Dr. Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Esq. is an interdisciplinary scientist and patent attorney. She received a B.S. degree in Biomedical and Electrical Engineering (1985), M.S. degree in Computer Engineering (1985), Engineers degree in Electrical Engineering (1988), and Ph.D. in Computer Engineering (1988), all from the University of Southern California (USC). She holds a J.D. degree from the Northwestern California School of Law, and has graduated Cum Laude with an LL.M. degree from the Thomas Jefferson School of Law. Professor Eshaghian-Wilner is currently a Professor of Engineering Practice at the Electrical Engineering Department of USC. She is best known for her work in the areas of Optical Computing, Heterogeneous Computing, and Nanocomputing. Her current research involves the applications and implications of these and other emerging technologies in medicine and law. Professor Eshaghian-Wilner has founded and/or chaired numerous IEEE conferences and organizations, and serves on the editorial board of several journals. She is the recipient of several prestigious awards, and has authored and/or edited hundreds of publications, including three books.

• Contributors xiiiForeword xviiPreface xixPART I INTRODUCTION 11 Introduction to Wireless Computing in Medicine 3Amber Bhargava, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Arushi Gupta, Alekhya Sai Nuduru Pati, Kodiak Ravicz, and Pujal Trivedi1.1 Introduction, 31.2 Definition of Terms, 51.3 Brief History of Wireless Healthcare, 51.4 What is Wireless Computing? 61.5 Distributed Computing, 71.6 Nanotechnology in Medicine, 101.7 Ethics of Medical Wireless Computing, 121.8 Privacy in Wireless Computing, 131.9 Conclusion, 14References, 142 Nanocomputing and Cloud Computing 17T. Soren Craig, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Nikila Goli, Arushi Gupta, Shiva Navab, Alekhya Sai Nuduru Pati, Kodiak Ravicz, Gaurav Sarkar, and Ben Shiroma2.1 Introduction, 172.2 Nanocomputing, 182.3 Cloud Computing, 302.4 Conclusion, 37Acknowledgment, 37References, 37PART II PERVASIVE WIRELESS COMPUTING IN MEDICINE 413 Pervasive Computing in Hospitals 43Janet Meiling Wang-Roveda, Linda Powers, and Kui Ren3.1 Introduction, 433.2 Architecture of Pervasive Computing in Hospitals, 453.3 Sensors, Devices, Instruments, and Embedded Systems, 493.4 Data Acquisition in Pervasive Computing, 593.5 Software Support for Context-Aware and Activity Sharing Services, 633.6 Data and Information Security, 663.7 Conclusion, 71Acknowledgment, 71References, 724 Diagnostic Improvements: Treatment and Care 79Xiaojun Xian4.1 Introduction, 794.2 System Design, 814.3 Body Sensor Network, 824.4 Portable Sensors, 844.5 Wearable Sensors, 884.6 Implantable Sensors, 944.7 Wireless Communication, 954.8 Mobile Base Unit, 974.9 Conclusion and Challenges, 98Acknowledgment, 99References, 995 Collaborative Opportunistic Sensing of Human Behavior with Mobile Phones 107Luis A. Castro, Jessica Beltran-Marquez, Jesus Favela, Edgar Chavez, Moises Perez, Marcela Rodriguez, Rene Navarro, and Eduardo Quintana5.1 Health and Mobile Sensing, 1075.2 The InCense Sensing Toolkit, 1105.3 Sensing Campaign 1: Detecting Behaviors Associated with the Frailty Syndrome Among Older Adults, 1195.4 Sensing Campaign 2: Detecting Problematic Behaviors among Elders with Dementia, 1235.5 Discussion, 1315.6 Conclusions and Future Work, 132References, 1336 Pervasive Computing to Support Individuals with Cognitive Disabilities 137Monica Tentori, José Mercado, Franceli L. Cibrian, and Lizbeth Escobedo6.1 Introduction, 1376.2 Wearable and Mobile Sensing Platforms to Ease the Recording of Data Relevant to Clinical Case Assessment, 1446.3 Augmented Reality and Mobile and Tangible Computing to Support Cognition, 1516.4 Serious Games and Exergames to Support Motor Impairments, 1586.5 Conclusions, 168Acknowledgments, 172References, 1727 Wireless Power for Implantable Devices: A Technical Review 187Nikita Ahuja, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Zhuochen Ge, Renjun Liu, Alekhya Sai Nuduru Pati, Kodiak Ravicz, Mike Schlesinger, Shu Han Wu, and Kai Xie7.1 Introduction, 1877.2 History of Wireless Power, 1897.3 Approach