang et al., 2000 196Squamacula clypeata Hou & Bergström, 1997 198Urokodia aequalis Hou et al., 1989 200Sinoburius lunaris Hou et al., 1991 202Acanthomeridion serratum Hou et al., 1989 204Cindarella eucalla Chen et al., 1996 206Xandarella spectaculum Hou et al., 1991 208Skioldia aldna Hou & Bergström, 1997 210Saperion glumaceum Hou et al., 1991 212Kuamaia lata Hou, 1987 214Naraoia spinosa Zhang & Hou, 1985 216Misszhouia longicaudata (Zhang & Hou, 1985) 218Eoredlichia intermedia (Lu, 1940) 220Kuanyangia sp. of Hou & Bergström, 1997 222Yunnanocephalus yunnanensis (Mansuy, 1912) 224Parapaleomerus sinensis Hou et al., 1999 226Kwanyinaspis maotianshanensis Zhang & Shu, 2005 227Kunmingella douvillei (Mansuy, 1912) 228Kunyangella cheni Huo, 1965 230Primicaris larvaformis Zhang et al., 2003 232Branchiocaris? yunnanensis Hou, 1987 234‘Canadaspis’ laevigata (Hou & Bergström, 1991) 236Chuandianella ovata (Lee, 1975) 238Clypecaris pteroidea Hou, 1999 240Combinivalvula chengjiangensis Hou, 1987 242Synophalos xynos Hou et al., 2009 244Yunnanocaris megista Hou, 1999 24621 Chaetognatha 248Protosagitta spinosa Hu, 2002 24822 Hemichordata 250Galeaplumosus abilus Hou et al., 2011 25123 Ambulacraria of uncertain affinity 252Rotadiscus grandis Sun & Hou, 1987 253Eldonia eumorpha (Sun & Hou, 1987) 254Phlogites longus Luo & Hu, 1999 25624 Chordata 258Shankouclava anningense Chen et al., 2003 258Myllokunmingia fengjiaoa Shu et al., 1999 260Zhongxiniscus intermedius Luo & Hu, 2001 262Cathaymyrus haikouensis Luo & Hu, 2001 26325 Bilateria of uncertain affinity 264Dinomischus venustus Chen et al., 1989 264Facivermis yunnanicus Hou & Chen, 1989 266Vetulocystis catenata Shu et al., 2004 268Yunnanozoon lividum Hou et al., 1991 27026 Vetulicolians 272Heteromorphus confusus (Chen & Zhou, 1997) 272Pomatrum ventralis Luo & Hu, 1999 274Yuyuanozoon magnificissimi Chen et al., 2003 276Beidazoon venustum Shu, 2005 278Vetulicola cuneata Hou, 1987 28027 Animals of uncertain affinity 282Nidelric pugio Hou et al., 2014 282Allonnia phrixothrix Bengtson & Hou, 2001 284Stromatoveris psygmoglena Shu et al., 2006 28628 Species recorded from the Chengjiang biota 28829 Phylogenetic arrangement of chapters 292References 293Systematic Index 308General Index 312

Hou Xian-guang is former Director, Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, KunmingDavid J. Siveter is Professor Emeritus of Paleontology, University of LeicesterDerek J. Siveter is Professor Emeritus of Earth Sciences, University of OxfordRichard J. Aldridge was Professor Emeritus and F.W. Bennett Professor of Geology, University of LeicesterCong Pei-yun is Professor of Paleobiology, Yunnan University, KunmingSarah E. Gabbott is Professor of Paleobiology, University of LeicesterMa Xiao-ya is Professor of Paleobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming, and the Natural History Museum, LondonMark A. Purnell is Professor of Paleobiology, University of LeicesterMark Williams is Professor of Paleobiology, University of Leicester

The first edition of The Cambrian fossils of Chengjiang was a �must have� book for palaeontologists.  Now I am afraid you are all going to have to fork out for the second edition. After 13 years, this completely revised edition reflects the significant amount of research that has taken place over the last decade or more on the remarkable Chengjiang lagerstätte.The fossil material of the Chengjiang lagerstätte is of course stuff to drool over and the envy of palaeontologists who have to deal with the more common forms of hard-part preservation.  