About the Author Troy McMillan holds more than 30 IT certifications, including CCNA and CCNP. As a Product Developer and Technical Editor for Kaplan IT, Troy provides tools to help individuals prepare for technology certifications. As a full-time trainer, he teaches Cisco, Microsoft, CompTIA, and wireless classes, helping organizations train their technology personnel.

• Introduction xxiiiChapter 1 Networks 1Describing Network Components 1Defining the Benefits of Networks 2Identifying the Requirements for a Network 5Classifying Networks by Function 8Understanding LANs 9Understanding WANs 10Defining Network Architectures 10Understanding Peer-to-Peer Networks 11Understanding Client-Server Networks 14The Essentials and Beyond 17Chapter 2 The OSI Model 19Using Reference Models 19Understanding the Benefits of Reference 21Exploring Reference Model Examples 21Introducing the Layers of the OSI Model 22Understanding the Application Layer 23Understanding the Presentation Layer 24Understanding the Session Layer 26Understanding the Transport Layer 26Understanding the Network Layer 30Understanding the Data-Link Layer 31Understanding the Physical Layer 33Describing the OSI Encapsulation Process 33Identifying the Process on the Source Device 34Identifying the Process on the Destination Device 35The Essentials and Beyond 36Chapter 3 TCP/IP 39Understanding the TCP/IP Model 40Exploring the Four Layers 41Comparing the OSI and TCP/IP Models 44Describing the TCP/IP Encapsulation Process 46Understanding Data and PDUs 46Describing the Contents of Data 47Describing the Contents of Segments 47Describing the Contents of Packets 47Describing the Contents of Frames 47Understanding the Conversion to Bits 48Describing the Functions at the Transport Layer 50Understanding TCP 50Understanding UDP 51Describing the Functions at the Internet Layer 52Defining Logical Addressing 53Performing Routing 54Accomplishing Packet Forwarding 54Describing the Functions of ARP 55Illustrating the ARP Broadcast 55Describing the Logic of MAC-to-IP-Address Conversion 57The Essentials and Beyond 59Chapter 4 Protocols 63Understanding the Function of Protocols 64Defining Routed Protocols 64Defining Routing Protocols 64Exploring Application Layer Protocols 65Describing FTP 65Describing TFTP 67Describing SMTP 67Describing DNS 69Describing SNMP70Exploring Transport Layer Protocols 72Reviewing TCP 72Reviewing UDP76Exploring Internet Layer Protocols 77Describing IP 77Describing ARP 79Describing ICMP 80Describing IGMP 82Exploring Network Access Layer Protocols 83Defining Network Access Layer Protocols on the LAN 84Defining Network Access Layer Protocols on the WAN 85The Essentials and Beyond 86Chapter 5 Physical and Logical Topologies 91Designing the Physical Topology 91Implementing a Bus Topology 92Implementing a Ring Topology 93Implementing a Star Topology 94Implementing a Mesh Topology 96Implementing a Hybrid Topology 97Implementing a Point-to-Point Topology 98Implementing a Point-to-Multipoint Topology 100Designing the Logical Topology 101Understanding the Token Ring Topology 101Understanding the FDDI Ring Topology 102Understanding the Star Topology 103The Essentials and Beyond 105Chapter 6 Numbering Systems 109Exploring Binary Numbering 109Understanding the Base-2 Numbering System 110Understanding the Relationship between Binary and Computers 112Exploring Hexadecimal Numbering 114Understanding the Base-16 Numbering System 114Identifying MAC Addresses 116Applying Conversions 118Decimal-to-Binary Conversion 118Hex-to-Decimal Conversion 121Binary-to-Hex Conversion 123The Essentials and Beyond 124Chapter 7 Classful IP Addressing 129Describing the Function of IP Addresses 129Identification 130Segmentation 131Identifying IP Address Types 132Defining IP Address Classes 133Identifying Network and Host Addresses 135Describing Private IP Addresses and NAT 138Utilizing Diagnostic Tools 139Executing the ipconfig Command 