of Wireless Power Transmission, 1917.4 A Detailed Example of Magnetic Coupling Resonance, 1947.5 Popular Standards, 1997.6 Wireless Power Transmission in Medical use, 2017.7 Conclusion, 204Acknowledgments, 205References, 2058 Energy-Efficient Physical Activity Detection in Wireless Body Area Networks 211Daphney-Stavroula Zois, Sangwon Lee, Murali Annavaram, and Urbashi Mitra8.1 Introduction, 2118.2 Knowme Platform, 2158.3 Energy Impact of Design Choices, 2178.4 Problem Formulation, 2288.5 Sensor Selection Strategies, 2328.6 Alternative Problem Formulation, 2378.7 Sensor Selection Strategies for the Alternative Formulation, 2418.8 Experiments, 2448.9 Related Work, 2548.10 Conclusion, 256Acknowledgments, 257References, 2579 Markov Decision Process for Adaptive Control of Distributed Body Sensor Networks 263Shuping Liu, Anand Panangadan, Ashit Talukder, and Cauligi S. Raghavendra9.1 Introduction, 2639.2 Rationale for MDP Formulation, 2659.3 Related Work, 2689.4 Problem Statement, Assumptions, and Approach, 2699.5 MDP Model for Multiple Sensor Nodes, 2729.6 Communication, 2749.7 Simulation Results, 2769.8 Conclusions, 292Acknowledgment, 294References, 294PART III NANOSCALE WIRELESS COMPUTING IN MEDICINE 29710 An Introduction to Nanomedicine 299Amber Bhargava, Janet Cheung, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Wan Lee, Kodiak Ravicz, Mike Schlesinger, Yesha Shah, and Abhishek Uppal10.1 Introduction, 29910.2 Nanomedical Technology, 30110.3 Detection, 30310.4 Treatment, 30510.5 Biocompatibility, 30910.6 Power, 31110.7 Computer Modeling, 31310.8 Research Institutions, 31510.9 Conclusion, 317Acknowledgments, 317References, 31711 Nanomedicine Using Magneto-Electric Nanoparticles 323Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Andrew Prajogi, Kodiak Ravicz, Gaurav Sarkar, Umang Sharma, Rakesh Guduru, and Sakhrat Khizroev11.1 Introduction, 32311.2 Overview of MENs, 32411.3 Experiment 1: Externally Controlled On-Demand Release of Anti-HIV Drug Azttp Using Mens as Carriers, 32511.4 Experiment 2: Mens to Enable Field-Controlled High-Specificity Drug Delivery to Eradicate Ovarian Cancer Cells, 33111.5 Experiment 3: Magnetoelectric “Spin” on Stimulating the Brain, 33911.6 Bioceramics: Bone Regeneration and MNS, 34811.7 Conclusion, 351References, 35312 DNA Computation in Medicine 359Noam Mamet and Ido Bachelet12.1 Background for the Non-Biologist, 35912.2 Introduction, 36212.3 In Vitro Computing, 36412.4 Computation in Vivo, 37012.5 Challenges, 37312.6 Glimpse into the Future, 373References, 37413 Graphene-Based Nanosystems for the Detection of Proteinic Biomarkers of Disease: Implication in Translational Medicine 377Farid Menaa, Sandeep Kumar Vashist, Adnane Abdelghani, and Bouzid Menaa13.1 Introduction, 37713.2 Structural and Physicochemical Properties of Graphene and Main Derivatives, 37913.3 Graphene and Derivatives-Based Biosensing Nanosystems and Applications, 38213.4 Conclusion and Perspectives, 389Conflict of Interest, 390Abbreviations, 390References, 39114 Modeling Brain Disorders in Silicon Nanotechnologies 401Alice C. Parker, Saeid Barzegarjalali, Kun Yue, Rebecca Lee, and Sukanya Patil14.1 Introduction, 40114.2 The BioRC Project, 40214.3 Background: BioRC Neural Circuits, 40414.4 Modeling Synapses with CNT Transistors, 40814.5 Modeling OCD with Hybrid CMOS/Nano Circuits, 41014.6 The Biological Cortical Neuron and Hybrid Electronic Cortical Neuron, 41114.7 Biological OCD Circuit and Biomimetic Model, 41214.8 Indirect Pathway: The Braking Mechanism, 41314.9 Direct Pathway: The Accelerator, 41414.10 Typical and Atypical Responses, 41514.11 Modeling Schizophrenic Hallucinations with Hybrid CMOS/Nano Circuits, 41614.12 Explanation for Schizophrenia Symptoms, 41614.13 Disinhibition due to Miswiring, 41814.14 Our Hybrid Neuromorphic Prediction Network, 41814.15 Simulation Results, 41914.16 Numerical Analysis of False Firing, 42114.17 Modeling PD with CMOS Circuits, 42214.18 Modeling MS with CMOS Circuits, 42414.19 Demyelination Circuit, 42514.20 Conclusions and Future Trends, 426References, 42815 Linking Medical Nanorobots to Pervasive Computing 431Sylvain Martel15.1 Introduction, 43115.2 Complementary Functionalities, 