Chipless RFID Sensors

Dr. Nemai Karmakar obtained his PhD in ITEE from the University of Queensland, Australia, in February 1999. In 2004, Dr. Karmakar formed the RFID and Antenna Research Group at Monash University, Australia. Dr. Karmakar is a pioneer in fully printable chipless RFID tags, readers, signal processing, and smart antennas. He has published extensively in the field, authoring and co-authoring more than 350 scientific journal and conference articles, 8 books, 35 book chapters, and 9 patent applications.Dr. Emran Md Amin obtained his PhD from the Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering Department of Monash University in May 2015. He was a visiting researcher at the Auto-ID Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). His research areas include chipless RFID sensors using electromagnetic metamaterial structures, smart materials for RF sensing, and thin film sensing for biomedical applications.Dr. Jhantu Kumar Saha obtained his PhD from the Saitama University, Japan, in March 2008. Before joining Monash University, he completed his post-doctoral research in the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), University of Toronto, Canada, and Swinburne University of Technology, Australia. His research areas include thin-film growth methods and characterization techniques, and nano-fabrication techniques of solar cells and sensors.

• Preface xvAcknowledgments xxiAbbreviations xxiiiSymbols xxv1 Introduction 11.1 Tracking ID Technology, 11.1.1 Barcoding, 11.1.2 Radio-Frequency Identification, 31.1.3 Chipless RFID, 41.1.4 Chipless RFID Sensors, 41.2 Chipless RFID Sensor System, 61.3 Proposed Chipless RFID Sensor, 71.4 Chapter Overview, 71.4.1 Chapter 1: Introduction, 71.4.2 Chapter 2: Literature Review, 71.4.3 Chapter 3: Passive Microwave Designs, 81.4.4 Chapter 4: Smart Materials for Chipless RFID Sensors, 91.4.5 Chapter 5: Characterization of Smart Materials, 91.4.6 Chapter 6: Chipless RFID Sensor for Noninvasive PD Detection and Localization, 91.4.7 Chapter 7: Chipless RFID Sensor for Real-Time Environment Monitoring, 101.4.8 Chapter 8: Chipless RFID Temperature Memory and Multiparameter Sensor, 101.4.9 Chapter 9: Nanofabrication Techniques for Chipless RFID Sensor, 101.4.10 Chapter 10: Chipless RFID Reader Architecture, 101.4.11 Chapter 11: Case Studies, 11References, 112 Literature Review 132.1 Introduction, 132.2 Traditional RFID Sensors, 142.2.1 Active RFID Sensors, 142.2.2 Passive RFID Sensors, 152.2.3 Low-Cost Chipless RFID Sensors, 162.3 Challenges and Limitations of Current Chipless RFID Sensors, 212.3.1 Fully Printable, 212.3.2 Smart Sensing Materials, 222.3.3 Multiple Parameter Sensing, 222.3.4 Chipless RFID Sensor Systems, 222.3.5 Applications, 222.4 Motivation for a Novel Chipless RFID Sensor, 232.5 Proposed Chipless RFID Sensor, 232.5.1 Noninvasive PD Detection and Localization, 232.5.2 Real-Time Environment Monitoring, 242.5.3 Nonvolatile Memory Sensor for Event Detection, 242.5.4 Single-Node Multiparameter Chipless RFID Sensor, 242.6 Conclusion, 24References, 253 Passive Microwave Design 293.1 Introduction, 293.2 Chapter Overview, 293.3 Theory, 313.3.1 Passive Microwave Components, 313.3.2 Integrated Chipless RFID Sensor, 393.4 Design, 403.4.1 Tri-Step SIR, 403.4.2 Semicircular Patch Antenna, 433.4.3 Cascaded Multiresonator-Based Chipless RFID Sensor, 433.4.4 Multislot Patch Resonator, 443.4.5 ELC Resonator for RF Sensing, 483.4.6 Backscatterer-Based Chipless RFID Tag Sensor, 493.5 Simulation and Measured Results, 543.5.1 Tri-Step SIR, 543.5.2 Semicircular Patch Antenna, 553.5.3 Cascaded Multiresonator-Based Chipless RFID Sensor, 563.5.4 Multislot Patch Resonator, 563.5.5 ELC Resonator, 623.5.6 Backscatterer-Based Chipless RFID Tag Sensor, 623.6 Conclusion, 65References, 674 Smart Materials for Chipless RFID Sensors 694.1 Introduction, 694.2 Sensing Materials, 704.2.1 Smart Materials, 714.2.2 Classification of Smart Materials for RF Sensing, 724.3 Temperature Sensing Materials, 734.3.1 Phenanthrene, 734.3.2 Ionic Plastic Crystal, 734.3.3 Nanostructured Metal Oxide, 764.4 Humidity Sensing Materials, 774.4.1 Kapton, 774.4.2 Polyvinyl Alcohol, 784.5 pH Sensing Materials, 784.6 Gas Sensing Materials, 794.7 Strain and Crack Sensing Materials, 804.8 Light Sensing Materials, 804.8.1 SIR Loaded with CdS Photoresistor, 814.9 Other Potentials Smart Materials for RF Sensing, 824.9.1 Graphene, 834.9.2 Nanowires, 854.9.3 Nanoparticles, 854.9.4 Nanocomposites, 864.10 Discussion, 884.11 Conclusion, 93References, 945 Characterization of Smart Materials 995.1 Introduction, 995.2 Characterization of Materials for Microwave