MRI

Brian M. Dale, Ph.D. MBA is Zone Research Manager, MR R&D Collaborations, Siemens Medical Solutions, Inc. Brian is a younger colleague at Siemens of the previous co-author, Dr Mark Brown. Brian has a PhD in biomedical engineering from Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, OH. His interests are in sequence programming and optimal design.Mark A. Brown, Ph.D. is Senior Technical Instructor at Siemens Medical Solutions Training and Development Center. He received his Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry from Duke University, in Durham, NC. His research interests include relaxation and exchange phenomena and in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging.Richard Semelka, MD, is Director of Magnetic Resonance Services, Professor, and Vice Chairman of Radiology at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Medical School. He received his medical degree and residency training in radiology in his native Canada at the University of Manitoba, and completed a clinical research fellowship in MRI of the body at the University of California at San Francisco. Dr. Semelka has authored over 300 peer-reviewed articles, 12 textbooks including the Wiley Abdominal-Pelvic MRI and Current Clinical Imaging series and is an internationally acclaimed authority in the field.

• Preface, ixABR study guide topics, xi1 Production of net magnetization 11.1 Magnetic fields 11.2 Nuclear spin 21.3 Nuclear magnetic moments 41.4 Larmor precession 41.5 Net magnetization 61.6 Susceptibility and magnetic materials 82 Concepts of magnetic resonance 102.1 Radiofrequency excitation 102.2 Radiofrequency signal detection 122.3 Chemical shift 143 Relaxation 173.1 T1 relaxation and saturation 173.2 T2 relaxation, T2* relaxation, and spin echoes 214 Principles of magnetic resonance imaging – 1 264.1 Gradient fields 264.2 Slice selection 284.3 Readout or frequency encoding 304.4 Phase encoding 334.5 Sequence looping 355 Principles of magnetic resonance imaging – 2 395.1 Frequency selective excitation 395.2 Composite pulses 445.3 Raw data and image data matrices 465.4 Signal-to-noise ratio and tradeoffs 475.5 Raw data and k-space 485.6 Reduced k-space techniques 515.7 Reordered k-space filling techniques 545.8 Other k-space filling techniques 565.9 Phased-array coils 585.10 Parallel acquisition methods 606 Pulse sequences 656.1 Spin echo sequences 676.2 Gradient echo sequences 706.3 Echo planar imaging sequences 756.4 Magnetization-prepared sequences 777 Measurement parameters and image contrast 867.1 Intrinsic parameters 877.2 Extrinsic parameters 897.3 Parameter tradeoffs 918 Signal suppression techniques 948.1 Spatial presaturation 948.2 Magnetization transfer suppression 968.3 Frequency-selective saturation 998.4 Nonsaturation methods 1019 Artifacts 1039.1 Motion artifacts 1039.2 Sequence/Protocol-related artifacts 1059.3 External artifacts 11910 Motion artifact reduction techniques 12610.1 Acquisition parameter modification 12610.2 Triggering/Gating 12710.3 Flow compensation 13210.4 Radial-based motion compensation 13411 Magnetic resonance angiography 13511.1 Time-of-flight MRA 13711.2 Phase contrast MRA 14111.3 Maximum intensity projection 14412 Advanced imaging applications 14712.1 Diffusion 14712.2 Perfusion 15312.3 Functional brain imaging 15612.4 Ultra-high field imaging 15812.5 Noble gas imaging 15913 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy 16213.1 Additional concepts 16213.2 Localization techniques 16713.3 Spectral analysis and postprocessing 16913.4 Ultra-high field spectroscopy 17314 Instrumentation 17714.1 Computer systems 17714.2 Magnet system 18014.3 Gradient system 18214.4 Radiofrequency system 18414.5 Data acquisition system 18614.6 Summary of system components 18715 Contrast agents 18915.1 Intravenous agents 19015.2 Oral agents 19516 Safety 19616.1 Base magnetic field 19716.2 Cryogens 19716.3 Gradients 19816.4 RF power deposition 19816.5 Contrast media 19917 Clinical applications 20017.1 General principles of clinical MR imaging 20017.2 Examination design considerations 20217.3 Protocol considerations for anatomical regions 20317.4 Recommendations for specific sequences and clinical situations 218References and suggested readings 222Index 225