Gas Injection for Disposal and Enhanced Recovery

Ying (Alice) Wu is currently the President of Sphere Technology Connection Ltd. (STC) in Calgary, Canada. From 1983 to 1999 she was an Assistant Professor and Researcher at Southwest Petroleum Institute (now Southwest Petroleum University, SWPU) in Sichuan, China. She received her MSc in Petroleum Engineering from the SWPU and her BSc in Petroleum Engineering from Daqing Petroleum University in Heilongjiang, China. John J. Carroll, PhD, PEng is the Director, Geostorage Process Engineering for Gas Liquids Engineering, Ltd. in Calgary, Canada. Dr. Carroll holds bachelor and doctoral degrees in chemical engineering from the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, and is a registered professional engineer in the provinces of Alberta and New Brunswick in Canada.?His fist book, Natural Gas Hydrates: A Guide for Engineers, is now in its second edition, and he is the author or co-author of 50 technical publications and about 40 technical presentations. Qi Li, PhD, is the Professor of CCS Research Group at Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics at the Wuhan Branch of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He is a geoscientist with expertise in the fields of hydrogeology and engineering mechanics. Professor Li's research is currently focused in the CCS field include mechanical stability of disposal reservoirs, multiphase flow, coupled processes, and risk monitoring. He also involved some research projects using laboratory and numerical tools to design novel subsurface disposal processes and on disposal site monitoring systems on different temporal and spatial scales.

• Section 1: Data and Correlations 1 Densities of Carbon Dioxide-Rich Mixtures Part I: Comparison with Pure CO2 1Erin L. Roberts and John J. Carroll 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Density 2 1.3 Literature Review 2 1.4 Calculations 4 1.5 Discussion 19 1.6 Conclusion 27 References 27 2 Densities of Carbon Dioxide-Rich Mixtures Part II: Comparison with Thermodynamic Models 29Erin L. Roberts and John J. Carroll 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Literature Review 30 2.3 Calculations 30 2.4 Lee Kesler 31 2.5 Benedict-Webb- Rubin (BWR) 37 2.6 Peng-Robinson 43 2.7 Soave-Redlich-Kwong 49 2.8 AQUAlibrium 54 2.9 Discussion 60 2.10 Conclusion 62 References 63 3 On Transferring New Constant Pressure Heat Capacity Computation Methods to Engineering Practice 65Sepideh Rajaeirad and John M. Shaw 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Materials and Methods 66 3.3 Results and Discussion 67 3.4 Conclusions 70 References 70 4 Developing High Precision Heat Capacity Correlations for Solids, Liquids and Ideal Gases 73Jenny Boutros and John M. Shaw 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 Databases and Methods 75 4.3 Results and Discussion 77 4.4 Conclusion 77 References 77 5 Method for Generating Shale Gas Fluid Composition from Depleted Sample 79Henrik Sorensen, Karen S. Pedersen and Peter L. Christensen 5.1 Introduction 79 5.2 Theory of Chemical Equilibrium Applied to Reservoir Fluids 80 5.3 Reservoir Fluid Composition from a Non-Representative Sample 83 5.4 Numerical Examples 87 5.5 Discussion of the Results 94 5.6 Conclusions 96 5.7 Nomenclature 97 Greek letters 97 Sub and super indices 97 References 98 6 Phase Equilibrium in the Systems Hydrogen Sulfi de + Methanol and Carbon Dioxide + Methanol 99Marco A. Satyro and John J. Carroll 6.1 Introduction 100 6.2 Literature Review 101 6.3 Modelling With Equations Of State 102 6.4 Summary 107 6.5 Nomenclature 108 Greek 109 Subscripts 109 References 109 7 Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium, Viscosity and Interfacial Tension Modelling of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol or Triethylene Glycol in the Presence of Methane, Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Sulfide 111Shu Pan, Na Jia, Helmut Schroeder, Yuesheng Cheng, Kurt A.G. Schmidt and Heng-Joo Ng 7.1 Introduction 111 7.2 Results and Discussion 112 7.3 Conclusions 122 7.4 Nomenclature 122 7.5 Acknowledgement 125 References 124 Appendix 7.A 125 Section 2: Process Engineering 8 Enhanced Gas Dehydration using Methanol Injection in an Acid Gas Compression System 129M. Rafay Anwar, N. Wayne McKay and Jim R. Maddocks 8.1 Introduction 129 8.2 Methodology 130 8.3 CASE I: 100 % CO2 132 8.4 CASE II: 50 Percent CO2, 50 Percent H2S 140 8.5 CASE III: Enhanced Oil Recovery Composition 142 8.6 Conclusion 150 8.7 Additional Notes 151 References 151 9 Comparison of the Design of CO2-capture Processes using Equilibrium and Rate Based Models 153A.R.J. Arendsen, G.F. Versteeg, J. van der Lee,R. Cota and M.A. Satyro 9.1 Introduction 155 9.2 VMG Rate Base 155 9.3 Rate Based Versus Equilibrium Based Models 157 9.4 Process Simulations 162 9.5 Conclusions 173 References 174 10 Post-Combustion Carbon Capture Using Aqueous Amines: A Mass-Transfer Study 177Ray A. Tomcej 10.1 Introduction 178 10.2 Mass Transfer Basics 179 