Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff is a chemical engineer with more than 40 years of industry, R&D and international business experiences. He is the co-founder of No Pollution Enterprises. He has led and implemented various technical many areas of the world for such organizations as the U.S. Agency for International Development, the U.S. Trade & Development Agency, the World Bank Organization, and the private sector. Over his career he has served as a standard of care industry expert on a number of litigation matters, and he has authored or edited over 160 technical reference on sound environmental management, safe work practices and public protection from harmful chemicals. He is cited in U.S. Congressional records concerning emerging environmental legislations, and is a graduate of Clarkson University. Anton R. Davletshin is Program Manager at No Pollution Enterprises, a firm specializing in standard of care assessments. He oversees sampling and research programs, and conducts historical environmental impact assessments that aid in forensic reconstruction of legacy pollution problems. His expertise also extends to application of air dispersion simulations using the EPA-approved AERMOD program used in the evaluation of community impacts from point and area sources of emissions from within industrial complexes. He is a FLIR certified infrared thermography scientist, and oversees teams performing inspection of industrial sites. A graduate of Virginia Polytechnic Institute, he holds a degree in construction management.

• Preface xiAcknowledgements xixAuthor and Editor Biographies xxi1 Hydraulic Fracturing Overview 11.1 Technology Overview 11.2 Benefits, Environmental Deterents, Hurdles and Public Safety 61.3 U.S. Resources and Standing 271.4 Worldwide Levels of Activity 361.5 The Role of Water 502 Oil and Gas Regulations 532.1 U.S. Environmental Regulations 532.2 Historical Evolution of Regulations Affecting Oil and Gas 592.3 RCRA Exemptions 662.4 Permitting Rules 733 Management of Chemicals 853.1 Memorandum of Agreement Between the U.S. EPA and Industry 853.2 Chemicals Used 863.3 Safe Handling and Emergency Response to Spills and Fires 923.4 Storage Tanks 1273.5 Risk Management 1333.6 Establishing a Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasures Plan 1414 Water Quality Standards and Wastewater 1534.1 Overview 1534.2 Water Quality Criteria, Standards, Parameters, and Limits 1554.3 Wastewater Characterization 1564.4 Wastewater Management Alternatives 1874.5 Water Treatment Technologies 1934.6 Deep Well Injection of Wastes 3874.7 Overall Assessment of Wastewater Management Alternatives 3935 Water Utilization, Management, and Treatment 4015.1 Introduction 4015.2 Water Use by the Oil and Gas Energy Sector 4025.3 Overview of Water Management Practices 4035.4 Wastewater Treatment Technologies 4115.5 Alternatives to Conventional Wastewater Treatment 4165.6 Project Management 4195.7 Economics of Wastewater Treatment 4265.8 State-of-the-Art Water Management Project 4305.9 Special Challenges in the Oil and Gas Energy Sector 433References 4356 Well Construction and Integrity 4376.1 Overview 4376.2 API Good Practices for Well Design and Construction 4406.3 Integrity Failure 4466.4 Abandonment and Closure 4656.5 Best Practices for Site Operations 469References 4747 Managing Air Pollution Discharges 4777.1 The Problem 4777.2 Methodology of Air Pollution Control 4837.3 Remote Sensing and Monitoring 4867.4 Leak Detection and Repair 4937.5 Use of Flares 5097.6 Fugitive Dust Discharges 5967.7 Compressor Stations 6407.8 Dehydrators 6798 Macro Considerations of Environmental and Public Health Risks 7058.1 Overview 7058.2 The Challenges of Managing Water Resources 7078.3 The Challenges of Managing Air Quality 7168.4 The Challenges of Managing Greenhouse Gas Emissions 7298.5 The Challenges of Managing Man-Made Seismicity 737Index 743

Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff is a chemical engineer with more than 40 years of industry, R&D and international business experiences. He is the co-founder of No Pollution Enterprises. He has led and implemented various technical many areas of the world for such organizations as the U.S. Agency for International Development, the U.S. Trade & Development Agency, the World Bank Organization, and the private sector. Over his career he has served as a standard of care industry expert on a number of litigation matters, and he has authored or edited over 160 technical reference on sound environmental management, safe work practices and public protection from harmful chemicals. He is cited in U.S. Congressional records concerning emerging environmental legislations, and is a graduate of Clarkson University. Anton R. Davletshin is Program Manager at No Pollution Enterprises, a firm specializing in standard of care assessments. He oversees sampling and research programs, and conducts historical environmental impact assessments that aid in forensic reconstruction of legacy pollution problems. His expertise also extends to application of air dispersion simulations using the EPA-approved AERMOD program used in the evaluation of community impacts from point and area sources of emissions from within industrial complexes. He is a FLIR certified infrared thermography scientist, and oversees teams performing inspection of industrial sites. A graduate of Virginia Polytechnic Institute, he holds a degree in construction management.