43215.3 Main Specifications for such Nanorobotic Agents (Nanorobots), 43315.4 Medical Nanorobotic Agents—An Example, 43615.5 Nanorobotic Communication Links Allowing Pervasive Computing, 43815.6 Types of Information, 43915.7 Medical Nanorobotic Agents for Monitoring and Early Detection, 44015.8 Medical Nanorobotics and Pervasive Computing—Main Conditions that must be met for its Feasibility, 44215.9 Conclusion, 443References, 44416 Nanomedicine’s Transversality: Some Implications of the Nanomedical Paradigm 447José J. López and Mathieu Noury16.1 Introduction, 44716.2 Nanomedicine’s Promises, 44816.3 Analysing Implications of the Nanomedicine Paradigm, 45116.4 The Molecular Underpinnings of Nanomedicine’s Transversality, 45616.5 Nanomedicine as Predictive Medicine, 45716.6 Nanomedicine as Personalized Medicine, 46016.7 Nanomedicine as Regenerative Medicine, 46516.8 Conclusion, 466References, 468PART IV ETHICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF WIRELESS COMPUTING IN MEDICINE 47317 Ethical Challenges of Ubiquitous Health Care 475William Sims Bainbridge17.1 Introduction, 47517.2 A Philosophical Framework, 47817.3 Information Deviance, 48017.4 The Current Frenzy, 48217.5 Genetic Informatics, 48517.6 Ubiquitous Information Technology, 48917.7 Stasis versus Progress, 49217.8 Problematic Ethics, 49417.9 Leadership in Science and Engineering Ethics, 49617.10 Conclusion, 498References, 49918 The Ethics of Ubiquitous Computing in Health Care 507Clark A. Miller, Heather M. Ross, Gaymon Bennett, and J. Benjamin Hurlbut18.1 Introduction, 50718.2 Ubiquitous Computing and the Transformation of Health Care: Three Visions, 51118.3 Case Study: Cardiac Implanted Electrical Devices, 51618.4 Ethical Reflections, 52118.5 Conclusions: The Need for Socio-Technical Design, 534References, 53719 Privacy Protection of Electronic Healthcare Records in e-Healthcare Systems 541Fredrick Japhet Mtenzi19.1 Introduction, 54119.2 Security and Privacy Concerns of EHR in e-Healthcare Systems, 54519.3 Privacy Laws and Regulations of EHRs, 54719.4 Privacy of EHRs in e-Healthcare Systems, 55219.5 Discussion and Conclusion, 55819.6 Contributions and Future Research, 559References, 56120 Ethical, Privacy, and Intellectual Property Issues in Nanomedicine 567Katie Atalla, Ayush Chaudhary, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Arushi Gupta, Raj Mehta, Adarsh Nayak, Andrew Prajogi, Kodiak Ravicz, Ben Shiroma, and Pujal Trivedi20.1 Introduction, 56720.2 Ethical Issues, 56820.3 Privacy Issues, 57920.4 IP Issues, 59020.5 Conclusion, 596Acknowledgments, 596References, 596PART V CONCLUSION 60121 Concluding Remarks 603Zhaoqi Chen, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Kalyani Gonde, Kodiak Ravicz, Rakshith Saligram and Mike Schlesinger21.1 Wireless Computing in Health Care, 60321.2 Nanomedicine, 60621.3 Ethical, Privacy, and Intellectual Property Issues of Nanomedicine and Wireless Computing, 60921.4 Conclusions, 610Acknowledgments, 610References, 610Index 613

Dr. Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Esq. is an interdisciplinary scientist and patent attorney. She received a B.S. degree in Biomedical and Electrical Engineering (1985), M.S. degree in Computer Engineering (1985), Engineers degree in Electrical Engineering (1988), and Ph.D. in Computer Engineering (1988), all from the University of Southern California (USC). She holds a J.D. degree from the Northwestern California School of Law, and has graduated Cum Laude with an LL.M. degree from the Thomas Jefferson School of Law. Professor Eshaghian-Wilner is currently a Professor of Engineering Practice at the Electrical Engineering Department of USC. She is best known for her work in the areas of Optical Computing, Heterogeneous Computing, and Nanocomputing. Her current research involves the applications and implications of these and other emerging technologies in medicine and law. Professor Eshaghian-Wilner has founded and/or chaired numerous IEEE conferences and organizations, and serves on the editorial board of several journals. She is the recipient of several prestigious awards, and has authored and/or edited hundreds of publications, including three books.