10.3 Factors Infl uencing Mass Transfer 182 10.4 Examples 188 10.5 Summary 190 References 191 11 BASF Technology for CO2 Capture and Regeneration 193Sean Rigby, Gerd Modes, Stevan Jovanovic, John Wei, Koji Tanaka, Peter Moser and Torsten Katz 11.1 Introduction 195 11.2 Materials and Methods 197 11.3 Results 206 11.4 Conclusions 223 11.5 Acknowledgements and Disclaimer 225 References 226 12 Seven Deadly Sins of Filtration and Separation Systems in Gas Processing Operations 227David Engel and Michael H. Sheilan 12.1 Gas Processing and Contamination Control 228 12.2 The Seven Deadly Sins of Filtration and Separation Systems in Gas Processing Operations 231 12.3 Concluding Remarks 240 Section 3: Acid Gas Injection 13 Development of Management Information System of Global Acid Gas Injection Projects 243Qi Li, Guizhen Liu and Xuehao Liu 13.1 Background 243 13.2 Architecture of AGI-MIS 244 13.3 Data management 246 13.4 Data mining and information visualization 248 13.5 Interactive program 251 13.6 Conclusions 252 13.7 Acknowledgements 252 References 253 14 Control and Prevention of Hydrate Formation and Accumulation in Acid Gas Injection Systems During Transient Pressure/Temperature Conditions 255Alberto A. Gutierrez and James C. Hunter 14.1 General Agi System Considerations 255 14.2 Composition And Properties Of Treated Acid Gases 256 14.3 Regulatory And Technical Restraints On Injection Pressures 258 14.4 Phase Equilibria, Hydrate Formation Boundaries And Prevention Of Hydrate Formation In Agi Systems 259 14.5 Formation, Remediation And Prevention Of Hydrate Formation During Unstable Injection Conditions – Three Case Studies 263 14.6 Discussion And Conclusions 272 References 273 15 Review of Mechanical Properties Related Problems for Acid Gas Injection 275Qi Li, Xuehao Liu, Lei Du and Xiaying Li 15.1 Introduction 276 15.2 Impact Elements 276 15.3 Coupled Processes 285 15.4 Failure Criteria 286 15.5 Conclusions 286 15.6 Acknowledgements 287 References 287 16 Comparison of CO2 Storage Potential in Pyrolysed Coal Char of different Coal Ranks 293Pavan Pramod Sripada, MM Khan, Shanmuganathan Ramasamy, VajraTeji Kanneganti, Japan Trivedi and Rajender Gupta 16.1 Introduction 294 16.2 Apparatus, Methods, & Materials 295 16.3 Results And Discussion 298 16.4 Conclusion 302 References 302 Section 4: Carbon Dioxide Storage 17 Capture of CO2 and Storage in Depleted Gas Reservoirs in Alberta as Gas Hydrate 305Duo Sun, Nagu Daraboina, John Ripmeester and Peter Englezos 17.1 Experimental 306 17.2 Results And Discussion 307 17.3 Conclusions 310 Reference 310 18 Geological Storage of CO2 as Hydrate in a McMurray Depleted Gas Reservoir 311Olga Ye. Zatsepina, Hassan Hassanzadeh and Mehran Pooladi-Darvish 18.1 Introduction 312 18.2 Fundamentals 313 18.3 Reservoir 314 18.4 Sensitivity Studies 322 18.5 Long-term storage 326 18.6 Summary and conclusions 327 18.7 Acknowledgements 329 References 329 Section 5: Reservoir Engineering 19 A Modified Calculation Method for the Water Coning Simulation Mode in Oil Reservoirs with Bottom Water Drive 331Weiyao Zhu, Xiaohe Huang and Ming Yue 19.1 Introduction 331 19.2 Mathematical Model 332 19.3 Solution 334 19.4 Results and Discussion 335 19.5 Conclusions 336 19.6 Nomenclature 336 References 337 20 Prediction Method on the Multi-scale Flow Patterns and the Productivity of a Fracturing Well in Shale Gas Reservoir 339Weiyao Zhu, Jia Deng and M.A. Qian 20.1 Introduction 340 20.2 Multi-scale flow state analyses of the shale gas reservoirs 340 20.3 Multi-scale seepage non-linear model in shale gas reservoir 343 20.4 Productivity prediction method of fracturing well 348 20.5 Production Forecasting 351 20.6 Conclusions 354 20.7 Acknowledgements 354 References 355 21 Methane recovery from natural gas hydrate in porous sediment using gaseous CO2, liquid CO2, and CO2 emulsion 357Sheng-li Li, Xiao-Hui Wang, Chang-Yu Sun,Qing-Yuan and Guang-Jin Chen 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Experiments 359 21.3 Results and Discussion 361 21.4 Conclusion 368 21.5 Acknowledgements 369 References 369 Section 6: Hydrates 22 On the Role of Ice-Solution Interface in Heterogeneous Nucleation of Methane Clathrate Hydrates 371PaymanPirzadeh and Peter G. Kusalik 22.1 Introduction 371 22.2 Method Summary 373 22.3 Results and Discussion 373 22.4 Summary 378 References 379 23 Evaluating and Testing of Gas Hydrate Anti-Agglomerants in (Natural Gas + Diesel Oil + Water) Dispersed System 381Chang-Yu Sun, Jun Chen, Ke-Le Yan, Sheng-Li Li, Bao-ZiPeng and Guang-Jin Chen 23.1 Introduction 381 23.2 Experimental Apparatus And Analysis 382 23.3 Results And Discussion 382 23.4 Conclusion 385 Section 7: Biology 24 “Is That a Bacterium in Your Trophosome, or Are You Just Happy to See Me?” - Hydrogen Sulfide, Chemosynthesis, and the Origin of Life 387Neil Christopher Griffin 24.1 Introducing the extremophiles 387 24.2 Tempted by the guts of another 388 24.3 Chemosynthesis 101 389 24.4 Chemosynthetic bacteria and the origins of life 391 References 392 Index 399