141Executing the ping Command 141Executing the arp Command 142Executing the traceroute Command 143Understanding DHCP 143Operations 143Cisco DHCP 145Introducing IPv6 146IPv6 Address Format 146IPv6 Address Types 147Special IPv6 Addresses 148The Essentials and Beyond 148Chapter 8 Classless IP Addressing 153Understanding the Limitations of Classful Networking 153Exhaustion of the Class B Network Address Space 154Unmanageable Routing Tables 154Exhaustion of the 32-Bit IPv4 Address Space 155Understanding the Benefi ts of Subnetting 155Identifying Sources of Network Congestion 156Deploying Subnetting as a Segmentation Tool 157Describing the Components of CIDR 158Introducing Classless Subnetting 158Designing and Implementing CIDR 160Understanding VLSM167Summarization 171The Essentials and Beyond 172Chapter 9 Media 175Selecting the Proper Media Type 175Bandwidth 176Security 176Convenience 180Cost 180Understanding Cabling 181Describing Cable Behavior and Characteristics 181Describing Physical Implementations 183Choosing the Correct Wiring Standard 187Describing Wireless Standards191Identifying Standards Bodies 191Understanding 802.11 Amendments 192Understanding Wireless LAN Components and Terminology 193Describing CSMA/CA Operation 196The Essentials and Beyond 198Chapter 10 Network Devices 201Describing Device Functions 201Understanding Repeaters 202Understanding Hubs 202Understanding Bridges 203Understanding Switches 205Understanding Routers 209Understanding Wireless Access Points and Wireless Routers 214Understanding Device Placement Principles 216Defining Broadcast Domains 216Defining Collision Domains 217Understanding the Cisco Three-Layer Model 220The Essentials and Beyond 221Chapter 11 LAN Operations 225Understanding the Routing Process 225Describing Routing Tables 226Understanding Population Methods 229Understanding Administrative Distance 231Using Routing Protocols 234Describing the Switching Process 243Reviewing MAC and IP Addresses 243Reviewing Contention Methods 244Describing MAC Address Tables 246Understanding Frame Forwarding 246Describing End-to-End Communications 247Understanding the Local LAN Process 248Understanding the Remote Communication Process 249The Essentials and Beyond 250Chapter 12 Managing the Cisco IOS 253Describing Components 253Defining the Contents of RAM 254Defining the Contents of NVRAM 255Defining the Contents of Flash 255Defining the Contents of ROM 256Describing IOS Navigation 258Connecting to the Device 258Accessing User, Privileged, and Global Configuration Modes 262Understanding and Managing the Boot Process 266Understanding the Boot Process 267Managing the IOS 270Understanding Configuration Files 271Managing the Configuration Register 272The Essentials and Beyond 276Chapter 13 Configuring Routers 281Cabling the Router 281Cabling Router to Router 284Cabling Router to Switch 287Cabling PC to Router 288Cabling Router to CSU/DSU 290Creating a Console Session 292Connecting with the Console Cable 292Connecting Through the USB Port 293Connecting Through Telnet 294Handling Initial Setup 295Configuring Passwords 295Interpreting Prompts 295Configuring Privileged (Enable) Passwords 296Configuring Enable Secret Passwords 297Configuring Line Passwords 297Configuring Interfaces 299Accessing Interface Mode 299Assigning an IP Address 300Enabling the Interface 301Verifying the Interface 301Configuring a Router as a DHCP Server 303Configuring WAN Interfaces 306Saving Configuration Changes 308The Essentials and Beyond 309Chapter 14 Configuring Switches 315Cabling the Switch 315Cabling Switch to Switch 316Cabling Router to Switch 317Cabling Hosts to Switch 318Creating a Session with the Switch 318Creating a Session with the Console Cable 318Creating a Session Through Telnet 320Configuring Passwords321Configuring Privileged (Enable) Passwords 321Configuring Enable Secret Passwords 322Configuring Line Passwords 322Using the service password-encryption