• Contributors xiiiForeword xviiPreface xixPART I INTRODUCTION 11 Introduction to Wireless Computing in Medicine 3Amber Bhargava, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Arushi Gupta, Alekhya Sai Nuduru Pati, Kodiak Ravicz, and Pujal Trivedi1.1 Introduction, 31.2 Definition of Terms, 51.3 Brief History of Wireless Healthcare, 51.4 What is Wireless Computing? 61.5 Distributed Computing, 71.6 Nanotechnology in Medicine, 101.7 Ethics of Medical Wireless Computing, 121.8 Privacy in Wireless Computing, 131.9 Conclusion, 14References, 142 Nanocomputing and Cloud Computing 17T. Soren Craig, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Nikila Goli, Arushi Gupta, Shiva Navab, Alekhya Sai Nuduru Pati, Kodiak Ravicz, Gaurav Sarkar, and Ben Shiroma2.1 Introduction, 172.2 Nanocomputing, 182.3 Cloud Computing, 302.4 Conclusion, 37Acknowledgment, 37References, 37PART II PERVASIVE WIRELESS COMPUTING IN MEDICINE 413 Pervasive Computing in Hospitals 43Janet Meiling Wang-Roveda, Linda Powers, and Kui Ren3.1 Introduction, 433.2 Architecture of Pervasive Computing in Hospitals, 453.3 Sensors, Devices, Instruments, and Embedded Systems, 493.4 Data Acquisition in Pervasive Computing, 593.5 Software Support for Context-Aware and Activity Sharing Services, 633.6 Data and Information Security, 663.7 Conclusion, 71Acknowledgment, 71References, 724 Diagnostic Improvements: Treatment and Care 79Xiaojun Xian4.1 Introduction, 794.2 System Design, 814.3 Body Sensor Network, 824.4 Portable Sensors, 844.5 Wearable Sensors, 884.6 Implantable Sensors, 944.7 Wireless Communication, 954.8 Mobile Base Unit, 974.9 Conclusion and Challenges, 98Acknowledgment, 99References, 995 Collaborative Opportunistic Sensing of Human Behavior with Mobile Phones 107Luis A. Castro, Jessica Beltran-Marquez, Jesus Favela, Edgar Chavez, Moises Perez, Marcela Rodriguez, Rene Navarro, and Eduardo Quintana5.1 Health and Mobile Sensing, 1075.2 The InCense Sensing Toolkit, 1105.3 Sensing Campaign 1: Detecting Behaviors Associated with the Frailty Syndrome Among Older Adults, 1195.4 Sensing Campaign 2: Detecting Problematic Behaviors among Elders with Dementia, 1235.5 Discussion, 1315.6 Conclusions and Future Work, 132References, 1336 Pervasive Computing to Support Individuals with Cognitive Disabilities 137Monica Tentori, José Mercado, Franceli L. Cibrian, and Lizbeth Escobedo6.1 Introduction, 1376.2 Wearable and Mobile Sensing Platforms to Ease the Recording of Data Relevant to Clinical Case Assessment, 1446.3 Augmented Reality and Mobile and Tangible Computing to Support Cognition, 1516.4 Serious Games and Exergames to Support Motor Impairments, 1586.5 Conclusions, 168Acknowledgments, 172References, 1727 Wireless Power for Implantable Devices: A Technical Review 187Nikita Ahuja, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Zhuochen Ge, Renjun Liu, Alekhya Sai Nuduru Pati, Kodiak Ravicz, Mike Schlesinger, Shu Han Wu, and Kai Xie7.1 Introduction, 1877.2 History of Wireless Power, 1897.3 Approach of Wireless Power Transmission, 1917.4 A Detailed Example of Magnetic Coupling Resonance, 1947.5 Popular Standards, 1997.6 Wireless Power Transmission in Medical use, 2017.7 Conclusion, 204Acknowledgments, 205References, 2058 Energy-Efficient Physical Activity Detection in Wireless Body Area Networks 211Daphney-Stavroula Zois, Sangwon Lee, Murali Annavaram, and Urbashi Mitra8.1 Introduction, 2118.2 Knowme Platform, 2158.3 Energy Impact of Design Choices, 2178.4 Problem Formulation, 2288.5 Sensor Selection Strategies, 2328.6 Alternative Problem Formulation, 2378.7 Sensor Selection Strategies for the Alternative Formulation, 2418.8 Experiments, 2448.9 Related Work, 2548.10 Conclusion, 256Acknowledgments, 257References, 2579 Markov Decision Process for Adaptive Control of Distributed Body Sensor Networks 263Shuping Liu, Anand Panangadan, Ashit Talukder, and Cauligi S. Raghavendra9.1 Introduction, 2639.2 Rationale for MDP Formulation, 2659.3 Related Work, 2689.4 Problem Statement, Assumptions, and Approach, 2699.5 MDP Model for Multiple Sensor Nodes, 2729.6 Communication, 2749.7 Simulation Results, 2769.8 Conclusions, 292Acknowledgment, 294References, 294PART III NANOSCALE WIRELESS COMPUTING IN MEDICINE 29710 An Introduction to Nanomedicine 299Amber Bhargava, Janet Cheung, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Wan