Handbook of Major Palm Pests

Victoria Soroker is Senior Researcher in the Department of Entomology at Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Israel and a lecturer at Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Her work over 30 years involves both basic aspects of insect physiology, chemical ecology and behavior of several insects and mites as well as applied research towards development of integrated pest management practices. For the last 16 years much of her research efforts have focused around finding solution for detection and control of the date palm pest and especially red palm weevil. Over the years she has mentored graduate students and published widely in peer-reviewed journals. Currently she serves as a president of the Entomological Society of Israel.Stefano Colazza is Professor at the Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences at the University of Palermo, Italy. He is a specialist in infochemicals and behavioral ecology of plant, insect, herbivores and insect parasitoid interactions, with a special interest in the chemical ecology of plant volatile organic compounds in a tri-trophic context. He has been involved in these research areas for over 30 years and his work has been published widely in peer-reviewed journals. He is the co-editor of Chemical Ecology of Insect Parasitoids (Wiley-Blackwell, 2013).

• Contributors xiii Nomenclature xviiIntroduction xxi1 Some Representative Palm Pests: Ecological and Practical Data 1Laurence Beaudoin-Ollivier, Nunzio Isidoro, Josep A. Jaques, Paola Riolo, Mohamed Kamal and Didier Rochat1.1 Introduction 11.2 General Features About Palms and their Pests 21.3 Crown and Stem Borers 51.4 Defoliators of Fronds (= Leaves) 111.5 Sap and Frond (= Leaves) Feeders? 171.6 Inflorescence and Fruit Borers 201.7 Roots 271.8 Conclusion 28References 292 Morphology and Physiology of Palm Trees as Related to Rhynchophorus ferrugineus and Paysandisia archon Infestation and Management 39Yuval Cohen2.1 Introduction 392.2 Palms in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin 392.3 Palm Morphology and Anatomy 412.4 The Palm Crown 422.5 The Structure of the Palm Stem 462.6 Conclusion 51References 513 Economic and Social Impacts of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus and Paysandisia archon on Palms 54Alan MacLeod and Mohamud Hussein3.1 Introduction 543.2 Ecosystem Services Provided by Palms 553.3 Impacts and Costs of Mitigation 613.4 Conclusion 63References 644 Rhynchophorus ferrugineus: Taxonomy, Distribution, Biology, and Life Cycle 69Didier Rochat, Oscar Dembilio, Josep A. Jaques, Pompeo Suma, Alessandra La Pergola, Rachid Hamidi, Dimitris Kontodimas and Victoria Soroker4.1 Introduction 694.2 Taxonomy and Distribution 704.3 Biology and Host Plants 734.4 Life Cycle and Adaptation to the Temperate and Desert Areas 854.5 Conclusion 96References 975 Rhynchophorus ferrugineus: Behavior, Ecology, and Communication 105Ezio Peri, Didier Rochat, Gregor Beluši¡c, Marko Ili´c, Victoria Soroker, Shay Barkan, Salvatore Guarino, Paolo Lo Bue and Stefano Colazza5.1 Introduction 1055.2 Main Behaviors Involved in Species Dynamics 1065.3 Chemical Cues 1115.4 Vision and Visual Cues 1195.5 Conclusion 124References 1256 Paysandisia archon: Taxonomy, Distribution, Biology, and Life Cycle 131Nunzio Isidoro, Paola Riolo, Elisa Verdolini, Ezio Peri and Laurence Beaudoin-Ollivier6.1 Introduction 1316.2 Taxonomy of the Castniidae 1316.3 Distribution of P. archon 1336.4 Morphology of P. archon Stages 1356.5 Biology 1376.6 Conclusion 145References 1457 Paysandisia archon: Behavior, Ecology, and Communication 150Brigitte Frérot, Rachid Hamidi, Nunzio Isidoro, Paola Riolo, Sara