Over 30 species have been added to the taxonomic list, reflecting a greater understanding of the diversity and taxonomy of this biota, which now boasts a total of over 250 species. A significant number of these are still �floating around� waiting for their systematic identity card so the Chengjiang case is far from being closed.The discovery is now over 30 years old, being first found in 1984 by Hou Xian-Guang, who is still active and one of the authors of this new edition. Since the first edition was published, the site has been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List (in 2012) as a �globally outstanding example of a major stage in the history of life, representing a paleobiological window of great significance�. As such, the 515-520 Ma Chengjiang biota complements Canada�s slightly younger, 505 Ma Burgess Shale biota. The latter is somewhat less diverse (c 120 known species) but has a similar ecological structure; consequently, the taxonomic similarities and differences between the two are of particular evolutionary interest and significance.This second edition of The Cambrian fossils of Chengjiang is much more than a mere update. It provides an overview of the lagerstätte and the rapidly expanding literature on all aspects of its geology, much of which is in Chinese and otherwise difficult to access. The format of the book is larger and many of the photos are even better than before. The book would be a fine present for any palaeontologist - even if you have to treat yourself!Reviewed by: Douglas Palmer"The work is authoritative and highly illustrated; the high-quality illustrations were, and are, an immensely important aspect of the work. They show just how beauti-fully preserved these soft-bodied animals are and how, with the requisite skills, this extraordinary detail can be illustrated. It is essential that this book be on every paleo-biologist�s bookshelf." - Paul Seldon, Priscum Summer 2018 "Very much like its predecessor, this book is bound to become a standard reference thanks to its very well contextualized introduction and really complete overview of the Chengjiang biota. Whether you are a natural science teacher, a specialist of the Cambrian Explosion, have an interest in palaeontology and evolution of early life, or you just like the weird diversity of forms in Cambrian animals, then this book is for you. I would recommend it to all palaeontologists and libraries, this is a must-have!" - Vincent Perrier, Paleontology Association Newsletter, July 2018

• Foreword ixPreface xiPart One Geological and Evolutionary Setting of the Biota 11 Geological time and the evolution of early life on Earth 32 The evolutionary significance of the Chengjiang biota 73 The discovery and study of the Chengjiang Lagerstätte 124 The distribution and geological setting of the Chengjiang Lagerstätte 205 The taphonomy and preservation of the Chengjiang fossils 266 The paleoecology of the Chengjiang biota 307 Cambrian Lagerstätten 35sPart Two Chengjiang Fossils 398 Algae 40Fuxianospira gyrata Chen & Zhou, 1997 40Megaspirellus houi Chen & Erdtmann, 1991 42Sinocylindra yunnanensis Chen & Erdtmann, 1991 44Yuknessia sp. of Chen & Erdtmann, 1991 469 Ctenophora 48Galeactena hemispherica Ou et al., 2015 49Maotianoascus octonarius Chen & Zhou, 1997 50Batofasciculus ramificans Hou et al., 1999 52Yunnanoascus haikouensis Hu et al., 2007 5410 Porifera 56Paradiagoniella xiaolantianensis Chen et al., 2014 56Triticispongia diagonata Mehl & Reitner, 1993 58Saetaspongia densa Mehl & Reitner, 1993 60Leptomitus teretiusculus Chen et al., 1989 62Choiaella radiata Rigby & Hou, 1995 64Choia xiaolantianensis Hou et al., 1999 66Allantospongia mica Rigby & Hou, 1995 68Leptomitella conica Chen et al., 1989 70Paraleptomitella dictyodroma Chen et al., 1989 72Paraleptomitella globula Chen et al., 1989 74Quadrolaminiella diagonalis Chen et al., 1990 7611 Cnidaria 78Archisaccophyllia kunmingensis Hou et al., 2005 78Xianguangia sinica Chen & Erdtmann, 1991 8012 Entoprocta 82Cotyledion tylodes Luo & Hu, 1999 8213 Phoronida 84Iotuba chengjiangensis Chen & Zhou, 1997 8414 Brachiopoda 86Yuganotheca elegans Zhang et al., 2014 86Heliomedusa orienta Sun & Hou, 1987 88Longtancunella chengjiangensis Hou et al., 1999 90Diandongia pista Rong, 1974 92Lingulellotreta malongensis (Rong, 1974) 94Lingulella chengjiangensis Jin et al., 1993 9615 Annelida 98Cambrosipunculus tentaculatus Huang et al., 2004 99Maotianchaeta fuxianella Chen, 2004 10016 Trochozoa of uncertain affinity 102Ambrolinevitus maximus Jiang, 1982 103Ambrolinevitus ventricosus Qian, 1978 104Burithes yunnanensis Hou et al., 1999 106Linevitus opimus Yu, 1974 108Nectocaris