Command 322Configuring Interfaces 323Accessing Switchports and Using Switchport Mode323Enabling the Port 324Verifying the Port324Understanding Advanced Switch Functions 325Understanding VLANs 325Configuring VLANs 325Assigning Ports to VLANs 326Understanding Trunk Ports 327Configuring Trunk Links 328Describing STP 328Understanding Port Security 332Limiting MAC Addresses 332Implementing Sticky Mac 333The Essentials and Beyond 333Chapter 15 Configuring Static Routing 337Populating the Routing Table 338Using the ip route Command 338Verifying the Route Table 340Configuring Inter-VLAN Routing 341Creating a Trunk Link with Encapsulation 342Creating and Configuring Subinterfaces 343Troubleshooting VLANs 345Troubleshooting Trunk Links 346Troubleshooting Inter-VLAN Routing 347The Essentials and Beyond 348Chapter 16 Configuring Dynamic Routing 353Understanding Routing Protocols 353Exploring RIP355Exploring EIGRP 357Exploring OSPF 358Configuring Routing Protocols 358Enabling a Routing Protocol and Accessing Router Mode 359Defining the Interfaces on Which the Protocol Is Operational 360Verifying the Routing Table 361The Essentials and Beyond 367Chapter 17 Device Security 371Understanding Access Lists 371Understanding Standard Access Lists 373Understanding Extended Access Lists 373Configuring Numbered Access Lists 374Configuring Named Access Lists 376Editing Access Lists Using Sequence Numbers 377Understanding Network Address Translation (NAT) 378Implementing Static NAT, Dynamic NAT, and PAT 380Configuring a Switch or Router as an NTP Client or Server 383Implementing and Requiring SSH 384Limiting Remote Access with ACLs 387The Essentials and Beyond 388Appendix A Answers to Review Questions 393Appendix B CCNA Essentials: Ancillary Exercises 407Index 437

About the Author Troy McMillan holds more than 30 IT certifications, including CCNA and CCNP. As a Product Developer and Technical Editor for Kaplan IT, Troy provides tools to help individuals prepare for technology certifications. As a full-time trainer, he teaches Cisco, Microsoft, CompTIA, and wireless classes, helping organizations train their technology personnel.

• Introduction xxiiiChapter 1 Networks 1Describing Network Components 1Defining the Benefits of Networks 2Identifying the Requirements for a Network 5Classifying Networks by Function 8Understanding LANs 9Understanding WANs 10Defining Network Architectures 10Understanding Peer-to-Peer Networks 11Understanding Client-Server Networks 14The Essentials and Beyond 17Chapter 2 The OSI Model 19Using Reference Models 19Understanding the Benefits of Reference 21Exploring Reference Model Examples 21Introducing the Layers of the OSI Model 22Understanding the Application Layer 23Understanding the Presentation Layer 24Understanding the Session Layer 26Understanding the Transport Layer 26Understanding the Network Layer 30Understanding the Data-Link Layer 31Understanding the Physical Layer 33Describing the OSI Encapsulation Process 33Identifying the Process on the Source Device 34Identifying the Process on the Destination Device 35The Essentials and Beyond 36Chapter 3 TCP/IP 39Understanding the TCP/IP Model 40Exploring the Four Layers 41Comparing the OSI and TCP/IP Models 44Describing the TCP/IP Encapsulation Process 46Understanding Data and PDUs 46Describing the Contents of Data 47Describing the Contents of Segments 47Describing the Contents of Packets 47Describing the Contents of Frames 47Understanding the Conversion to Bits 48Describing the Functions at the Transport Layer 50Understanding TCP 50Understanding UDP 51Describing the Functions at the Internet Layer 52Defining Logical Addressing 53Performing Routing 54Accomplishing Packet Forwarding 54Describing the Functions of ARP 55Illustrating the ARP Broadcast 55Describing the Logic of MAC-to-IP-Address Conversion 57The Essentials and Beyond 59Chapter 4 Protocols 63Understanding the Function of Protocols 