Wireless Communications

Andreas F. Molisch, PhD, is Professor and Golomb-Viterbi Chair at the University of Southern California, USA. He has authored, co-authored, or edited 4 books, 21 book chapters, over 270 journal papers, and 70 patents. He is an IEEE Distinguished Lecturer, a Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors, Fellow of AAAS, IEEE, and IET, and Member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.

"this text is an essential resource for anyone looking to deepen their knowledge or enter the field of wireless communications"—Bo Rong, Rupendra Nath Mitra IEEE Wireless Communications June 2024

• Preface to the Third, Expanded and Completely Revised, Edition: From the Fundamentals to Beyond 5G xxvPreface and Acknowledgements to the Second Edition xxixPreface and Acknowledgements to the First Edition xxxList of Abbreviations xxxiiiList of Symbols xxxvAbout the Companion Website xxxviiPart I Introduction 11 Applications and Requirements of Wireless Services 31.1 History 31.2 Types of Services 71.3 Requirements for the Services 121.4 Economic and Social Aspects 172 Technical Challenges of Wireless Communications 192.1 Broadcast Effect 192.2 Multi-path Propagation 192.3 Spectrum Limitations 232.4 Limited Energy 252.5 User Mobility 263 Wireless System Design Overview 273.1 Noise-limited Systems and Link Budgets 273.2 Digital Modulation and Receiver Signal Processing 343.3 Multi-user Systems 393.4 Summary 44Part II Wireless Propagation Channels 474 Propagation Mechanisms 494.1 Free Space Attenuation 494.2 Reflection and Transmission 524.3 Diffraction 574.4 Scattering by Rough Surfaces 644.5 Waveguiding 664.6 Atmospheric Absorption 674.7 Deterministic Channel Modeling 674.8 Appendices: App4.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 715 Statistical Description of the Wireless Channel 735.1 Introduction 735.2 The Time-Invariant Two-Path Model 745.3 The Time-Variant Two-Path Model 765.4 Small-Scale Fading Without a Dominant Component 775.5 Small-Scale Fading with a Dominant Component 855.6 Doppler Spectra and Statistics of Temporal Channel Variations 895.7 Temporal Fading Characterization 925.8 Large-Scale Fading 955.9 Appendices: App5.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 996 Wideband and Directional Channel Characterization 1016.1 Introduction 1016.2 The Causes of Delay Dispersion 1026.3 System-Theoretic Description of Wireless Channels 1056.4 The WSSUS Model 1086.5 Condensed Parameters 1106.6 Ultra Wideband Channels 1156.7 Directional Description 1176.8 Appendices: App6.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 1217 Channel Models 1237.1 Narrowband Models 1237.2 Delay Dispersion Models 1327.3 Angular Dispersion 1357.4 Joint Dispersion Characteristics and Clustering 1367.5 Generalized Tapped-Delay Line Models 1407.6 Geometry-Based Stochastic Channel Models 1437.7 Semi-Deterministic Models 1467.8 Blockage 1487.9 Special Models 1487.10 Appendices: App7.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 1518 Antennas 1538.1 Introduction and Brief Characterization 1538.2 Characterization of Antennas 1578.3 Popular Antenna Types 1658.5 Special Aspects of Antennas for BS and UE 1779 Channel Sounding 1839.1 Introduction 1839.2 Time-Domain Measurements 1869.3 Frequency Domain Analysis 1889.5 Directionally Resolved Measurements 1929.6 Appendices: App9.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 201Part III Wireless Communication Over a Single Link 20310 Modulation Formats 20510.1 Introduction 20510.2 Pulse Amplitude Modulation 20910.3 Widely Used PAM Modulation Formats 21210.4 Multi-Pulse Modulation 22310.5 Summary of Spectral Efficiencies 23310.6 Appendix: App10.