Yi Huang, Fellow of IEEE and IET, is Head of High Frequency Engineering Group at the University of Liverpool, UK. He received his PhD in Communications and Electromagnetics from the University of Oxford, UK in 1994.

• Preface to the Second EditionPreface to the First EditionList of Acronyms and ConstantsAbout the Author1. Introduction1.1 A Brief History of Antennas1.2 Radio Systems and Antennas1.3 Necessary Mathematics1.3.1 Complex Numbers1.3.2 Vectors and Vector Operation1.3.3 Coordinates1.4 Basics of Electromagnetics1.4.1 Electric Field1.4.2 Magnetic Field1.4.3 Maxwell's Equations1.4.4 Boundary ConditionsSummaryReferencesProblems2. Circuit Concepts and Transmission Lines2.1 Circuit Concepts2.1.1 Lumped and Distributed Element Systems2.2 Transmission Line Theory2.2.1 Transmission Line Model2.2.2 Solutions and Analysis2.2.3 Terminated Transmission Line2.3 The Smith Chart and Impedance Matching2.3.1 The Smith Chart2.3.2 Impedance Matching2.3.3 Quality Factor and Bandwidth2.4 Various Transmission Lines2.4.1 Two-wire Transmission Line2.4.2 Coaxial Cable2.4.3 Microstrip Line2.4.4 Stripline2.4.5 Co-planar Waveguide (CPW)2.4.6 Waveguide2.4.7 New Transmission Lines (SIW, Gap Wave…2.5 ConnectorsSummaryReferencesProblems3. Field Concepts and Radiowaves3.1 Wave Equation and Solutions3.1.1 Discussion on Wave Solutions3.2 Plane Wave, Intrinsic Impedance and Polarisa…3.2.1 Plane Wave and Intrinsic Impedance3.2.2 Polarisation3.3 Radiowave Propagation Mechanisms3.3.1 Reflection and Transmission3.3.2 Diffraction and Huygens' Principle3.3.3 Scattering3.4 Radiowave Propagation Characteristics in Me…3.4.1 Media Classification and Attenuation3.5 Radiowave Propagation Models3.5.1 Free Space Model3.5.2 Two-ray Model/Plane Earth Model3.5.3 Multipath Models3.6 Comparison of Circuit Concepts and Field C…3.6.1 Skin DepthSummaryReferencesProblems4. Antenna Basics4.1 Antennas to Radiowaves4.1.1 Near Field and Far Field4.1.2 Radiation Pattern4.1.3 Directivity, Gain/Realised Gain and Radia…4.1.4 Effective Aperture and Aperture Efficiency4.1.5 Other Parameters from the Field Point o…4.2 Antennas to Transmission Lines4.2.1 Input Impedance and Radiation Resistan…4.2.2 Reflection Coefficient, Return Loss and…4.2.3 Other Parameters from the Circuit Point…SummaryReferencesProblems5. Popular Antennas5.1 Wire-Type Antennas5.1.1 Dipoles5.1.2 Monopoles and Image Theory5.1.3 Loops and Duality Principle5.1.4 Helical Antennas5.1.5 Yagi-Uda Antennas5.1.6 Log-periodic Antennas and Frequency In…5.2 Aperture-Type Antennas5.2.1 Fourier Transform and Radiated Field5.2.2 Horn Antennas5.2.3 Reflector and Lens Antennas5.2.4 Slot Antennas and Babinet’s Principle5.2.5 Microstrip Antennas5.3 Antenna Arrays5.3.1 Basic Concept5.3.2 Isotropic Linear Arrays5.3.3 Pattern Multiplication Principle5.3.4 Element Mutual Coupling5.4 Some Practical Considerations5.4.1 Transmitting and Receiving Antennas: Re…5.4.2 Balun and Impedance Matching5.4.3 Antenna Polarisation5.4.4 Radomes, Housings and Supporting Struc…SummaryReferencesProblems6. Computer Aided Antenna Design and