Lee, Kodiak Ravicz, Mike Schlesinger, Yesha Shah, and Abhishek Uppal10.1 Introduction, 29910.2 Nanomedical Technology, 30110.3 Detection, 30310.4 Treatment, 30510.5 Biocompatibility, 30910.6 Power, 31110.7 Computer Modeling, 31310.8 Research Institutions, 31510.9 Conclusion, 317Acknowledgments, 317References, 31711 Nanomedicine Using Magneto-Electric Nanoparticles 323Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Andrew Prajogi, Kodiak Ravicz, Gaurav Sarkar, Umang Sharma, Rakesh Guduru, and Sakhrat Khizroev11.1 Introduction, 32311.2 Overview of MENs, 32411.3 Experiment 1: Externally Controlled On-Demand Release of Anti-HIV Drug Azttp Using Mens as Carriers, 32511.4 Experiment 2: Mens to Enable Field-Controlled High-Specificity Drug Delivery to Eradicate Ovarian Cancer Cells, 33111.5 Experiment 3: Magnetoelectric “Spin” on Stimulating the Brain, 33911.6 Bioceramics: Bone Regeneration and MNS, 34811.7 Conclusion, 351References, 35312 DNA Computation in Medicine 359Noam Mamet and Ido Bachelet12.1 Background for the Non-Biologist, 35912.2 Introduction, 36212.3 In Vitro Computing, 36412.4 Computation in Vivo, 37012.5 Challenges, 37312.6 Glimpse into the Future, 373References, 37413 Graphene-Based Nanosystems for the Detection of Proteinic Biomarkers of Disease: Implication in Translational Medicine 377Farid Menaa, Sandeep Kumar Vashist, Adnane Abdelghani, and Bouzid Menaa13.1 Introduction, 37713.2 Structural and Physicochemical Properties of Graphene and Main Derivatives, 37913.3 Graphene and Derivatives-Based Biosensing Nanosystems and Applications, 38213.4 Conclusion and Perspectives, 389Conflict of Interest, 390Abbreviations, 390References, 39114 Modeling Brain Disorders in Silicon Nanotechnologies 401Alice C. Parker, Saeid Barzegarjalali, Kun Yue, Rebecca Lee, and Sukanya Patil14.1 Introduction, 40114.2 The BioRC Project, 40214.3 Background: BioRC Neural Circuits, 40414.4 Modeling Synapses with CNT Transistors, 40814.5 Modeling OCD with Hybrid CMOS/Nano Circuits, 41014.6 The Biological Cortical Neuron and Hybrid Electronic Cortical Neuron, 41114.7 Biological OCD Circuit and Biomimetic Model, 41214.8 Indirect Pathway: The Braking Mechanism, 41314.9 Direct Pathway: The Accelerator, 41414.10 Typical and Atypical Responses, 41514.11 Modeling Schizophrenic Hallucinations with Hybrid CMOS/Nano Circuits, 41614.12 Explanation for Schizophrenia Symptoms, 41614.13 Disinhibition due to Miswiring, 41814.14 Our Hybrid Neuromorphic Prediction Network, 41814.15 Simulation Results, 41914.16 Numerical Analysis of False Firing, 42114.17 Modeling PD with CMOS Circuits, 42214.18 Modeling MS with CMOS Circuits, 42414.19 Demyelination Circuit, 42514.20 Conclusions and Future Trends, 426References, 42815 Linking Medical Nanorobots to Pervasive Computing 431Sylvain Martel15.1 Introduction, 43115.2 Complementary Functionalities, 43215.3 Main Specifications for such Nanorobotic Agents (Nanorobots), 43315.4 Medical Nanorobotic Agents—An Example, 43615.5 Nanorobotic Communication Links Allowing Pervasive Computing, 43815.6 Types of Information, 43915.7 Medical Nanorobotic Agents for Monitoring and Early Detection, 44015.8 Medical Nanorobotics and Pervasive Computing—Main Conditions that must be met for its Feasibility, 44215.9 Conclusion, 443References, 44416 Nanomedicine’s Transversality: Some Implications of the Nanomedical Paradigm 447José J. López and Mathieu Noury16.1 Introduction, 44716.2 Nanomedicine’s Promises, 44816.3 Analysing Implications of the Nanomedicine Paradigm, 45116.4 The Molecular Underpinnings of Nanomedicine’s Transversality, 45616.5 Nanomedicine as Predictive Medicine, 45716.6 Nanomedicine as Personalized Medicine, 46016.7 Nanomedicine as Regenerative Medicine, 46516.8 Conclusion, 466References, 468PART IV ETHICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF WIRELESS COMPUTING IN MEDICINE 47317 Ethical Challenges of Ubiquitous Health Care 475William Sims Bainbridge17.1 Introduction, 47517.2 A Philosophical Framework, 47817.3 Information Deviance, 48017.4 The Current Frenzy, 48217.5 Genetic Informatics, 48517.6 Ubiquitous Information Technology, 48917.7 Stasis versus Progress, 49217.8 Problematic Ethics, 49417.9 Leadership in Science and Engineering Ethics, 49617.10 Conclusion, 498References, 49918 The Ethics of