Wave and Tidal Energy

Deborah Greaves is Professor of Ocean Engineering and Director of the COAST (Coastal, Ocean and Sediment Transport) Laboratory at University of Plymouth and is Board Member and Inaugural Chair for PRIMaRE (the Partnership for Research In Marine Renewable Energy, www.primare.org). Her research interests include marine renewable energy, physical and numerical modelling of violent free surface flow and fluid-structure interaction. She leads and has led a number of research projects concerning marine renewable energy in collaboration with industrial and academic partners. She has published over 125 peer-reviewed papers, has secured £3.9 million research income as PI, is a Chartered Engineer and Fellow of the Institution of Civil Engineers, a Member of RINA (Royal Institution of Naval Architects), and a member of the technical committee for EWTEC (European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference), a reviewer for UK Research Councils, for several journals, and was shortlisted for the 2014 WISE Research Award. Gregorio Iglesias (GI) is Professor of Coastal Engineering at University of Plymouth and Leader of the COAST (Coastal, Ocean and Sediment Transport) Research Group. He has over 20 years' experience in numerical and physical modelling applied to Marine Renewable Energy and Coastal Engineering, including the characterisation of wave and tidal resources, and the modelling of coastal morphodynamics accounting for the effects of wave and tidal farms. He participates in the design and laboratory tests of WECs and coastal and port structures, and acts as PI on research grants and contracts funded by the European Commission, various national research councils, coastal management agencies and port authorities. He is a member of the IEC Technical Committee for sub-prototype size wave energy device development (laboratory testing) and one of the inventors of the WaveCat, a floating overtopping WEC. Professor Iglesias has published over 100 peer-reviewed papers and secured over £5M research income.

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• List of Contributors xviiiForeword xxAcknowledgements xxi1 Introduction 1Deborah Greaves and Gregorio Iglesias1.1 Background1 1.2 History of Wave and Tidal Energy 31.3 Unknowns and Challenges Remaining for Wave and Tidal Energy 51.4 Synopsis 11References 122 The Marine Resource 15Gregorio Iglesias2.1 Introduction 152.2 The Wave Resource 152.3 The Tidal Stream Resource 31Acknowledgements 47References 473 Wave Energy Technology 52Deborah Greaves3.1 Introduction 523.2 Fundamentals 563.3 Hydrodynamics of Wave Energy Conversion 643.4 Classification of Wave Energy Converters 733.5 Oscillating Water Columns 763.6 Overtopping Systems 833.7 Oscillating Bodies 853.8 Other Technologies 953.9 The Wave Energy Array 95References 974 Tidal Energy Technology 105Tim O’Doherty, Daphne M. O’Doherty and Allan Mason]Jones4.1 General Introduction 1054.2 Location of Operation 1054.3 Environmental Impacts 1064.4 Tides 1074.5 Tidal Range Generation 1084.6 Tidal Stream 1114.7 Types of Devices 1264.8 Oscillating Hydrofoils 1294.9 Venturi Effect Devices 1304.10 Other Devices 1304.11 Computational Fluid Dynamics 1324.12 Security, Installation and Maintenance 1384.13 Worked Examples 141References 1465 Device Design 151Lars Johanning, Sam D. Weller, Phillip R. Thies, Brian Holmes and John Griffiths5.1 Standards and Certification in Marine Energy 1515.2 Reliability 1615.3 Moorings and Anchors 1695.4 Foundations 178References 1856 Power Systems 191Andrew R. Plummer, Andrew J. Hillis and Carlos Perez]Collazo6.1 Introduction to Power Take]Off Systems 1916.2 Electrical Generators 1946.3 Turbines for WEC Power Take]Off 2006.4 Hydraulic Power Transmission Systems 2066.5 Hydraulic PTO Designs for WECs 2126.6 Direct Mechanical Power Take]Off 2146.7 Control for Maximum Energy Capture 2156.8 Electrical Infrastructure and Grid Integration 2216.9 Summary of Challenges for PTO Design and Development 229References 2307 Physical Modelling 233Martyn Hann and Carlos Perez]Collazo7.1 Introduction 2337.2 Device Development and Test Planning 2347.3 Scaling and Similitude 2347.3.1 Scaling MRE Devices 2397.3.2 Common Problems Scaling MRE Devices 2407.4 Model Design and Construction 2417.5 Fixing and Mooring 2477.6 Instrumentation 2487.7 Model Calibration 2587.8 Modelling the Environment 2647.9 Test Facilities 2717.10 Recommended Tests 274References 2838 Numerical Modelling 289Thomas Vyzikas and Deborah Greaves8.1 Introduction 2898.2 Review of Hydrodynamics 2928.3 Numerical Modelling Techniques 3108.4 Numerical Modelling of Water Waves 3258.5 Commonly Used Open]Source Software 3318.6 Applicability of Numerical Models in MRE 346References 3519 Environmental Effects 364Gregorio Iglesias, Javier Abanades Tercero, Teresa Simas, Inês Machado and Erica Cruz9.1 Introduction3649.2 Wave Farm Effects on the Wave Field 3649.3 Wave Farm Effects on Coastal Processes 3919.4 Tidal Stream Farm Effects on Hydrodynamics and Sedimentary Processes 4149.5 Marine Biota 4159.6 The Environmental Impact Assessment 425References 44310 Consenting and Legal Aspects 455Anne Marie O’Hagan10.1 Introduction 45510.2 International Law 45610.3 Regional Law 46210.4 EU Law and Policy 46410.5 National Consenting Systems 47810.6 Gaps and Opportunities 499Acknowledgement 504References 50411 The Economics of Wave and Tidal Energy 513Gregorio Iglesias, Sharay Astariz and Angela Vazquez11.1 Individual Costs 51311.2 Levelised Cost 51811.3 Externalities 522References 52612 Project Development 533Paul Vigars, Kwangsoo Lee, Sungwon Shin, Boel Ekergard, Mats Leijon, Yago Torre]Enciso, Dorleta Marina and Deborah Greaves12.1 Introduction 53312.2 Alstom Ocean Energy OCEADE™ Tidal Stream Turbine: The Route to Commercial Readiness 53312.3 Seabased Wave Energy Converter 54412.4 Lake Sihwa Tidal Power Plant, Korea 54912.5 Mutriku Wave Power Plant 563References 58413 Regional Activities 587Deborah Greaves, Carlos Perez]Collazo, Curran Crawford, Bradley Buckham, Vanesa Magar, Francisco Acuña, Sungwon Shin, Hongda Shi and Chenyu13.1 Europe 58713.2 North America 60113.3 Latin America 61613.4 Asia]Pacific 62613.5 China 630References 647Epilogue: The Future of Wave and Tidal Energy 659Deborah GreavesIndex 662