The Editors Sonia M. Hernandez, DVM, PhD, DACZM (Wildlife), is a Professor at the D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources and Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, USA. Heather W. Barron, DVM, DABVP (Avian), is Hospital Director of the Clinic for the Rehabilitation of Wildlife (CROW) in Sanibel, Florida, USA. Erica A. Miller, DVM, is Adjunct Associate Professor of Wildlife Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Roberto F. Aguilar, DVM, Dip. ECZM (Zoo Health Management), European Recognized Veterinary Specialist in Zoological Medicine (Zoo Health Management), is Veterinarian at the Tucson Wildlife Center in Tucson, Arizona, USA. Michael J. Yabsley, MS, PhD, FRES, is Professor at the D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources and Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, USA.

“Medical Management of Wildlife Species: A Guide for Practitioners is an essential resource for wildlife veterinarians and rehabilitators who are beginning to build their reference libraries and a helpful complement for wildlife veterinarians who already have an array of resources….This is a practical book that will be useful for veterinarians who treat wildlife.” - JAVMA, Mar 15, 2020, Vol.256, No.6“Medical Management of Wildlife Species: A Guide for Practitioners is a long-awaited, comprehensive textbook for veterinarians who might be faced with treating wildlife in their practice….This book is an excellent reference for private practitioners, veterinary students, newly graduated veterinarians interested in wildlife medicine, and wildlife rehabilitators across the globe….We have long awaited this reference that will inevitably provide better care for free-ranging wildlife.” - Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 56(4), 2020

• List of Contributors viiPreface xiAcknowledgment xiiiSection I General Topics 11 Regulatory and Legal Considerations in Wildlife Medicine 3Allan Casey and Erica A. Miller2 Human Safety and Zoonoses 11Marcy J. Souza3 Specialized Equipment for Wildlife Care 23Florina S. Tseng4 General Principles of Emergency Care 29Julia K. Whittington and Nicole Rosenhagen5 General Principles of Analgesia and Anesthesia in Wildlife 45Michelle G. Hawkins, David Sanchez‐Migallon Guzman and Joanne Paul‐Murphy6 Care of Oiled Wildlife 75Florina S. Tseng and Michael Ziccardi7 Vaccination of Wildlife Species 85Michael J. Yabsley8 The Veterinary Practitioner and the Wildlife Rehabilitator: Building the Right Relationship and Touching All the Bases 97Edward E. Clark Jr9 Pre‐Release Conditioning 105Scott Ford and Kristen Dube10 Postrehabilitation Release Monitoring of Wildlife 123Sonia M. Hernandez11 Wound Management in Wildlife 129Elizabeth A. Maxwell and R. Avery Bennett12 Principles of Initial Orphan Care 145Laurie J. Gage and Rebecca S. Duerr13 The Role of Wildlife Rehabilitation in Wildlife Disease Research and Surveillance 159Michael J. YabsleySection II Medical Management of Specific Animals 16714 Natural History and Medical Management of Squirrels and Other Rodents 169Erica A. Miller15 Natural History and Medical Management of Lagomorphs 185Florina S. Tseng16 Natural History and Medical Management of Passerines, Galliformes, and Allies 197Sallie C. Welte and Erica A. Miller17 Natural History and Medical Management of Raptors 215David Scott18 Natural History and Medical Management of Waterfowl 229Michele Goodman19 Medical and Surgical Management of Seabirds and Allies 247Rebecca S. Duerr20 Medical and Surgical Management of Deer and Relatives 259Kelli Knight and Peach van Wick21 Natural History and Medical Management of Procyonids: Emphasis on Raccoons 271Renée Schott22 Natural History and Medical Management of Mustelids 283Noha Abou‐Madi23 Natural History and Medical Management of Opossums 297Antonia Gardner24 Natural History and Medical Management of Canids: Emphasis on Coyotes and Foxes 313Jeannie Lord and Erica A. Miller25 Natural History and Medical Management of Ursids 327Dave McRuer and Helen Ingraham26 Natural History and Medical Management of Felids: Emphasis on Bobcats 343Bethany Groves and John R. Huckabee27 Natural History and Medical Management of Chiroptera 353Linda E. Bowen28 Natural History and Medical Management of Terrestrial and Aquatic Chelonians 363Terry M. Norton and Matthew C. Allender29 Natural History and Medical Management of Amphibians 383Leigh Ann ClaytonAppendix I: Clinical Pathology of Common Wildlife Species 397Erica A. MillerAppendix II: Formulary for Common Wildlife Species 449Heather W. BarronIndex 471