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 23311 Demodulation 23511.1 Demodulator Structure and Error Probability in Additive White Gaussian Noise Channels 23511.2 Error Probability in Flat-Fading Channels 24411.3 Error Probability in Delay- and Frequency-Dispersive Fading Channels 25012 Diversity 25912.1 Introduction 25912.2 Microdiversity 26012.3 Macrodiversity and Simulcast 26612.4 Combination of Signals 26712.5 Error Probability in Fading Channels with Diversity Reception 27312.6 Appendix: App12.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 27713 Channel Coding and Information Theory 27913.1 Fundamentals of Coding and Information Theory 27913.2 Block Codes 28413.3 Convolutional Codes 28813.4 Trellis Coded Modulation 29713.5 Bit Interleaved Coded Modulation (BICM) 30113.6 Turbo Codes 30213.7 Low-Density Parity-Check Codes 30613.8 Polar Codes 31013.9 Comparison of Capacity-Approaching Codes 31413.10 Coding for the Fading Channel 31513.11 Information-Theoretic Performance Limits of Fading Channels 31813.12 Automatic Repeat Request 32014 Equalizers 32314.1 Introduction 32314.2 Linear Equalizers 32614.3 Decision Feedback Equalizers 33114.4 Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation – Viterbi Detector 33314.5 Comparison of Equalizer Structures 33514.6 Fractionally Spaced Equalizers 33514.8 Predistortion at the Transmitter 33714.9 Appendices: App14.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 33815 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 33915.1 Introduction 33915.2 Principle of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 33915.3 Implementation of Transceivers 34015.4 Frequency-Selective Channels 34115.6 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio 35015.7 Inter Carrier Interference 35215.8 Synchronization 35515.9 Adaptive Power Allocation, Modulation, and Coding 35915.10 Generalizations of OFDM 36215.11 Multi-Carrier Spread Spectrum 36815.12 Orthogonal Time Frequency Spreading (OTFS) 37116 Multiple Antenna Systems – SIMO, MISO, and MIMO 37516.1 Diversity and Beamforming 37516.2 Spatial Multiplexing 39517 Hardware Aspects 43117.1 Introduction 43117.2 General Concepts 43417.3 ADCs and DACs 43817.4 Amplifiers 44017.5 Filters, Power Dividers, and Phase Shifters 44417.6 Oscillators 44717.7 Mixers and Frequency Conversion 45317.8 Transceiver Structures 45317.9 Spectrum Masks 45617.10 Full Duplex 45717.11 Appendices: App17.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 459Part IV Wireless Communication with Multiple Users 46118 Multiple Access 46318.1 Introduction 46318.2 Performance Limits for Multiple Access 46418.3 Contention-Free Multiple Access 46718.4 Contention Multiple Access 47118.5 Duplexing 47918.6 Broadcast and Multi-Cast 48119 Spread Spectrum Systems 48319.1 Frequency Hopping Multiple Access (FHMA) 48319.2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum – Single-User Case 48519.3 Code-Division-Multiple-Access Systems 49019.4 Time Hopping Impulse Radio 49620 Resource Allocation: Scheduling, Power Control, and Admission Control 50120.1 Rate and Latency Requirements for Different Kinds of Traffic 50120.2 Dichotomy of Resource Allocation 50520.3 Resource Allocation in OFDMA with Infinite Backlog 50620.4 Resource Allocation in CDMA with Infinite Backlog 51220.5 Scheduling with Random Data Arrivals 51320.6 Multi-Channel Systems and Admission Control 51820.7 Machine Learning for Resource Allocation 52421 Principles of Cellular Networks 52721.1 Frequency Reuse 52721.2 Cell Planning with Symmetric BS Deployment 52821.3 Inter-Cell Interference Reduction 53321.4 Cell Planning with Irregular