64Defining Routed Protocols 64Defining Routing Protocols 64Exploring Application Layer Protocols 65Describing FTP 65Describing TFTP 67Describing SMTP 67Describing DNS 69Describing SNMP70Exploring Transport Layer Protocols 72Reviewing TCP 72Reviewing UDP76Exploring Internet Layer Protocols 77Describing IP 77Describing ARP 79Describing ICMP 80Describing IGMP 82Exploring Network Access Layer Protocols 83Defining Network Access Layer Protocols on the LAN 84Defining Network Access Layer Protocols on the WAN 85The Essentials and Beyond 86Chapter 5 Physical and Logical Topologies 91Designing the Physical Topology 91Implementing a Bus Topology 92Implementing a Ring Topology 93Implementing a Star Topology 94Implementing a Mesh Topology 96Implementing a Hybrid Topology 97Implementing a Point-to-Point Topology 98Implementing a Point-to-Multipoint Topology 100Designing the Logical Topology 101Understanding the Token Ring Topology 101Understanding the FDDI Ring Topology 102Understanding the Star Topology 103The Essentials and Beyond 105Chapter 6 Numbering Systems 109Exploring Binary Numbering 109Understanding the Base-2 Numbering System 110Understanding the Relationship between Binary and Computers 112Exploring Hexadecimal Numbering 114Understanding the Base-16 Numbering System 114Identifying MAC Addresses 116Applying Conversions 118Decimal-to-Binary Conversion 118Hex-to-Decimal Conversion 121Binary-to-Hex Conversion 123The Essentials and Beyond 124Chapter 7 Classful IP Addressing 129Describing the Function of IP Addresses 129Identification 130Segmentation 131Identifying IP Address Types 132Defining IP Address Classes 133Identifying Network and Host Addresses 135Describing Private IP Addresses and NAT 138Utilizing Diagnostic Tools 139Executing the ipconfig Command 141Executing the ping Command 141Executing the arp Command 142Executing the traceroute Command 143Understanding DHCP 143Operations 143Cisco DHCP 145Introducing IPv6 146IPv6 Address Format 146IPv6 Address Types 147Special IPv6 Addresses 148The Essentials and Beyond 148Chapter 8 Classless IP Addressing 153Understanding the Limitations of Classful Networking 153Exhaustion of the Class B Network Address Space 154Unmanageable Routing Tables 154Exhaustion of the 32-Bit IPv4 Address Space 155Understanding the Benefi ts of Subnetting 155Identifying Sources of Network Congestion 156Deploying Subnetting as a Segmentation Tool 157Describing the Components of CIDR 158Introducing Classless Subnetting 158Designing and Implementing CIDR 160Understanding VLSM167Summarization 171The Essentials and Beyond 172Chapter 9 Media 175Selecting the Proper Media Type 175Bandwidth 176Security 176Convenience 180Cost 180Understanding Cabling 181Describing Cable Behavior and Characteristics 181Describing Physical Implementations 183Choosing the Correct Wiring Standard 187Describing Wireless Standards191Identifying Standards Bodies 191Understanding 802.11 Amendments 192Understanding Wireless LAN Components and Terminology 193Describing CSMA/CA Operation 196The Essentials and Beyond 198Chapter 10 Network Devices 201Describing Device Functions 201Understanding Repeaters 202Understanding Hubs 202Understanding Bridges 203Understanding Switches 205Understanding Routers 209Understanding Wireless Access Points and Wireless Routers 214Understanding Device Placement Principles 216Defining Broadcast Domains 216Defining Collision Domains 217Understanding the Cisco Three-Layer Model 220The Essentials and Beyond 221Chapter 11 LAN Operations 225Understanding the Routing Process 225Describing Routing Tables 226Understanding Population Methods 229Understanding Administrative Distance 231Using Routing Protocols 234Describing the Switching Process 243Reviewing MAC and IP Addresses 243Reviewing Contention Methods 244Describing MAC Address Tables 246Understanding Frame Forwarding 246Describing End-to-End Communications 247Understanding the Local LAN Process 