Ubiquitous Computing in Health Care 507Clark A. Miller, Heather M. Ross, Gaymon Bennett, and J. Benjamin Hurlbut18.1 Introduction, 50718.2 Ubiquitous Computing and the Transformation of Health Care: Three Visions, 51118.3 Case Study: Cardiac Implanted Electrical Devices, 51618.4 Ethical Reflections, 52118.5 Conclusions: The Need for Socio-Technical Design, 534References, 53719 Privacy Protection of Electronic Healthcare Records in e-Healthcare Systems 541Fredrick Japhet Mtenzi19.1 Introduction, 54119.2 Security and Privacy Concerns of EHR in e-Healthcare Systems, 54519.3 Privacy Laws and Regulations of EHRs, 54719.4 Privacy of EHRs in e-Healthcare Systems, 55219.5 Discussion and Conclusion, 55819.6 Contributions and Future Research, 559References, 56120 Ethical, Privacy, and Intellectual Property Issues in Nanomedicine 567Katie Atalla, Ayush Chaudhary, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Arushi Gupta, Raj Mehta, Adarsh Nayak, Andrew Prajogi, Kodiak Ravicz, Ben Shiroma, and Pujal Trivedi20.1 Introduction, 56720.2 Ethical Issues, 56820.3 Privacy Issues, 57920.4 IP Issues, 59020.5 Conclusion, 596Acknowledgments, 596References, 596PART V CONCLUSION 60121 Concluding Remarks 603Zhaoqi Chen, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Kalyani Gonde, Kodiak Ravicz, Rakshith Saligram and Mike Schlesinger21.1 Wireless Computing in Health Care, 60321.2 Nanomedicine, 60621.3 Ethical, Privacy, and Intellectual Property Issues of Nanomedicine and Wireless Computing, 60921.4 Conclusions, 610Acknowledgments, 610References, 610Index 613

Dr. Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Esq. is an interdisciplinary scientist and patent attorney. She received a B.S. degree in Biomedical and Electrical Engineering (1985), M.S. degree in Computer Engineering (1985), Engineers degree in Electrical Engineering (1988), and Ph.D. in Computer Engineering (1988), all from the University of Southern California (USC). She holds a J.D. degree from the Northwestern California School of Law, and has graduated Cum Laude with an LL.M. degree from the Thomas Jefferson School of Law. Professor Eshaghian-Wilner is currently a Professor of Engineering Practice at the Electrical Engineering Department of USC. She is best known for her work in the areas of Optical Computing, Heterogeneous Computing, and Nanocomputing. Her current research involves the applications and implications of these and other emerging technologies in medicine and law. Professor Eshaghian-Wilner has founded and/or chaired numerous IEEE conferences and organizations, and serves on the editorial board of several journals. She is the recipient of several prestigious awards, and has authored and/or edited hundreds of publications, including three books.

• Contributors xiiiForeword xviiPreface xixPART I INTRODUCTION 11 Introduction to Wireless Computing in Medicine 3Amber Bhargava, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Arushi Gupta, Alekhya Sai Nuduru Pati, Kodiak Ravicz, and Pujal Trivedi1.1 Introduction, 31.2 Definition of Terms, 51.3 Brief History of Wireless Healthcare, 51.4 What is Wireless Computing? 61.5 Distributed Computing, 71.6 Nanotechnology in Medicine, 101.7 Ethics of Medical Wireless Computing, 121.8 Privacy in Wireless Computing, 131.9 Conclusion, 14References, 142 Nanocomputing and Cloud Computing 17T. Soren Craig, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Nikila Goli, Arushi Gupta, Shiva Navab, Alekhya Sai Nuduru Pati, Kodiak Ravicz, Gaurav Sarkar, and Ben Shiroma2.1 Introduction, 172.2 Nanocomputing, 182.3 Cloud Computing, 302.4 Conclusion, 37Acknowledgment, 37References, 37PART II PERVASIVE WIRELESS COMPUTING IN MEDICINE 413 Pervasive Computing in Hospitals 43Janet Meiling Wang-Roveda, Linda Powers, and Kui Ren3.1 Introduction, 433.2 Architecture of Pervasive Computing in Hospitals, 453.3 Sensors, Devices, Instruments, and Embedded Systems, 493.4 Data Acquisition in Pervasive Computing, 593.5 Software Support for Context-Aware and Activity Sharing Services, 633.6 Data and Information Security, 663.7 Conclusion, 71Acknowledgment, 71References, 724 Diagnostic Improvements: Treatment and Care 79Xiaojun Xian4.1 Introduction, 794.2 System Design, 814.3 Body Sensor Network, 824.4 Portable Sensors, 844.5 Wearable Sensors, 884.6 Implantable Sensors, 944.7 