• Preface xiAcknowledgements xixAuthor and Editor Biographies xxi1 Hydraulic Fracturing Overview 11.1 Technology Overview 11.2 Benefits, Environmental Deterents, Hurdles and Public Safety 61.3 U.S. Resources and Standing 271.4 Worldwide Levels of Activity 361.5 The Role of Water 502 Oil and Gas Regulations 532.1 U.S. Environmental Regulations 532.2 Historical Evolution of Regulations Affecting Oil and Gas 592.3 RCRA Exemptions 662.4 Permitting Rules 733 Management of Chemicals 853.1 Memorandum of Agreement Between the U.S. EPA and Industry 853.2 Chemicals Used 863.3 Safe Handling and Emergency Response to Spills and Fires 923.4 Storage Tanks 1273.5 Risk Management 1333.6 Establishing a Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasures Plan 1414 Water Quality Standards and Wastewater 1534.1 Overview 1534.2 Water Quality Criteria, Standards, Parameters, and Limits 1554.3 Wastewater Characterization 1564.4 Wastewater Management Alternatives 1874.5 Water Treatment Technologies 1934.6 Deep Well Injection of Wastes 3874.7 Overall Assessment of Wastewater Management Alternatives 3935 Water Utilization, Management, and Treatment 4015.1 Introduction 4015.2 Water Use by the Oil and Gas Energy Sector 4025.3 Overview of Water Management Practices 4035.4 Wastewater Treatment Technologies 4115.5 Alternatives to Conventional Wastewater Treatment 4165.6 Project Management 4195.7 Economics of Wastewater Treatment 4265.8 State-of-the-Art Water Management Project 4305.9 Special Challenges in the Oil and Gas Energy Sector 433References 4356 Well Construction and Integrity 4376.1 Overview 4376.2 API Good Practices for Well Design and Construction 4406.3 Integrity Failure 4466.4 Abandonment and Closure 4656.5 Best Practices for Site Operations 469References 4747 Managing Air Pollution Discharges 4777.1 The Problem 4777.2 Methodology of Air Pollution Control 4837.3 Remote Sensing and Monitoring 4867.4 Leak Detection and Repair 4937.5 Use of Flares 5097.6 Fugitive Dust Discharges 5967.7 Compressor Stations 6407.8 Dehydrators 6798 Macro Considerations of Environmental and Public Health Risks 7058.1 Overview 7058.2 The Challenges of Managing Water Resources 7078.3 The Challenges of Managing Air Quality 7168.4 The Challenges of Managing Greenhouse Gas Emissions 7298.5 The Challenges of Managing Man-Made Seismicity 737Index 743

Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff is a chemical engineer with more than 40 years of industry, R&D and international business experiences. He is the co-founder of No Pollution Enterprises. He has led and implemented various technical many areas of the world for such organizations as the U.S. Agency for International Development, the U.S. Trade & Development Agency, the World Bank Organization, and the private sector. Over his career he has served as a standard of care industry expert on a number of litigation matters, and he has authored or edited over 160 technical reference on sound environmental management, safe work practices and public protection from harmful chemicals. He is cited in U.S. Congressional records concerning emerging environmental legislations, and is a graduate of Clarkson University. Anton R. Davletshin is Program Manager at No Pollution Enterprises, a firm specializing in standard of care assessments. He oversees sampling and research programs, and conducts historical environmental impact assessments that aid in forensic reconstruction of legacy pollution problems. His expertise also extends to application of air dispersion simulations using the EPA-approved AERMOD program used in the evaluation of community impacts from point and area sources of emissions from within industrial complexes. He is a FLIR certified infrared thermography scientist, and oversees teams performing inspection of industrial sites. A graduate of Virginia Polytechnic Institute, he holds a degree in construction management.

• Preface xiAcknowledgements xixAuthor and Editor Biographies xxi1 Hydraulic Fracturing Overview 11.1 Technology Overview 11.2 Benefits, Environmental Deterents, Hurdles and Public Safety 61.3 U.S. Resources and Standing 271.4 Worldwide Levels of Activity 361.5 The Role of Water 502 Oil and Gas Regulations 532.1 U.S. Environmental Regulations 532.2 Historical Evolution of Regulations Affecting Oil and Gas 592.3 RCRA Exemptions 662.4 Permitting Rules 733 Management of Chemicals 853.1 Memorandum of Agreement Between the U.S. EPA and Industry 853.2 Chemicals Used 863.3 Safe Handling and Emergency Response to Spills and Fires 923.4 Storage Tanks 1273.5 Risk Management 1333.6 Establishing a Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasures Plan 1414 Water Quality Standards and Wastewater 1534.1 Overview 1534.2 Water Quality Criteria, Standards, Parameters, and Limits 1554.3 Wastewater Characterization 1564.4 Wastewater Management Alternatives 1874.5 Water Treatment Technologies 1934.6 Deep Well Injection of Wastes 3874.7 Overall Assessment of Wastewater Management Alternatives 3935 Water Utilization, Management, and Treatment 4015.1 Introduction 4015.2 Water Use by the Oil and Gas Energy Sector 4025.3 Overview of Water Management Practices 4035.4 Wastewater Treatment Technologies 4115.5 Alternatives to Conventional Wastewater Treatment 4165.6 Project Management 4195.7 Economics of Wastewater Treatment 4265.8 State-of-the-Art Water Management Project 4305.9 Special Challenges in the Oil and Gas Energy Sector 433References 4356 Well Construction and Integrity 4376.1 Overview 4376.2 API Good Practices for Well Design and Construction 4406.3 Integrity Failure 4466.4 Abandonment and Closure 4656.5 Best Practices for Site Operations 469References 4747 Managing Air Pollution Discharges 4777.1 The Problem 4777.2 Methodology of Air Pollution Control 4837.3 Remote Sensing and Monitoring 4867.4 Leak Detection and Repair 4937.5 Use of Flares 5097.6 Fugitive Dust Discharges 5967.7 Compressor Stations 6407.8 Dehydrators 6798 Macro Considerations of Environmental and Public Health Risks 7058.1 Overview 7058.2 The Challenges of Managing Water Resources 7078.3 The Challenges of Managing Air Quality 7168.4 The Challenges of Managing Greenhouse Gas Emissions 7298.5 The Challenges of Managing Man-Made Seismicity 737Index 743