248Understanding the Remote Communication Process 249The Essentials and Beyond 250Chapter 12 Managing the Cisco IOS 253Describing Components 253Defining the Contents of RAM 254Defining the Contents of NVRAM 255Defining the Contents of Flash 255Defining the Contents of ROM 256Describing IOS Navigation 258Connecting to the Device 258Accessing User, Privileged, and Global Configuration Modes 262Understanding and Managing the Boot Process 266Understanding the Boot Process 267Managing the IOS 270Understanding Configuration Files 271Managing the Configuration Register 272The Essentials and Beyond 276Chapter 13 Configuring Routers 281Cabling the Router 281Cabling Router to Router 284Cabling Router to Switch 287Cabling PC to Router 288Cabling Router to CSU/DSU 290Creating a Console Session 292Connecting with the Console Cable 292Connecting Through the USB Port 293Connecting Through Telnet 294Handling Initial Setup 295Configuring Passwords 295Interpreting Prompts 295Configuring Privileged (Enable) Passwords 296Configuring Enable Secret Passwords 297Configuring Line Passwords 297Configuring Interfaces 299Accessing Interface Mode 299Assigning an IP Address 300Enabling the Interface 301Verifying the Interface 301Configuring a Router as a DHCP Server 303Configuring WAN Interfaces 306Saving Configuration Changes 308The Essentials and Beyond 309Chapter 14 Configuring Switches 315Cabling the Switch 315Cabling Switch to Switch 316Cabling Router to Switch 317Cabling Hosts to Switch 318Creating a Session with the Switch 318Creating a Session with the Console Cable 318Creating a Session Through Telnet 320Configuring Passwords321Configuring Privileged (Enable) Passwords 321Configuring Enable Secret Passwords 322Configuring Line Passwords 322Using the service password-encryption Command 322Configuring Interfaces 323Accessing Switchports and Using Switchport Mode323Enabling the Port 324Verifying the Port324Understanding Advanced Switch Functions 325Understanding VLANs 325Configuring VLANs 325Assigning Ports to VLANs 326Understanding Trunk Ports 327Configuring Trunk Links 328Describing STP 328Understanding Port Security 332Limiting MAC Addresses 332Implementing Sticky Mac 333The Essentials and Beyond 333Chapter 15 Configuring Static Routing 337Populating the Routing Table 338Using the ip route Command 338Verifying the Route Table 340Configuring Inter-VLAN Routing 341Creating a Trunk Link with Encapsulation 342Creating and Configuring Subinterfaces 343Troubleshooting VLANs 345Troubleshooting Trunk Links 346Troubleshooting Inter-VLAN Routing 347The Essentials and Beyond 348Chapter 16 Configuring Dynamic Routing 353Understanding Routing Protocols 353Exploring RIP355Exploring EIGRP 357Exploring OSPF 358Configuring Routing Protocols 358Enabling a Routing Protocol and Accessing Router Mode 359Defining the Interfaces on Which the Protocol Is Operational 360Verifying the Routing Table 361The Essentials and Beyond 367Chapter 17 Device Security 371Understanding Access Lists 371Understanding Standard Access Lists 373Understanding Extended Access Lists 373Configuring Numbered Access Lists 374Configuring Named Access Lists 376Editing Access Lists Using Sequence Numbers 377Understanding Network Address Translation (NAT) 378Implementing Static NAT, Dynamic NAT, and PAT 380Configuring a Switch or Router as an NTP Client or Server 383Implementing and Requiring SSH 384Limiting Remote Access with ACLs 387The Essentials and Beyond 388Appendix A Answers to Review Questions 393Appendix B CCNA Essentials: Ancillary Exercises 407Index 437

About the Author Troy McMillan holds more than 30 IT certifications, including CCNA and CCNP. As a Product Developer and Technical Editor for Kaplan IT, Troy provides tools to help individuals prepare for technology certifications. As a full-time trainer, he teaches Cisco, Microsoft, CompTIA, and wireless classes, helping organizations train their technology personnel.