Wireless Communication, 954.8 Mobile Base Unit, 974.9 Conclusion and Challenges, 98Acknowledgment, 99References, 995 Collaborative Opportunistic Sensing of Human Behavior with Mobile Phones 107Luis A. Castro, Jessica Beltran-Marquez, Jesus Favela, Edgar Chavez, Moises Perez, Marcela Rodriguez, Rene Navarro, and Eduardo Quintana5.1 Health and Mobile Sensing, 1075.2 The InCense Sensing Toolkit, 1105.3 Sensing Campaign 1: Detecting Behaviors Associated with the Frailty Syndrome Among Older Adults, 1195.4 Sensing Campaign 2: Detecting Problematic Behaviors among Elders with Dementia, 1235.5 Discussion, 1315.6 Conclusions and Future Work, 132References, 1336 Pervasive Computing to Support Individuals with Cognitive Disabilities 137Monica Tentori, José Mercado, Franceli L. Cibrian, and Lizbeth Escobedo6.1 Introduction, 1376.2 Wearable and Mobile Sensing Platforms to Ease the Recording of Data Relevant to Clinical Case Assessment, 1446.3 Augmented Reality and Mobile and Tangible Computing to Support Cognition, 1516.4 Serious Games and Exergames to Support Motor Impairments, 1586.5 Conclusions, 168Acknowledgments, 172References, 1727 Wireless Power for Implantable Devices: A Technical Review 187Nikita Ahuja, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Zhuochen Ge, Renjun Liu, Alekhya Sai Nuduru Pati, Kodiak Ravicz, Mike Schlesinger, Shu Han Wu, and Kai Xie7.1 Introduction, 1877.2 History of Wireless Power, 1897.3 Approach of Wireless Power Transmission, 1917.4 A Detailed Example of Magnetic Coupling Resonance, 1947.5 Popular Standards, 1997.6 Wireless Power Transmission in Medical use, 2017.7 Conclusion, 204Acknowledgments, 205References, 2058 Energy-Efficient Physical Activity Detection in Wireless Body Area Networks 211Daphney-Stavroula Zois, Sangwon Lee, Murali Annavaram, and Urbashi Mitra8.1 Introduction, 2118.2 Knowme Platform, 2158.3 Energy Impact of Design Choices, 2178.4 Problem Formulation, 2288.5 Sensor Selection Strategies, 2328.6 Alternative Problem Formulation, 2378.7 Sensor Selection Strategies for the Alternative Formulation, 2418.8 Experiments, 2448.9 Related Work, 2548.10 Conclusion, 256Acknowledgments, 257References, 2579 Markov Decision Process for Adaptive Control of Distributed Body Sensor Networks 263Shuping Liu, Anand Panangadan, Ashit Talukder, and Cauligi S. Raghavendra9.1 Introduction, 2639.2 Rationale for MDP Formulation, 2659.3 Related Work, 2689.4 Problem Statement, Assumptions, and Approach, 2699.5 MDP Model for Multiple Sensor Nodes, 2729.6 Communication, 2749.7 Simulation Results, 2769.8 Conclusions, 292Acknowledgment, 294References, 294PART III NANOSCALE WIRELESS COMPUTING IN MEDICINE 29710 An Introduction to Nanomedicine 299Amber Bhargava, Janet Cheung, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Wan Lee, Kodiak Ravicz, Mike Schlesinger, Yesha Shah, and Abhishek Uppal10.1 Introduction, 29910.2 Nanomedical Technology, 30110.3 Detection, 30310.4 Treatment, 30510.5 Biocompatibility, 30910.6 Power, 31110.7 Computer Modeling, 31310.8 Research Institutions, 31510.9 Conclusion, 317Acknowledgments, 317References, 31711 Nanomedicine Using Magneto-Electric Nanoparticles 323Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Andrew Prajogi, Kodiak Ravicz, Gaurav Sarkar, Umang Sharma, Rakesh Guduru, and Sakhrat Khizroev11.1 Introduction, 32311.2 Overview of MENs, 32411.3 Experiment 1: Externally Controlled On-Demand Release of Anti-HIV Drug Azttp Using Mens as Carriers, 32511.4 Experiment 2: Mens to Enable Field-Controlled High-Specificity Drug Delivery to Eradicate Ovarian Cancer Cells, 33111.5 Experiment 3: Magnetoelectric “Spin” on Stimulating the Brain, 33911.6 Bioceramics: Bone Regeneration and MNS, 34811.7 Conclusion, 351References, 35312 DNA Computation in Medicine 359Noam Mamet and Ido Bachelet12.1 Background for the Non-Biologist, 35912.2 Introduction, 36212.3 In Vitro Computing, 36412.4 Computation in Vivo, 37012.5 Challenges, 37312.6 Glimpse into the Future, 373References, 37413 Graphene-Based Nanosystems for the Detection of Proteinic Biomarkers of Disease: Implication in Translational Medicine 377Farid Menaa, Sandeep Kumar Vashist, Adnane Abdelghani, and Bouzid Menaa13.1 Introduction, 37713.2 Structural and Physicochemical Properties of Graphene and Main Derivatives, 37913.3 Graphene and Derivatives-Based