PETER P. WAN, PHD, was Full Professor of American Language and Literature at East China Normal University, Shanghai, and visiting scholar at Harvard University. Now retired, he is a three-time recipient of the Fulbright Fellowship and author of World History: A Concise Thematic Arrangement.THOMAS D. REINS, PHD, is a Lecturer in the Department of History at Chapman University, California, USA. He has written numerous articles, book chapters, encyclopedia entries, and reviews in publications including Modern Asia Studies, China Review International and Journal of Asian Studies. He is currently working on a book dealing with the consequences of the modernization of Asia, Transforming Asia.

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• About the Authors ixAcknowledgments xiIntroduction 1Part 1 Asian and Non-Asian Cultures Interact to circa 1850 CE 7Introduction to Part 1: Asian and Non-Asian Cultures Interact to circa 1850 CE 91 Cultures and the Development of Core Asian Civilizations 132 The Land and the People of Ancient China to 221 BCE: Xia, Shang, and Zhou Dynasties 253 China’s First Empire: The Qin and Han Dynasties, 221 BCE–220 CE 374 The Golden Age of Imperial China: The Sui and Tang Dynasties, 581–960 495 The Peaking of Traditional Chinese Civilization: The Song and Yuan Dynasties, 960–1368 596 The Decline of Imperial China: The Ming and Early Qing Dynasties, 1368–1840 737 Premodern Japan and Korea 878 The Formation of Indian Civilization: 1200 BCE–185 BCE 1039 The Hindu Synthesis at Home: 185 BCE–1200 CE 11710 The Indianization of South, Central, Southeast, and East Asia: 185 BCE–1200 CE 13111 India under Islamic Rule: The Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire, 1206–1707 14312 On the Indian and Chinese Northern Frontiers: Asian Empires and Kingdoms on the Central and Inner Asian Steppe, circa 1100–1850 15713 On the Indian and Chinese Southern Frontiers: Asian Empires and Kingdoms in Southeast Asia, circa 1100–1850 17114 European Empires in Asia: The Foundations for Revolutionary Transformation, circa 1500–1850 185Part 2 The Age of Transformations: Nationalism and Modernization in the Era of Global Wars and the Search for New Social Arrangements, circa 1800 to Present 197Introduction to Part 2: The Age of Transformations: Nationalism and Modernization in the Era of Global Wars and the Search for New Social Arrangements, circa 1800 to Present 19915 Foreign Incursions, Domestic Challenges, and Late Qing Dynastic Decline: China’s Long Road to Modernization, 1840–1911 20316 The Birth of Republicanism in China, 1911–1949 22117 The People’s Republic of China, 1949– 23518 Japan’s Rapid Modernization, 1868–1918 25319 Japan Goes from Liberalism to Militarism, 1918–1945 26520 Japan since World War II 27921 Korea in Modern Times 29322 The European Struggle for India and the Emergence of Indian Resistance, 1707–1914 31123 The Impact of World Wars, Revolution, and Nationalism in India and South Asia, 1914–1945 32524 India since 1945 34125 In India’s Orbit: South Asian Nations in the Cold War Setting and the Rise of China 35726 Mainland Southeast Asia since 1945 38127 Insular Southeast Asia since 1945 41328 Colonialism, Independence, and Nation Building on the Northern Frontiers of India and China, 1850–2019: Afghanistan, Central and Inner Asia, and the Russian Far East 44329 Asia in the Twenty-First Century: The Problems of Progress 465Index 479

PETER P. WAN, PHD, was Full Professor of American Language and Literature at East China Normal University, Shanghai, and visiting scholar at Harvard University. Now retired, he is a three-time recipient of the Fulbright Fellowship and author of World History: A Concise Thematic Arrangement.THOMAS D. REINS, PHD, is a Lecturer in the Department of History at Chapman University, California, USA. He has written numerous articles, book chapters, encyclopedia entries, and reviews in publications including Modern Asia Studies, China Review International and Journal of Asian Studies. He is currently working on a book dealing with the consequences of the modernization of Asia, Transforming Asia.

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• About the Authors ixAcknowledgments xiIntroduction 1Part 1 Asian and Non-Asian Cultures Interact to circa 1850 CE 7Introduction to Part 1: Asian and Non-Asian Cultures Interact to circa 1850 CE 91 Cultures and the Development of Core Asian Civilizations 132 The Land and the People of Ancient China to 221 BCE: Xia, Shang, and Zhou Dynasties 253 China’s First Empire: The Qin and Han Dynasties, 221 BCE–220 CE 374 The Golden Age of Imperial China: The Sui and Tang Dynasties, 581–960 495 The Peaking of Traditional Chinese Civilization: The Song and Yuan Dynasties, 960–1368 596 The Decline of Imperial China: The Ming and Early Qing Dynasties, 1368–1840 737 Premodern Japan and Korea 878 The Formation of Indian Civilization: 1200 BCE–185 BCE 1039 The Hindu Synthesis at Home: 185 BCE–1200 CE 11710 The Indianization of South, Central, Southeast, and East Asia: 185 BCE–1200 CE 13111 India under Islamic Rule: The Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire, 1206–1707 14312 On the Indian and Chinese Northern Frontiers: Asian Empires and Kingdoms on the Central and Inner Asian Steppe, circa 1100–1850 15713 On the Indian and Chinese Southern Frontiers: Asian Empires and Kingdoms in Southeast Asia, circa 1100–1850 17114 European Empires in Asia: The Foundations for Revolutionary Transformation, circa 1500–1850 185Part 2 The Age of Transformations: Nationalism and Modernization in the Era of Global Wars and the Search for New Social Arrangements, circa 1800 to Present 197Introduction to Part 2: The Age of Transformations: Nationalism and Modernization in the Era of Global Wars and the Search for New Social Arrangements, circa 1800 to Present 19915 Foreign Incursions, Domestic Challenges, and Late Qing Dynastic Decline: China’s Long Road to Modernization, 1840–1911 20316 The Birth of Republicanism in China, 1911–1949 22117 The People’s Republic of China, 1949– 23518 Japan’s Rapid Modernization, 1868–1918 25319 Japan Goes from Liberalism to Militarism, 1918–1945 26520 Japan since World War II 27921 Korea in Modern Times 29322 The European Struggle for India and the Emergence of Indian Resistance, 1707–1914 31123 The Impact of World Wars, Revolution, and Nationalism in India and South Asia, 1914–1945 32524 India since 1945 34125 In India’s Orbit: South Asian Nations in the Cold War Setting and the Rise of China 35726 Mainland Southeast Asia since 1945 38127 Insular Southeast Asia since 1945 41328 Colonialism, Independence, and Nation Building on the Northern Frontiers of India and China, 1850–2019: Afghanistan, Central and Inner Asia, and the Russian Far East 44329 Asia in the Twenty-First Century: The Problems of Progress 465Index 479