• Introduction xxiiiChapter 1 Networks 1Describing Network Components 1Defining the Benefits of Networks 2Identifying the Requirements for a Network 5Classifying Networks by Function 8Understanding LANs 9Understanding WANs 10Defining Network Architectures 10Understanding Peer-to-Peer Networks 11Understanding Client-Server Networks 14The Essentials and Beyond 17Chapter 2 The OSI Model 19Using Reference Models 19Understanding the Benefits of Reference 21Exploring Reference Model Examples 21Introducing the Layers of the OSI Model 22Understanding the Application Layer 23Understanding the Presentation Layer 24Understanding the Session Layer 26Understanding the Transport Layer 26Understanding the Network Layer 30Understanding the Data-Link Layer 31Understanding the Physical Layer 33Describing the OSI Encapsulation Process 33Identifying the Process on the Source Device 34Identifying the Process on the Destination Device 35The Essentials and Beyond 36Chapter 3 TCP/IP 39Understanding the TCP/IP Model 40Exploring the Four Layers 41Comparing the OSI and TCP/IP Models 44Describing the TCP/IP Encapsulation Process 46Understanding Data and PDUs 46Describing the Contents of Data 47Describing the Contents of Segments 47Describing the Contents of Packets 47Describing the Contents of Frames 47Understanding the Conversion to Bits 48Describing the Functions at the Transport Layer 50Understanding TCP 50Understanding UDP 51Describing the Functions at the Internet Layer 52Defining Logical Addressing 53Performing Routing 54Accomplishing Packet Forwarding 54Describing the Functions of ARP 55Illustrating the ARP Broadcast 55Describing the Logic of MAC-to-IP-Address Conversion 57The Essentials and Beyond 59Chapter 4 Protocols 63Understanding the Function of Protocols 64Defining Routed Protocols 64Defining Routing Protocols 64Exploring Application Layer Protocols 65Describing FTP 65Describing TFTP 67Describing SMTP 67Describing DNS 69Describing SNMP70Exploring Transport Layer Protocols 72Reviewing TCP 72Reviewing UDP76Exploring Internet Layer Protocols 77Describing IP 77Describing ARP 79Describing ICMP 80Describing IGMP 82Exploring Network Access Layer Protocols 83Defining Network Access Layer Protocols on the LAN 84Defining Network Access Layer Protocols on the WAN 85The Essentials and Beyond 86Chapter 5 Physical and Logical Topologies 91Designing the Physical Topology 91Implementing a Bus Topology 92Implementing a Ring Topology 93Implementing a Star Topology 94Implementing a Mesh Topology 96Implementing a Hybrid Topology 97Implementing a Point-to-Point Topology 98Implementing a Point-to-Multipoint Topology 100Designing the Logical Topology 101Understanding the Token Ring Topology 101Understanding the FDDI Ring Topology 102Understanding the Star Topology 103The Essentials and Beyond 105Chapter 6 Numbering Systems 109Exploring Binary Numbering 109Understanding the Base-2 Numbering System 110Understanding the Relationship between Binary and Computers 112Exploring Hexadecimal Numbering 114Understanding the Base-16 Numbering System 114Identifying MAC Addresses 116Applying Conversions 118Decimal-to-Binary Conversion 118Hex-to-Decimal Conversion 121Binary-to-Hex Conversion 123The Essentials and Beyond 124Chapter 7 Classful IP Addressing 129Describing the Function of IP Addresses 129Identification 130Segmentation 131Identifying IP Address Types 132Defining IP Address Classes 133Identifying Network and Host Addresses 135Describing Private IP Addresses and NAT 138Utilizing Diagnostic Tools 139Executing the ipconfig Command 141Executing the ping Command 141Executing the arp Command 142Executing the traceroute Command 143Understanding DHCP 143Operations 143Cisco DHCP 145Introducing IPv6 146IPv6 Address Format 146IPv6 Address Types 147Special IPv6 Addresses 148The Essentials and Beyond 148Chapter 8 Classless IP Addressing 153Understanding the Limitations of Classful Networking 153Exhaustion of the Class B Network Address Space 154Unmanageable Routing Tables 154Exhaustion of the 32-Bit IPv4 Address Space 155Understanding the Benefi ts of Subnetting 155Identifying Sources of Network Congestion 156Deploying Subnetting as a Segmentation Tool 157Describing the Components of CIDR 158Introducing Classless Subnetting 158Designing and Implementing CIDR 160Understanding VLSM167Summarization 171The Essentials and Beyond 172Chapter 9 Media 175Selecting the Proper Media Type 175Bandwidth 176Security 176Convenience 180Cost 180Understanding Cabling 181Describing Cable Behavior and Characteristics 181Describing Physical Implementations 183Choosing the Correct Wiring Standard 187Describing Wireless