Biosensing Nanosystems and Applications, 38213.4 Conclusion and Perspectives, 389Conflict of Interest, 390Abbreviations, 390References, 39114 Modeling Brain Disorders in Silicon Nanotechnologies 401Alice C. Parker, Saeid Barzegarjalali, Kun Yue, Rebecca Lee, and Sukanya Patil14.1 Introduction, 40114.2 The BioRC Project, 40214.3 Background: BioRC Neural Circuits, 40414.4 Modeling Synapses with CNT Transistors, 40814.5 Modeling OCD with Hybrid CMOS/Nano Circuits, 41014.6 The Biological Cortical Neuron and Hybrid Electronic Cortical Neuron, 41114.7 Biological OCD Circuit and Biomimetic Model, 41214.8 Indirect Pathway: The Braking Mechanism, 41314.9 Direct Pathway: The Accelerator, 41414.10 Typical and Atypical Responses, 41514.11 Modeling Schizophrenic Hallucinations with Hybrid CMOS/Nano Circuits, 41614.12 Explanation for Schizophrenia Symptoms, 41614.13 Disinhibition due to Miswiring, 41814.14 Our Hybrid Neuromorphic Prediction Network, 41814.15 Simulation Results, 41914.16 Numerical Analysis of False Firing, 42114.17 Modeling PD with CMOS Circuits, 42214.18 Modeling MS with CMOS Circuits, 42414.19 Demyelination Circuit, 42514.20 Conclusions and Future Trends, 426References, 42815 Linking Medical Nanorobots to Pervasive Computing 431Sylvain Martel15.1 Introduction, 43115.2 Complementary Functionalities, 43215.3 Main Specifications for such Nanorobotic Agents (Nanorobots), 43315.4 Medical Nanorobotic Agents—An Example, 43615.5 Nanorobotic Communication Links Allowing Pervasive Computing, 43815.6 Types of Information, 43915.7 Medical Nanorobotic Agents for Monitoring and Early Detection, 44015.8 Medical Nanorobotics and Pervasive Computing—Main Conditions that must be met for its Feasibility, 44215.9 Conclusion, 443References, 44416 Nanomedicine’s Transversality: Some Implications of the Nanomedical Paradigm 447José J. López and Mathieu Noury16.1 Introduction, 44716.2 Nanomedicine’s Promises, 44816.3 Analysing Implications of the Nanomedicine Paradigm, 45116.4 The Molecular Underpinnings of Nanomedicine’s Transversality, 45616.5 Nanomedicine as Predictive Medicine, 45716.6 Nanomedicine as Personalized Medicine, 46016.7 Nanomedicine as Regenerative Medicine, 46516.8 Conclusion, 466References, 468PART IV ETHICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF WIRELESS COMPUTING IN MEDICINE 47317 Ethical Challenges of Ubiquitous Health Care 475William Sims Bainbridge17.1 Introduction, 47517.2 A Philosophical Framework, 47817.3 Information Deviance, 48017.4 The Current Frenzy, 48217.5 Genetic Informatics, 48517.6 Ubiquitous Information Technology, 48917.7 Stasis versus Progress, 49217.8 Problematic Ethics, 49417.9 Leadership in Science and Engineering Ethics, 49617.10 Conclusion, 498References, 49918 The Ethics of Ubiquitous Computing in Health Care 507Clark A. Miller, Heather M. Ross, Gaymon Bennett, and J. Benjamin Hurlbut18.1 Introduction, 50718.2 Ubiquitous Computing and the Transformation of Health Care: Three Visions, 51118.3 Case Study: Cardiac Implanted Electrical Devices, 51618.4 Ethical Reflections, 52118.5 Conclusions: The Need for Socio-Technical Design, 534References, 53719 Privacy Protection of Electronic Healthcare Records in e-Healthcare Systems 541Fredrick Japhet Mtenzi19.1 Introduction, 54119.2 Security and Privacy Concerns of EHR in e-Healthcare Systems, 54519.3 Privacy Laws and Regulations of EHRs, 54719.4 Privacy of EHRs in e-Healthcare Systems, 55219.5 Discussion and Conclusion, 55819.6 Contributions and Future Research, 559References, 56120 Ethical, Privacy, and Intellectual Property Issues in Nanomedicine 567Katie Atalla, Ayush Chaudhary, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Arushi Gupta, Raj Mehta, Adarsh Nayak, Andrew Prajogi, Kodiak Ravicz, Ben Shiroma, and Pujal Trivedi20.1 Introduction, 56720.2 Ethical Issues, 56820.3 Privacy Issues, 57920.4 IP Issues, 59020.5 Conclusion, 596Acknowledgments, 596References, 596PART V CONCLUSION 60121 Concluding Remarks 603Zhaoqi Chen, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Kalyani Gonde, Kodiak Ravicz, Rakshith Saligram and Mike Schlesinger21.1 Wireless Computing in Health Care, 60321.2 Nanomedicine, 60621.3 Ethical, Privacy, and Intellectual Property Issues of Nanomedicine and Wireless Computing, 60921.4 Conclusions, 610Acknowledgments, 610References, 610Index 613