Sensing, 1015.3 X-Ray Diffraction, 1015.4 Raman Scattering Spectroscopy, 1025.5 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer, 1035.6 Transmission Electron Microscopy, 1045.7 Scanning Electron Microscope, 1045.8 Atomic Force Microscopy, 1055.9 Infrared Spectroscopy (Fourier Transform Infrared Reflection), 1065.10 Spectroscopic Ellipsometry, 1065.10.1 Basic Steps for a Model-Based Analysis, 1115.10.2 Layered Optical Model, 1115.10.3 Optical Model for Surface Roughness, 1125.10.4 Approximation of Surface Roughness As an Oxide Layer, 1125.10.5 Optical Model for Index Gradients, 1125.10.6 Procedure for an Ellipsometric Modeling, 1135.10.7 Regression, 1135.10.8 Dielectric Film, 1145.10.9 Mixed or Composite Materials, 1145.10.10 Accuracy and Precision of SE Experiments, 1145.11 UV–Visible Spectrophotometers, 1155.12 Electrical Conductivity Measurement, 1155.13 Microwave Characterization (Scattering Parameters—Complex Permittivity, Dielectric Loss, and Reflection Loss) for Sensing Materials, 1175.13.1 Basic Microwave-Material Interaction Aspects, 1185.13.2 Methods of Measurement of Dielectric Properties, 1195.14 Discussion on Characterization of Smart Materials, 1205.15 Conclusion, 121References, 1236 Chipless RFID Sensor for Noninvasive PD Detection and Localization 1256.1 Introduction, 1256.1.1 Radiometric PD Detection, 1276.2 Theory, 1286.2.1 Proposed PD Sensor, 1286.2.2 PD Sensor System Overview, 1296.2.3 Simultaneous PD Detection, 1306.3 PD Localization Using Cascaded Multiresonator-Based Sensor, 1336.3.1 PD Sensor, 1336.3.2 Experimentation with PD Signal, 1336.3.3 Data Encoding in PD Signal, 1346.4 Simultaneous PD Detection, 1386.4.1 Time–Frequency Analysis, 1386.4.2 Effect of Time and Frequency Resolution, 1386.4.3 Simultaneous PD Detection Incorporating Time Delay, 1416.5 Conclusion, 143References, 1457 Chipless RFID Sensor for Real-Time Environment Monitoring 1497.1 Introduction, 1497.2 Phase 1. Humidity Sensing Polymer Characterization and Sensitivity Analysis, 1497.2.1 Theory of Dielectric Sensor, 1497.2.2 Characterization of Humidity Sensing Polymers, 1517.2.3 Sensitivity Curve and Comparative Study, 1567.3 Phase 2. Chipless RFID Humidity Sensor, 1617.3.1 Backscatterer-Based Chipless RFID Humidity Sensor, 1617.3.2 Experimentation and Results, 1627.3.3 Calibration Curve for Humidity Sensor, 1637.3.4 Hysteresis Analysis, 1657.4 Conclusion, 168References, 1698 Chipless RFID Temperature Memory and Multiparameter Sensor 1718.1 Introduction, 1718.2 Phase 1: Chipless RFID Memory Sensor, 1738.2.1 Theory, 1738.2.2 Design of Memory Sensor with ELC Resonator, 1748.2.3 Experimentation for Chipless RFID Memory Sensor, 1758.3 Phase 2: Chipless RFID Multiparameter Sensor, 1788.3.1 Theory, 1788.3.2 Design, 1798.3.3 Experimentation for Multiple Parameter Sensing, 1808.3.4 Practical Challenges of Multiparameter Chipless Sensors, 1838.4 Conclusion, 183References, 1849 Nanofabrication Techniques for Chipless RFID Sensors 1879.1 Chapter Overview, 1879.2 Fabrication Techniques, 1889.2.1 Introduction, 1889.2.2 Classification of Fabrication Techniques, 1889.3 Electrodeposition, 1899.4 Physical Vapor Deposition, 1899.4.1 Thermal Evaporation, 1909.4.2 Sputtering, 1909.4.3 Molecular Beam Epitaxy, 1919.5 Wet Chemical Synthesis, 1929.6 Plasma Processing, 1939.7 Etching, 1949.8 Laser Processing, 1959.9 Lithography, 1969.9.1 Photolithography, 1969.9.2 Electron beam lithography, 1989.9.3 Ion beam lithography, 2009.9.4 Nanoimprint lithography (NIL)/Hot Embossing, 2019.9.5 Thermal Nanoimprint Lithography, 2019.9.6 UV-Based Nanoimprint Lithography, 2029.9.7 Reverse Contact UVNIL–RUVNIL, 2039.10 Surface or Bulk Micromachining, 2039.11 Printing Techniques, 2049.11.1 Screen Printing, 2059.11.2 Inkjet Printing, 2079.11.3 Laser Printing, 2099.12 Discussion on Nanofabrication Techniques, 2099.13 Chipless RFID Sensors on Flexible Substrates, 2139.14 Conclusion, 213References, 21510 Chipless RFID Reader Architecture 21710.1 Introduction, 21710.2 Reader Architecture, 21710.2.1 RF Module, 21810.2.2 Digital Module, 21910.3 Operational Flowchart of a Chipless RFID Reader, 22110.3.1 Reader Calibration, 22110.3.2 Real-Time Sensor Data Decoding, 22310.3.3 Tag ID Decoding, 22310.4 Conclusion, 223References, 22411 Case Studies 22511.1 Introduction, 22511.2 Food Safety, 22611.3 Health, 22911.4 Emergency Services, 23211.5 Smart Home, 23411.6 Agricultural Industry, 23411.7 Infrastructure Condition Monitoring, 23611.8 Transportation and Logistics, 23611.9 Authentication and Security, 23611.9.1 Solution, 23711.10 Power Industry, 23811.11 Conclusion and Original Contributions, 239References, 241Index 243