Analysis6.1 Introduction6.2 Computational Electromagnetics for Antennas6.2.1 Method of Moments (MoM)6.2.2 Finite Element Method (FEM)6.2.3 Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) M…6.2.4 Transmission Line Modelling (TIM) Met…6.2.5 Comparison of Numerical Methods6.2.6 High Frequency Methods6.3 Computer Simulation Software6.3.1 Simple Simulation Tools6.3.2 Advanced Simulation Tools6.4 Examples of Computer Aided Design6.4.1 Wire-type Antenna Design and Analysis6.4.2 General Antenna Design and Analysis6.5 Theory of Characteristic Modes for Antenna…6.5.1 Mathematical Formulation of Characteri…6.5.2 Physical Interpretation of Characteristic…6.5.3 Examples of Using TCM for Antenna Des…SummaryReferencesProblems7. Antenna Materials, Fabrication, and Measurements7.1 Materials for Antennas7.1.1 Conducting Materials7.1.2 Dielectric Materials7.1.3 Composites7.1.4 Metamaterials and Metasurfaces7.2 Antenna Fabrication7.2.1 PCB Based Fabrication7.2.2 MEMS7.2.3 LTCC7.2.4 LCP7.2.5 LDS7.2.6 Printing7.3 Antenna Measurement Basics7.3.1 Scattering Parameters7.3.2 Network Analysers7.4 Antenna Measurement Facilities7.4.1 Op en-Area Test Site7.4.2 Anechoic Chamber7.4.3 Compact Antenna Test Range (CATR)/PI…7.4.4 Near Field Systems7.4.5 Reverberation Chamber7.5 Impedance, S11, and VSWR Measurements7.6 Radiation Pattern Measurements7.7 Gain Measurements7.7.1 Gain Comparison Measurements7.7.2 Two-antenna Measurement7.7.3 Three-antenna Measurement7.8 Efficiency Measurements7.9 Miscellaneous Topics7.9.1 Impedance De-embedding Techniques7.9.2 MIMO Over-the-Air Testing7.9.3 Probe Array in Near Field SystemsSummaryReferencesProblems8. Special Topics8.1 Electrically Small Antennas8.1.1 The Basics and Impedance Bandwidth Li…8.1.2 Antenna Size Reduction Techniques8.1.3 Summary8.2 Mobile Antennas8.2.1 Introduction8.2.2 Mobile Terminal Antennas8.2.3 Multipath and Antenna Diversity8.2.4 User Interaction8.2.5 Mobile Base-Station Antennas8.2.6 Summary8.3 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Ant…8.3.1 MIMO Basics8.3.2 MIMO Antennas and Key Parameters8.3.3 MIMO Antenna Designs8.3.4 Summary8.4 Multi-band and Wideband Antennas8.4.1 Introduction8.4.2 Multi-band Antennas8.4.3 Wideband Antennas8.4.4 Summary8.5 RFID Antennas8.5.1 Introduction8.5.2 Near Field Systems8.5.3 Far Field Systems8.5.4 Summary8.6 Reconfigurable Antennas8.6.1 Introduction8.6.2 Switch and Variable Component Technol…8.6.3 Resonant Mode Switching/Tuning8.6.4 Feed Network Switching/Tuning8.6.5 Mechanical Reconfiguration8.6.6 Liquid Reconfiguration Antennas8.6.7 Discussion and Summary8.7 Automotive Antennas8.7.1 Introduction8.7.2 Antenna Designs8.7.3 Summary8.8 Reflector Antennas8.8.1 Fundamentals of Reflector Design8.8.2 Feed Design8.8.3 Dual and Multiple Reflector Designs8.8.4 Blockage Effects8.8.5 Overview of Reflector Analysis8.8.6 SummarySummary

Yi Huang, Fellow of IEEE and IET, is Head of High Frequency Engineering Group at the University of Liverpool, UK. He received his PhD in Communications and Electromagnetics from the University of Oxford, UK in 1994.