The Editors Sonia M. Hernandez, DVM, PhD, DACZM (Wildlife), is a Professor at the D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources and Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, USA. Heather W. Barron, DVM, DABVP (Avian), is Hospital Director of the Clinic for the Rehabilitation of Wildlife (CROW) in Sanibel, Florida, USA. Erica A. Miller, DVM, is Adjunct Associate Professor of Wildlife Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Roberto F. Aguilar, DVM, Dip. ECZM (Zoo Health Management), European Recognized Veterinary Specialist in Zoological Medicine (Zoo Health Management), is Veterinarian at the Tucson Wildlife Center in Tucson, Arizona, USA. Michael J. Yabsley, MS, PhD, FRES, is Professor at the D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources and Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, USA.

“Medical Management of Wildlife Species: A Guide for Practitioners is an essential resource for wildlife veterinarians and rehabilitators who are beginning to build their reference libraries and a helpful complement for wildlife veterinarians who already have an array of resources….This is a practical book that will be useful for veterinarians who treat wildlife.” - JAVMA, Mar 15, 2020, Vol.256, No.6“Medical Management of Wildlife Species: A Guide for Practitioners is a long-awaited, comprehensive textbook for veterinarians who might be faced with treating wildlife in their practice….This book is an excellent reference for private practitioners, veterinary students, newly graduated veterinarians interested in wildlife medicine, and wildlife rehabilitators across the globe….We have long awaited this reference that will inevitably provide better care for free-ranging wildlife.” - Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 56(4), 2020

• List of Contributors viiPreface xiAcknowledgment xiiiSection I General Topics 11 Regulatory and Legal Considerations in Wildlife Medicine 3Allan Casey and Erica A. Miller2 Human Safety and Zoonoses 11Marcy J. Souza3 Specialized Equipment for Wildlife Care 23Florina S. Tseng4 General Principles of Emergency Care 29Julia K. Whittington and Nicole Rosenhagen5 General Principles of Analgesia and Anesthesia in Wildlife 45Michelle G. Hawkins, David Sanchez‐Migallon Guzman and Joanne Paul‐Murphy6 Care of Oiled Wildlife 75Florina S. Tseng and Michael Ziccardi7 Vaccination of Wildlife Species 85Michael J. Yabsley8 The Veterinary Practitioner and the Wildlife Rehabilitator: Building the Right Relationship and Touching All the Bases 97Edward E. Clark Jr9 Pre‐Release Conditioning 105Scott Ford and Kristen Dube10 Postrehabilitation Release Monitoring of Wildlife 123Sonia M. Hernandez11 Wound Management in Wildlife 129Elizabeth A. Maxwell and R. Avery Bennett12 Principles of Initial Orphan Care 145Laurie J. Gage and Rebecca S. Duerr13 The Role of Wildlife Rehabilitation in Wildlife Disease Research and Surveillance 159Michael J. YabsleySection II Medical Management of Specific Animals 16714 Natural History and Medical Management of Squirrels and Other Rodents 169Erica A. Miller15 Natural History and Medical Management of Lagomorphs 185Florina S. Tseng16 Natural History and Medical Management of Passerines, Galliformes, and Allies 197Sallie C. Welte and Erica A. Miller17 Natural History and Medical Management of Raptors 215David Scott18 Natural History and Medical Management of Waterfowl 229Michele Goodman19 Medical and Surgical Management of Seabirds and Allies 247Rebecca S. Duerr20 Medical and Surgical Management of Deer and Relatives 259Kelli Knight and Peach van Wick21 Natural History and Medical Management of Procyonids: Emphasis on Raccoons 271Renée Schott22 Natural History and Medical Management of Mustelids 283Noha Abou‐Madi23 Natural History and Medical Management of Opossums 297Antonia Gardner24 Natural History and Medical Management of Canids: Emphasis on Coyotes and Foxes 313Jeannie Lord and Erica A. Miller25 Natural History and Medical Management of Ursids 327Dave McRuer and Helen Ingraham26 Natural History and Medical Management of Felids: Emphasis on Bobcats 343Bethany Groves and John R. Huckabee27 Natural History and Medical Management of Chiroptera 353Linda E. Bowen28 Natural History and Medical Management of Terrestrial and Aquatic Chelonians 363Terry M. Norton and Matthew C. Allender29 Natural History and Medical Management of Amphibians 383Leigh Ann ClaytonAppendix I: Clinical Pathology of Common Wildlife Species 397Erica A. MillerAppendix II: Formulary for Common Wildlife Species 449Heather W. BarronIndex 471