Standards191Identifying Standards Bodies 191Understanding 802.11 Amendments 192Understanding Wireless LAN Components and Terminology 193Describing CSMA/CA Operation 196The Essentials and Beyond 198Chapter 10 Network Devices 201Describing Device Functions 201Understanding Repeaters 202Understanding Hubs 202Understanding Bridges 203Understanding Switches 205Understanding Routers 209Understanding Wireless Access Points and Wireless Routers 214Understanding Device Placement Principles 216Defining Broadcast Domains 216Defining Collision Domains 217Understanding the Cisco Three-Layer Model 220The Essentials and Beyond 221Chapter 11 LAN Operations 225Understanding the Routing Process 225Describing Routing Tables 226Understanding Population Methods 229Understanding Administrative Distance 231Using Routing Protocols 234Describing the Switching Process 243Reviewing MAC and IP Addresses 243Reviewing Contention Methods 244Describing MAC Address Tables 246Understanding Frame Forwarding 246Describing End-to-End Communications 247Understanding the Local LAN Process 248Understanding the Remote Communication Process 249The Essentials and Beyond 250Chapter 12 Managing the Cisco IOS 253Describing Components 253Defining the Contents of RAM 254Defining the Contents of NVRAM 255Defining the Contents of Flash 255Defining the Contents of ROM 256Describing IOS Navigation 258Connecting to the Device 258Accessing User, Privileged, and Global Configuration Modes 262Understanding and Managing the Boot Process 266Understanding the Boot Process 267Managing the IOS 270Understanding Configuration Files 271Managing the Configuration Register 272The Essentials and Beyond 276Chapter 13 Configuring Routers 281Cabling the Router 281Cabling Router to Router 284Cabling Router to Switch 287Cabling PC to Router 288Cabling Router to CSU/DSU 290Creating a Console Session 292Connecting with the Console Cable 292Connecting Through the USB Port 293Connecting Through Telnet 294Handling Initial Setup 295Configuring Passwords 295Interpreting Prompts 295Configuring Privileged (Enable) Passwords 296Configuring Enable Secret Passwords 297Configuring Line Passwords 297Configuring Interfaces 299Accessing Interface Mode 299Assigning an IP Address 300Enabling the Interface 301Verifying the Interface 301Configuring a Router as a DHCP Server 303Configuring WAN Interfaces 306Saving Configuration Changes 308The Essentials and Beyond 309Chapter 14 Configuring Switches 315Cabling the Switch 315Cabling Switch to Switch 316Cabling Router to Switch 317Cabling Hosts to Switch 318Creating a Session with the Switch 318Creating a Session with the Console Cable 318Creating a Session Through Telnet 320Configuring Passwords321Configuring Privileged (Enable) Passwords 321Configuring Enable Secret Passwords 322Configuring Line Passwords 322Using the service password-encryption Command 322Configuring Interfaces 323Accessing Switchports and Using Switchport Mode323Enabling the Port 324Verifying the Port324Understanding Advanced Switch Functions 325Understanding VLANs 325Configuring VLANs 325Assigning Ports to VLANs 326Understanding Trunk Ports 327Configuring Trunk Links 328Describing STP 328Understanding Port Security 332Limiting MAC Addresses 332Implementing Sticky Mac 333The Essentials and Beyond 333Chapter 15 Configuring Static Routing 337Populating the Routing Table 338Using the ip route Command 338Verifying the Route Table 340Configuring Inter-VLAN Routing 341Creating a Trunk Link with Encapsulation 342Creating and Configuring Subinterfaces 343Troubleshooting VLANs 345Troubleshooting Trunk Links 346Troubleshooting Inter-VLAN Routing 347The Essentials and Beyond 348Chapter 16 Configuring Dynamic Routing 353Understanding Routing Protocols 353Exploring RIP355Exploring EIGRP 357Exploring OSPF 358Configuring Routing Protocols 358Enabling a Routing Protocol and Accessing Router Mode 359Defining the Interfaces on Which the Protocol Is Operational 360Verifying the Routing Table 361The Essentials and Beyond 367Chapter 17 Device Security 371Understanding Access Lists 371Understanding Standard Access Lists 373Understanding Extended Access Lists 373Configuring Numbered Access Lists 374Configuring Named Access Lists 376Editing Access Lists Using Sequence Numbers 377Understanding Network Address Translation (NAT) 378Implementing Static NAT, Dynamic NAT, and PAT 380Configuring a Switch or Router as an NTP Client or Server 383Implementing and Requiring SSH 384Limiting Remote Access with ACLs 387The Essentials and Beyond 388Appendix A Answers to Review Questions 393Appendix B CCNA Essentials: Ancillary Exercises 407Index 437