• Preface to the Second EditionPreface to the First EditionList of Acronyms and ConstantsAbout the Author1. Introduction1.1 A Brief History of Antennas1.2 Radio Systems and Antennas1.3 Necessary Mathematics1.3.1 Complex Numbers1.3.2 Vectors and Vector Operation1.3.3 Coordinates1.4 Basics of Electromagnetics1.4.1 Electric Field1.4.2 Magnetic Field1.4.3 Maxwell's Equations1.4.4 Boundary ConditionsSummaryReferencesProblems2. Circuit Concepts and Transmission Lines2.1 Circuit Concepts2.1.1 Lumped and Distributed Element Systems2.2 Transmission Line Theory2.2.1 Transmission Line Model2.2.2 Solutions and Analysis2.2.3 Terminated Transmission Line2.3 The Smith Chart and Impedance Matching2.3.1 The Smith Chart2.3.2 Impedance Matching2.3.3 Quality Factor and Bandwidth2.4 Various Transmission Lines2.4.1 Two-wire Transmission Line2.4.2 Coaxial Cable2.4.3 Microstrip Line2.4.4 Stripline2.4.5 Co-planar Waveguide (CPW)2.4.6 Waveguide2.4.7 New Transmission Lines (SIW, Gap Wave…2.5 ConnectorsSummaryReferencesProblems3. Field Concepts and Radiowaves3.1 Wave Equation and Solutions3.1.1 Discussion on Wave Solutions3.2 Plane Wave, Intrinsic Impedance and Polarisa…3.2.1 Plane Wave and Intrinsic Impedance3.2.2 Polarisation3.3 Radiowave Propagation Mechanisms3.3.1 Reflection and Transmission3.3.2 Diffraction and Huygens' Principle3.3.3 Scattering3.4 Radiowave Propagation Characteristics in Me…3.4.1 Media Classification and Attenuation3.5 Radiowave Propagation Models3.5.1 Free Space Model3.5.2 Two-ray Model/Plane Earth Model3.5.3 Multipath Models3.6 Comparison of Circuit Concepts and Field C…3.6.1 Skin DepthSummaryReferencesProblems4. Antenna Basics4.1 Antennas to Radiowaves4.1.1 Near Field and Far Field4.1.2 Radiation Pattern4.1.3 Directivity, Gain/Realised Gain and Radia…4.1.4 Effective Aperture and Aperture Efficiency4.1.5 Other Parameters from the Field Point o…4.2 Antennas to Transmission Lines4.2.1 Input Impedance and Radiation Resistan…4.2.2 Reflection Coefficient, Return Loss and…4.2.3 Other Parameters from the Circuit Point…SummaryReferencesProblems5. Popular Antennas5.1 Wire-Type Antennas5.1.1 Dipoles5.1.2 Monopoles and Image Theory5.1.3 Loops and Duality Principle5.1.4 Helical Antennas5.1.5 Yagi-Uda Antennas5.1.6 Log-periodic Antennas and Frequency In…5.2 Aperture-Type Antennas5.2.1 Fourier Transform and Radiated Field5.2.2 Horn Antennas5.2.3 Reflector and Lens Antennas5.2.4 Slot Antennas and Babinet’s Principle5.2.5 Microstrip Antennas5.3 Antenna Arrays5.3.1 Basic Concept5.3.2 Isotropic Linear Arrays5.3.3 Pattern Multiplication Principle5.3.4 Element Mutual Coupling5.4 Some Practical Considerations5.4.1 Transmitting and Receiving Antennas: Re…5.4.2 Balun and Impedance Matching5.4.3 Antenna Polarisation5.4.4 Radomes, Housings and Supporting Struc…SummaryReferencesProblems6. Computer Aided Antenna Design and Analysis6.1 Introduction6.2 Computational Electromagnetics for Antennas6.2.1 Method of Moments (MoM)6.2.2 Finite Element Method (FEM)6.2.3 Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) M…6.2.4 Transmission Line Modelling (TIM) Met…6.2.5 Comparison of Numerical Methods6.2.6 High Frequency Methods6.3 Computer Simulation Software6.3.1 Simple Simulation Tools6.3.2 Advanced Simulation Tools6.4 Examples of Computer Aided Design6.4.1 Wire-type Antenna Design and Analysis6.4.2 General Antenna Design and Analysis6.5 Theory of Characteristic Modes for Antenna…6.5.1 Mathematical Formulation of Characteri…6.5.2 Physical Interpretation of Characteristic…6.5.3 Examples of Using TCM for Antenna Des…SummaryReferencesProblems7. Antenna Materials, Fabrication, and Measurements7.1 Materials for Antennas7.1.1 Conducting Materials7.1.2 Dielectric Materials7.1.3 Composites7.1.4 Metamaterials and Metasurfaces7.2 Antenna Fabrication7.2.1 PCB Based Fabrication7.2.2 MEMS7.2.3 LTCC7.2.4 LCP7.2.5 LDS7.2.6 Printing7.3 Antenna