pteryx Conway Morris, 1976 110Wiwaxia papilio Zhang et al., 2015 11217 Priapulida and relatives 114Mafangscolex sinensis (Hou & Sun, 1988) 114Maotianshania cylindrica Sun & Hou, 1987 116Cricocosmia jinningensis Hou & Sun, 1988 118Paraselkirkia sinica (Luo & Hou, 1999) 120Corynetis brevis Luo & Hu, 1999 122Sicyophorus rarus Luo & Hu, 1999 124Palaeopriapulites parvus Hou et al., 1999 126Eximipriapulus globocaudatus Ma et al., 2014 128Xiaoheiqingella peculiaris Hu, 2002 130Omnidens amplus Hou et al., 2006 132Acosmia maotiania Chen & Zhou, 1997 134Archotuba elongata (Luo & Hou, 1999) 13618 Lobopodians 138Paucipodia inermis Chen et al., 1995 138Diania cactiformis Liu et al., 2011 140Microdictyon sinicum Chen et al., 1989 142Onychodictyon ferox Hou et al., 1991 144Cardiodictyon catenulum Hou et al., 1991 146Hallucigenia fortis Hou & Bergström, 1995 148Luolishania longicruris Hou & Chen, 1989 150Antennacanthopodia gracilis Ou & Shu, 2011 15219 Anomalocaridids 154Anomalocaris saron Hou et al., 1995 154Amplectobelua symbrachiata Hou et al., 1995 156Lyrarapax unguispinus Cong et al., 2014 158Cucumericrus decoratus Hou et al., 1995 16020 Euarthropoda 162Isoxys paradoxus Hou, 1987 163Isoxys auritus (Jiang, 1982) 164Pectocaris spatiosa Hou, 1999 166Shankouia zhenghei Chen et al., 2004 168Chengjiangocaris longiformis Hou & Bergström, 1991 170Fuxianhuia protensa Hou, 1987 172Pseudoiulia cambriensis Hou & Bergström, 1998 174Fortiforceps foliosa Hou & Bergström, 1997 176Occacaris oviformis Hou, 1999 178Forfexicaris valida Hou, 1999 180Jianfengia multisegmentalis Hou, 1987 182Tanglangia longicaudata Luo & Hu, 1999 184Parapeytoia yunnanensis Hou et al., 1995 186Haikoucaris ercaiensis Chen et al., 2004 188Alalcomenaeus sp. of Tanaka et al., 2013 190Leanchoilia illecebrosa (Hou, 1987) 192Retifacies abnormalis Hou et al., 1989 194Pygmaclypeatus daziensis Zhang et al., 2000 196Squamacula clypeata Hou & Bergström, 1997 198Urokodia aequalis Hou et al., 1989 200Sinoburius lunaris Hou et al., 1991 202Acanthomeridion serratum Hou et al., 1989 204Cindarella eucalla Chen et al., 1996 206Xandarella spectaculum Hou et al., 1991 208Skioldia aldna Hou & Bergström, 1997 210Saperion glumaceum Hou et al., 1991 212Kuamaia lata Hou, 1987 214Naraoia spinosa Zhang & Hou, 1985 216Misszhouia longicaudata (Zhang & Hou, 1985) 218Eoredlichia intermedia (Lu, 1940) 220Kuanyangia sp. of Hou & Bergström, 1997 222Yunnanocephalus yunnanensis (Mansuy, 1912) 224Parapaleomerus sinensis Hou et al., 1999 226Kwanyinaspis maotianshanensis Zhang & Shu, 2005 227Kunmingella douvillei (Mansuy, 1912) 228Kunyangella cheni Huo, 1965 230Primicaris larvaformis Zhang et al., 2003 232Branchiocaris? yunnanensis Hou, 1987 234‘Canadaspis’ laevigata (Hou & Bergström, 1991) 236Chuandianella ovata (Lee, 1975) 238Clypecaris pteroidea Hou, 1999 240Combinivalvula chengjiangensis Hou, 1987 242Synophalos xynos Hou et al., 2009 244Yunnanocaris megista Hou, 1999 24621 Chaetognatha 248Protosagitta spinosa Hu, 2002 24822 Hemichordata 250Galeaplumosus abilus Hou et al., 2011 25123 Ambulacraria of uncertain affinity 252Rotadiscus grandis Sun & Hou, 1987 253Eldonia eumorpha (Sun & Hou, 1987) 254Phlogites longus Luo & Hu, 1999 25624 Chordata 258Shankouclava anningense Chen et al., 2003 258Myllokunmingia fengjiaoa Shu et al., 1999 260Zhongxiniscus intermedius Luo & Hu, 2001 262Cathaymyrus haikouensis Luo & Hu, 2001 26325 Bilateria of uncertain affinity 264Dinomischus venustus Chen et al., 1989 264Facivermis yunnanicus Hou & Chen, 1989 266Vetulocystis catenata Shu et al., 2004 268Yunnanozoon lividum Hou et al., 1991 27026 Vetulicolians 272Heteromorphus confusus (Chen & Zhou, 1997) 272Pomatrum ventralis Luo & Hu, 1999 274Yuyuanozoon magnificissimi Chen et al., 2003 276Beidazoon venustum Shu, 2005 278Vetulicola cuneata Hou, 1987 28027 Animals of uncertain affinity 282Nidelric pugio Hou et al., 2014 282Allonnia phrixothrix Bengtson & Hou, 2001 284Stromatoveris psygmoglena Shu et al., 2006 28628 Species recorded from the Chengjiang biota 28829 Phylogenetic arrangement of chapters 292References 293Systematic Index 308General Index 312