Ruschioni, Ezio Peri, Roberto Romani, Gregor Beluši¡c and Primož Pirih7.1 Introduction 1507.2 P. archon Reproductive Behavior 1517.3 Host-Finding and Chemical Cues 1557.4 Visual Cues: Their Roles in Mate and Host Location 160References 1678 Natural Enemies of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus and Paysandisia archon 171Lola Ortega-García, Elisabeth Tabone, Laurence Beaudoin-Ollivier, Dana Ment, Maurane Buradino, Josep A. Jaques, Inmaculada Garrido-Jurado, Oscar Dembilio and Enrique Quesada Moraga8.1 Introduction 1718.2 Natural Enemies 1728.3 Perspectives on Biological Control of R. ferrugineus and P. archon 180References 1819 Visual Identification and Characterization of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus and Paysandisia archon Infestation 187Dimitris Kontodimas, Victoria Soroker, Costas Pontikakos, Pompeo Suma, LaurenceBeaudoin-Ollivier, Filitsa Karamaouna and Paola Riolo9.1 Introduction 1879.2 Non-Pathognomonic Symptoms 1889.3 Pathognomonic Symptoms 1919.4 Identification of RPWInfestation 2019.5 Identification of PBM Infestation 2029.6 Simultaneous Infestation of Both Pests and Co-Occurrence with Other Pests or Diseases 2049.7 Conclusion 207References 20710 Surveillance Techniques and Detection Methods for Rhynchophorus ferrugineus and Paysandisia archon 209Victoria Soroker, Pompeo Suma, Alessandra La Pergola, Vicente Navarro Llopis, Sandra Vacas, Yafit Cohen, Yuval Cohen, Victor Alchanatis, PanosMilonas, Ofri Golomb, Eitan Goldshtein, Abd El Moneam El Banna and Amots Hetzroni10.1 Introduction 20910.2 Acoustic Detection 21010.3 Chemical Detection 21410.4 Thermal Detection 21810.5 Detection of Pest Distribution by Monitoring Traps 22010.6 Conclusion 226References 22811 CPLAS Information Systemas a Monitoring Tool for Integrated Management of Palm Pests 233Costas Pontikakos, Filitsa Karamaouna, Amots Hetzroni, Dimitris Kontodimas, Victoria Soroker, Frosa Samiou, Yuval Cohen, Stella Giorgoudelli, OuraniaMelita, Stavros Papageorgiou, Paul Benjamin and Eitan Goldshtein11.1 Introduction 23311.2 CPLAS Architecture and Functions 23411.3 Web-mapping Service of CPLAS 25111.4 Conclusion 252References 25412 Control Measures Against Rhynchophorus ferrugineus and Paysandisia archon 255Josep A. Jaques, Paola Riolo, Neil Audsley, Joan Manel Barroso, Oscar Dembilio, Nunzio Isidoro, Roxana LuisaMinuz, Sandro Nardi, Vicente Navarro Llopis, Laurence Beaudoin-Ollivier and Enrique Quesada Moraga12.1 Why Control of R. ferrugineus and P. archon is so Difficult: Reasons to Deal with Both of these Pests Together 25512.2 Current Control Methods 25612.3 Future Needs and Trends 270References 27113 Action Programs for Rhynchophorus ferrugineus and Paysandisia archon 280Pompeo Suma, Ezio Peri, Alessandra La Pergola, Victoria Soroker, Oscar Dembilio, Paola Riolo and Sandro Nardi13.1 Introduction 28013.2 General Measures against all IAS 28113.3 Threats and Risks presented by IAS:The case of RPWand PBM 28213.4 The Action Plan as Part of a Global Strategy for the Containment of RPW and PBM Infestations 28313.5 Analysis of Pest Status and Distribution of RPWand PBM as a Strategy for Detecting Change and Emerging Impacts 28313.6 Establishing Effective Systems to Assess Risk and Prioritize Management 28513.7 Definition of an EarlyWarning and Monitoring System 28613.8 Citizen Involvement in Undertaking Voluntary Measures to Counteract the Spread of RPWand PBM 28613.9 Setup of an RPWand PBM Portal Online 28713.10 Development of Funding Mechanisms to Manage RPWand PBM Infestations 28713.11 Case Studies 28813.12 Action Programs for Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Areas 29413.13 Conclusion and Future Outlook 296References 296Index 300