Measurement Basics7.3.1 Scattering Parameters7.3.2 Network Analysers7.4 Antenna Measurement Facilities7.4.1 Op en-Area Test Site7.4.2 Anechoic Chamber7.4.3 Compact Antenna Test Range (CATR)/PI…7.4.4 Near Field Systems7.4.5 Reverberation Chamber7.5 Impedance, S11, and VSWR Measurements7.6 Radiation Pattern Measurements7.7 Gain Measurements7.7.1 Gain Comparison Measurements7.7.2 Two-antenna Measurement7.7.3 Three-antenna Measurement7.8 Efficiency Measurements7.9 Miscellaneous Topics7.9.1 Impedance De-embedding Techniques7.9.2 MIMO Over-the-Air Testing7.9.3 Probe Array in Near Field SystemsSummaryReferencesProblems8. Special Topics8.1 Electrically Small Antennas8.1.1 The Basics and Impedance Bandwidth Li…8.1.2 Antenna Size Reduction Techniques8.1.3 Summary8.2 Mobile Antennas8.2.1 Introduction8.2.2 Mobile Terminal Antennas8.2.3 Multipath and Antenna Diversity8.2.4 User Interaction8.2.5 Mobile Base-Station Antennas8.2.6 Summary8.3 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Ant…8.3.1 MIMO Basics8.3.2 MIMO Antennas and Key Parameters8.3.3 MIMO Antenna Designs8.3.4 Summary8.4 Multi-band and Wideband Antennas8.4.1 Introduction8.4.2 Multi-band Antennas8.4.3 Wideband Antennas8.4.4 Summary8.5 RFID Antennas8.5.1 Introduction8.5.2 Near Field Systems8.5.3 Far Field Systems8.5.4 Summary8.6 Reconfigurable Antennas8.6.1 Introduction8.6.2 Switch and Variable Component Technol…8.6.3 Resonant Mode Switching/Tuning8.6.4 Feed Network Switching/Tuning8.6.5 Mechanical Reconfiguration8.6.6 Liquid Reconfiguration Antennas8.6.7 Discussion and Summary8.7 Automotive Antennas8.7.1 Introduction8.7.2 Antenna Designs8.7.3 Summary8.8 Reflector Antennas8.8.1 Fundamentals of Reflector Design8.8.2 Feed Design8.8.3 Dual and Multiple Reflector Designs8.8.4 Blockage Effects8.8.5 Overview of Reflector Analysis8.8.6 SummarySummary

Yi Huang, Fellow of IEEE and IET, is Head of High Frequency Engineering Group at the University of Liverpool, UK. He received his PhD in Communications and Electromagnetics from the University of Oxford, UK in 1994.

• Preface to the Second EditionPreface to the First EditionList of Acronyms and ConstantsAbout the Author1. Introduction1.1 A Brief History of Antennas1.2 Radio Systems and Antennas1.3 Necessary Mathematics1.3.1 Complex Numbers1.3.2 Vectors and Vector Operation1.3.3 Coordinates1.4 Basics of Electromagnetics1.4.1 Electric Field1.4.2 Magnetic Field1.4.3 Maxwell's Equations1.4.4 Boundary ConditionsSummaryReferencesProblems2. Circuit Concepts and Transmission Lines2.1 Circuit Concepts2.1.1 Lumped and Distributed Element Systems2.2 Transmission Line Theory2.2.1 Transmission Line Model2.2.2 Solutions and Analysis2.2.3 Terminated Transmission Line2.3 The Smith Chart and Impedance Matching2.3.1 The Smith Chart2.3.2 Impedance Matching2.3.3 Quality Factor and Bandwidth2.4 Various Transmission Lines2.4.1 Two-wire Transmission Line2.4.2 Coaxial Cable2.4.3 Microstrip Line2.4.4 Stripline2.4.5 Co-planar Waveguide (CPW)2.4.6 Waveguide2.4.7 New Transmission Lines (SIW, Gap Wave…2.5 ConnectorsSummaryReferencesProblems3. Field Concepts and Radiowaves3.1 Wave Equation and Solutions3.1.1 Discussion on Wave Solutions3.2 Plane Wave, Intrinsic Impedance and Polarisa…3.2.1 Plane Wave and Intrinsic Impedance3.2.2 Polarisation3.3 Radiowave Propagation Mechanisms3.3.1 Reflection and Transmission3.3.2 Diffraction and Huygens' Principle3.3.3 Scattering3.4 Radiowave Propagation Characteristics in Me…3.4.1 Media Classification and Attenuation3.5 Radiowave Propagation Models3.5.1 Free Space Model3.5.2 Two-ray Model/Plane Earth Model3.5.3 Multipath Models3.6 Comparison of Circuit Concepts and Field C…3.6.1 Skin DepthSummaryReferencesProblems4. Antenna Basics4.1 Antennas to Radiowaves4.1.1 Near Field and Far Field4.1.2 Radiation Pattern4.1.3 Directivity, Gain/Realised Gain and Radia…4.1.4 Effective Aperture and Aperture Efficiency4.1.5 