The Editors Sonia M. Hernandez, DVM, PhD, DACZM (Wildlife), is a Professor at the D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources and Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, USA. Heather W. Barron, DVM, DABVP (Avian), is Hospital Director of the Clinic for the Rehabilitation of Wildlife (CROW) in Sanibel, Florida, USA. Erica A. Miller, DVM, is Adjunct Associate Professor of Wildlife Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Roberto F. Aguilar, DVM, Dip. ECZM (Zoo Health Management), European Recognized Veterinary Specialist in Zoological Medicine (Zoo Health Management), is Veterinarian at the Tucson Wildlife Center in Tucson, Arizona, USA. Michael J. Yabsley, MS, PhD, FRES, is Professor at the D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources and Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, USA.

“Medical Management of Wildlife Species: A Guide for Practitioners is an essential resource for wildlife veterinarians and rehabilitators who are beginning to build their reference libraries and a helpful complement for wildlife veterinarians who already have an array of resources….This is a practical book that will be useful for veterinarians who treat wildlife.” - JAVMA, Mar 15, 2020, Vol.256, No.6“Medical Management of Wildlife Species: A Guide for Practitioners is a long-awaited, comprehensive textbook for veterinarians who might be faced with treating wildlife in their practice….This book is an excellent reference for private practitioners, veterinary students, newly graduated veterinarians interested in wildlife medicine, and wildlife rehabilitators across the globe….We have long awaited this reference that will inevitably provide better care for free-ranging wildlife.” - Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 56(4), 2020

• List of Contributors viiPreface xiAcknowledgment xiiiSection I General Topics 11 Regulatory and Legal Considerations in Wildlife Medicine 3Allan Casey and Erica A. Miller2 Human Safety and Zoonoses 11Marcy J. Souza3 Specialized Equipment for Wildlife Care 23Florina S. Tseng4 General Principles of Emergency Care 29Julia K. Whittington and Nicole Rosenhagen5 General Principles of Analgesia and Anesthesia in Wildlife 45Michelle G. Hawkins, David Sanchez‐Migallon Guzman and Joanne Paul‐Murphy6 Care of Oiled Wildlife 75Florina S. Tseng and Michael Ziccardi7 Vaccination of Wildlife Species 85Michael J. Yabsley8 The Veterinary Practitioner and the Wildlife Rehabilitator: Building the Right Relationship and Touching All the Bases 97Edward E. Clark Jr9 Pre‐Release Conditioning 105Scott Ford and Kristen Dube10 Postrehabilitation Release Monitoring of Wildlife 123Sonia M. Hernandez11 Wound Management in Wildlife 129Elizabeth A. Maxwell and R. Avery Bennett12 Principles of Initial Orphan Care 145Laurie J. Gage and Rebecca S. Duerr13 The Role of Wildlife Rehabilitation in Wildlife Disease Research and Surveillance 159Michael J. YabsleySection II Medical Management of Specific Animals 16714 Natural History and Medical Management of Squirrels and Other Rodents 169Erica A. Miller15 Natural History and Medical Management of Lagomorphs 185Florina S. Tseng16 Natural History and Medical Management of Passerines, Galliformes, and Allies 197Sallie C. Welte and Erica A. Miller17 Natural History and Medical Management of Raptors 215David Scott18 Natural History and Medical Management of Waterfowl 229Michele Goodman19 Medical and Surgical Management of Seabirds and Allies 247Rebecca S. Duerr20 Medical and Surgical Management of Deer and Relatives 259Kelli Knight and Peach van Wick21 Natural History and Medical Management of Procyonids: Emphasis on Raccoons 271Renée Schott22 Natural History and Medical Management of Mustelids 283Noha Abou‐Madi23 Natural History and Medical Management of Opossums 297Antonia Gardner24 Natural History and Medical Management of Canids: Emphasis on Coyotes and Foxes 313Jeannie Lord and Erica A. Miller25 Natural History and Medical Management of Ursids 327Dave McRuer and Helen Ingraham26 Natural History and Medical Management of Felids: Emphasis on Bobcats 343Bethany Groves and John R. Huckabee27 Natural History and Medical Management of Chiroptera 353Linda E. Bowen28 Natural History and Medical Management of Terrestrial and Aquatic Chelonians 363Terry M. Norton and Matthew C. Allender29 Natural History and Medical Management of Amphibians 383Leigh Ann ClaytonAppendix I: Clinical Pathology of Common Wildlife Species 397Erica A. MillerAppendix II: Formulary for Common Wildlife Species 449Heather W. BarronIndex 471