Energy Storage in Power Systems

Francisco Díaz-González, Catalonia Institute for Energy Research, SpainFrancisco Díaz-González received his degree in industrial engineering from the School of Industrial Engineering of Barcelona, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona, Spain, in 2009, and his Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the UPC in 2013. He has experience in electrical and mechanical systems modeling and simulation. Between September 2009 and June 2015 he was based with the Catalonia Institute for Energy Research, Barcelona, Spain, but since July 2015, he has been based with CITCEA-UPC research group. His current research interests include the fields linked with energy storage technologies, electrical machines, and renewable energy integration in power systems.Andreas Sumper, Centre d'Innovació Tecnològica en Convertidors Estàtics i Accionaments, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, SpainAndreas Sumper received his Dipl.-Ing. degree in electrical engineering from the Graz University of Technology (Austria) in 2000 and his Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain, in 2008. Since 2014 he has been an Associate Professor at the UPC and he leads the Smart Grid Research at CITCEA-UPC. His research interests are renewable energy generation, microgrids and smart grids, power system studies, and energy management.Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt,Centre d'Innovació Tecnològica en Convertidors Estàtics i Accionaments, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, SpainOriol Gomis-Bellmunt received his degree in industrial engineering from the School of Industrial Engineering of Barcelona, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona, Spain, in 2001, and his Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the UPC, in 2007. Since 2004, he has been with the Department of Electrical Engineering, UPC, where he is a Lecturer and participates in the CITCEA-UPC research group. His research interests include the fields linked with smart actuators, electrical machines, power electronics, renewable energy integration in power systems, industrial automation and engineering education.

• Foreword xiPreface xv1 An Introduction to Modern Power Systems 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The Smart Grid Architecture Model 31.3 The Electric Power System 91.3.1 The Structure of the Power System 91.3.2 The Fundamentals of Power System Analysis 91.4 Energy Management Systems 131.5 Computational Techniques 151.5.1 Optimization Methods and Optimal Power Flow 151.5.2 Security-Constrained Optimal Power Flow 161.6 Microgrids 161.7 The Regulation of the Electricity System and the Electrical Markets 171.8 Exercise: A Load-Flow Algorithm with Gauss–Seidel 202 Generating Systems Based on Renewable Power 252.1 Renewable Power Systems 252.1.1 Wind Power Systems 322.1.2 Solar Photovoltaic Power Systems 342.2 Renewable Power Generation Technologies 342.2.1 Renewable Power Generation Technology Based on Rotative Electrical Generators 362.2.2 Wind Turbine Technology 372.2.3 Photovoltaic Power Plants 532.3 Grid Code Requirements 582.4 Conclusions 593 Frequency Support Grid Code Requirements for Wind Power Plants 613.1 A Review of European Grid Codes Regarding Participation in Frequency Control 623.1.1 Nomenclature and the Definition of Power Reserves 633.1.2 The Deployment Sequence of Power Reserves for Frequency Control 653.1.3 A Detailed View on the Requirements for WPPs in the Irish Grid Code 713.1.4 A Detailed View on the Requirements for WPPs in the UK Grid Code 733.1.5 Future Trends Regarding the Provision of Primary Reserves and Synthetic Inertia by WPPs 763.2 Participation Methods for WPPs with Regard to Primary Frequency Control and Synthetic Inertia 793.2.1 Deloading Methods of Wind Turbines for Primary Frequency Control 793.2.2 Synthetic Inertia 873.3 Conclusions 914 Energy Storage Technologies 934.1 Introduction 934.2 The Description of the Technology 944.2.1 Pumped Hydroelectric Storage (PHS) 944.2.2 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) 964.2.3 Conventional Batteries and Flow Batteries 974.2.4 The Hydrogen-Based Energy Storage System (HESS) 1124.2.5 The Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) 1144.2.6 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) 1164.2.7 The Supercapacitor Energy Storage System 1204.2.8 Notes on Other Energy Storage Systems 1254.3 Power Conversion Systems for Electrical Storage 1294.3.1 Application: Electric Power Systems 1294.3.2 Other Applications I: The Field of Electromobility 1344.3.3 Other Applications II: Buildings 1374.3.4 The Battery Management System (BMS) 1394.4 Conclusions 1415 Cost Models and Economic Analysis 1435.1 Introduction 1435.2 A Cost Model for Storage Technologies 1455.2.1 The Capital Costs 1455.2.2 Operating and Maintenance Costs 1475.2.3 Replacement Costs 1495.2.4 End-of-Life Costs 1505.2.5 The Synthesis of a Cost Model 1515.3 An Example of an Application 1535.3.1 The Collection of Data for Evaluation of the Cost Model 1545.3.2 Analysis of the Results 1585.4 Conclusions 1626 Modeling, Control, and Simulation 1636.1 Introduction 1636.2 Modeling of Storage Technologies: A General Approach Orientated to Simulation Objectives 1646.3 The Modeling and Control of the Grid-Side Converter 1666.3.1 Modeling 1666.3.2 Control 1696.4 The Modeling and Control of Storage-Side Converters and Storage Containers 1746.4.1 Supercapacitors and DC–DC Converters 1746.4.2 Secondary Batteries and DC–DC Converters 1806.4.3 Flywheels and AC–DC Converters 1906.5 An Example of an Application: Discharging Storage Installations Following Various Control Rules 1996.5.1 Input Data 1996.5.2 Discharge (Charge) Modes for Supercapacitors 2016.5.3 Discharge (Charge) Modes for Batteries 2036.5.4 Discharge (Charge) Modes for Flywheels 2046.6 Conclusions 2077 Short-Term Applications of Energy Storage Installations in the Power System 2097.1 Introduction 2097.2 A Description of Short-Term Applications 2107.2.1 Fluctuation Suppression 2107.2.2 Low-Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) 2127.2.3 Voltage Control Support 2137.2.4 Oscillation Damping 2147.2.5 Primary Frequency Control 2157.3 An Example of Fluctuation Suppression: Flywheels for Wind Power Smoothing 2177.3.1 The Problem of Wind Power Smoothing 2177.3.2 Optimal Operation of the Flywheel for Wind Power Smoothing 2207.3.3 The Design of the High-Level Energy Management Algorithm for the Flywheel 2267.3.4 Experimental Validation 2307.4 Conclusions 2418 Mid- and Long-Term Applications of Energy Storage Installations in the Power System 2438.1 Introduction 2438.2 A Description of Mid- and Long-Term Applications 2438.2.1 Load Following 2438.2.2 Peak Shaving 2478.2.3 Transmission Curtailment 2488.2.4 Time Shifting 2488.2.5 Unit Commitment 2498.2.6 Seasonal Storage 2508.3 Example: The Sizing of Batteries for Load Following in an Isolated Power System with PV Generation 2508.3.1 Step 1: Typical Load and PV Generation Profiles 2538.3.2 Step 2: The Voltage Level of the Battery Bank 2558.3.3 Step 3: The Typical Daily Current Demand for the Battery Bank 2578.3.4 Step 4: The Number of Days of Autonomy 2588.3.5 Step 5: The Total Daily Demand for the Battery Bank 2598.3.6 Step 6: The Capacity of the Battery 2608.3.7 Step 7: The Number of Cells in Series 2608.3.8 Step 8: The Number of Parallel Strings of Cells in Series 2618.3.9 Step 9: Check the Admissible Momentary Current for the Battery Cells 2618.3.10 Step 10: The Maximum Charge and Discharge Currents for the Battery Bank Considering PV Generation 2618.3.11 Step 11: The Selection of Power Inverters 2658.4 Conclusions 265References 267Index 285