Other Parameters from the Field Point o…4.2 Antennas to Transmission Lines4.2.1 Input Impedance and Radiation Resistan…4.2.2 Reflection Coefficient, Return Loss and…4.2.3 Other Parameters from the Circuit Point…SummaryReferencesProblems5. Popular Antennas5.1 Wire-Type Antennas5.1.1 Dipoles5.1.2 Monopoles and Image Theory5.1.3 Loops and Duality Principle5.1.4 Helical Antennas5.1.5 Yagi-Uda Antennas5.1.6 Log-periodic Antennas and Frequency In…5.2 Aperture-Type Antennas5.2.1 Fourier Transform and Radiated Field5.2.2 Horn Antennas5.2.3 Reflector and Lens Antennas5.2.4 Slot Antennas and Babinet’s Principle5.2.5 Microstrip Antennas5.3 Antenna Arrays5.3.1 Basic Concept5.3.2 Isotropic Linear Arrays5.3.3 Pattern Multiplication Principle5.3.4 Element Mutual Coupling5.4 Some Practical Considerations5.4.1 Transmitting and Receiving Antennas: Re…5.4.2 Balun and Impedance Matching5.4.3 Antenna Polarisation5.4.4 Radomes, Housings and Supporting Struc…SummaryReferencesProblems6. Computer Aided Antenna Design and Analysis6.1 Introduction6.2 Computational Electromagnetics for Antennas6.2.1 Method of Moments (MoM)6.2.2 Finite Element Method (FEM)6.2.3 Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) M…6.2.4 Transmission Line Modelling (TIM) Met…6.2.5 Comparison of Numerical Methods6.2.6 High Frequency Methods6.3 Computer Simulation Software6.3.1 Simple Simulation Tools6.3.2 Advanced Simulation Tools6.4 Examples of Computer Aided Design6.4.1 Wire-type Antenna Design and Analysis6.4.2 General Antenna Design and Analysis6.5 Theory of Characteristic Modes for Antenna…6.5.1 Mathematical Formulation of Characteri…6.5.2 Physical Interpretation of Characteristic…6.5.3 Examples of Using TCM for Antenna Des…SummaryReferencesProblems7. Antenna Materials, Fabrication, and Measurements7.1 Materials for Antennas7.1.1 Conducting Materials7.1.2 Dielectric Materials7.1.3 Composites7.1.4 Metamaterials and Metasurfaces7.2 Antenna Fabrication7.2.1 PCB Based Fabrication7.2.2 MEMS7.2.3 LTCC7.2.4 LCP7.2.5 LDS7.2.6 Printing7.3 Antenna Measurement Basics7.3.1 Scattering Parameters7.3.2 Network Analysers7.4 Antenna Measurement Facilities7.4.1 Op en-Area Test Site7.4.2 Anechoic Chamber7.4.3 Compact Antenna Test Range (CATR)/PI…7.4.4 Near Field Systems7.4.5 Reverberation Chamber7.5 Impedance, S11, and VSWR Measurements7.6 Radiation Pattern Measurements7.7 Gain Measurements7.7.1 Gain Comparison Measurements7.7.2 Two-antenna Measurement7.7.3 Three-antenna Measurement7.8 Efficiency Measurements7.9 Miscellaneous Topics7.9.1 Impedance De-embedding Techniques7.9.2 MIMO Over-the-Air Testing7.9.3 Probe Array in Near Field SystemsSummaryReferencesProblems8. Special Topics8.1 Electrically Small Antennas8.1.1 The Basics and Impedance Bandwidth Li…8.1.2 Antenna Size Reduction Techniques8.1.3 Summary8.2 Mobile Antennas8.2.1 Introduction8.2.2 Mobile Terminal Antennas8.2.3 Multipath and Antenna Diversity8.2.4 User Interaction8.2.5 Mobile Base-Station Antennas8.2.6 Summary8.3 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Ant…8.3.1 MIMO Basics8.3.2 MIMO Antennas and Key Parameters8.3.3 MIMO Antenna Designs8.3.4 Summary8.4 Multi-band and Wideband Antennas8.4.1 Introduction8.4.2 Multi-band Antennas8.4.3 Wideband Antennas8.4.4 Summary8.5 RFID Antennas8.5.1 Introduction8.5.2 Near Field Systems8.5.3 Far Field Systems8.5.4 Summary8.6 Reconfigurable Antennas8.6.1 Introduction8.6.2 Switch and Variable Component Technol…8.6.3 Resonant Mode Switching/Tuning8.6.4 Feed Network Switching/Tuning8.6.5 Mechanical Reconfiguration8.6.6 Liquid Reconfiguration Antennas8.6.7 Discussion and Summary8.7 Automotive Antennas8.7.1 Introduction8.7.2 Antenna Designs8.7.3 Summary8.8 Reflector Antennas8.8.1 Fundamentals of Reflector Design8.8.2 Feed Design8.8.3 Dual and Multiple Reflector Designs8.8.4 Blockage Effects8.8.5 Overview of Reflector Analysis8.8.6 SummarySummary