Deployment 53921.5 CDMA-Based Cellular Systems 54721.6 Handover 54921.7 Heterogeneous Networks 55021.8 Backhaul 55521.9 Other Methods for Increasing Capacity 55522 Multiple Antennas for Multi-User Systems – MU-MIMO, Massive MIMO, and CoMP 55722.1 Introduction and Intuition 55722.2 System Model 55922.3 Performance Limits 56222.4 Linear Processing for Uplink 56522.5 Linear Processing for the Downlink 56722.6 Beamforming Based on Second-Order Statistics 57322.7 Channel Estimation and Feedback 57422.8 Scheduling for MU-MIMO 57522.9 Massive MIMO Theory 57922.10 Massive MIMO Implementation Aspects 58922.11 Base Station Cooperation and Distributed Antenna Systems 59622.12 Appendix: App22.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 60423 Ad hoc Networks, Device-to-Device Communications, and Mesh Networks 60523.1 Introduction and Motivation 60523.2 Applications 60623.3 Node Types and Hierarchical Structure 60723.4 Neighbor Discovery and Channel Estimation 60823.5 Scheduling of Single-Hop Transmissions 61223.6 Routing and Resource Allocation for Multi-Hop Networks 61423.7 Routing and Resource Allocation in Collaborative Networks 62423.9 Energy Management 63023.10 Cellular vs. D2D Mode in Hybrid Networks 63223.11 Mesh Networks 632Part V Advanced Transmission Techniques and Special Features 63524 Speech Coding 637Gernot Kubin24.1 Introduction 63724.2 The Sound of Speech 63924.3 Stochastic Models for Speech 64224.4 Quantization and Coding 64524.5 From Speech Transmission to Acoustic Telepresence 65125 Video Coding 655Anthony Vetro25.1 Introduction 65525.2 Transform and Quantization 65725.3 Prediction 65925.4 Entropy Coding 66125.5 Video Coding Standards 66225.6 Video Coding Extensions 66525.7 Error Control 66825.8 Video Streaming 67126 Cognitive Radio 67526.1 Types of Cognitive Radio 67526.2 Cognitive Transceiver Architecture 67826.3 Principles of Interweaving 67926.4 Spectrum Sensing 67926.5 Spectrum Management 68326.6 Spectrum Sharing 68326.7 Overlay 68626.8 Underlay Hierarchical Access – Ultra Wide Bandwidth System Communications 68727 Relaying, Cooperative Communications, and Network Coding 69127.1 Introduction and Motivation 69127.2 Fundamentals of Relaying 69227.3 Relaying with Multiple, Parallel Relays 69627.4 Applications 70327.5 Network Coding 70428 Advanced Interference Processing: Multi-User Detection, Nonorthogonal Multiple Access, and Interference Alignment 71128.1 Introduction and Motivation 71128.2 Multi-User Detectors 71128.3 NOMA in the Power Domain 71528.4 NOMA in the Code Domain 72128.5 Interference Alignment 72329 Localization 72929.1 Introduction and Motivation 72929.2 Principles of TOA/TDOA 73029.3 NLOS Detection, Mitigation, and Exploitation 74129.4 Direction-Of-Arrival (DoA) 74429.5 RSSI and Fingerprinting 74529.6 Global Positioning System (GPS) 74729.7 Localization in Cellular Systems 75129.8 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) 75429.9 Cooperative Localization 75529.10 Tracking 75729.11 Machine Learning for Localization 761Part VI System Design and Standardization 76530 System Design and Standardization 76730.1 From Components to Systems 76730.2 Motivation and Operation of Standards 76930.3 Some Important Standards 77330.4 Appendices: App30.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 77531 4G Cellular – 3GPP Long-Term Evolution (LTE) 77731.1 Introduction 77731.3 Physical Layer 78431.4 Logical and Physical Channels 79931.5 Physical Layer Procedures 80731.6 Carrier Aggregation and License-Assisted Access 81131.7 CoMP, Dual Connectivity, and Hetnet Support 81231.8 Relaying 81431.9 LTE for Machine-Type Applications 81531.10 Device-to-Device Communications – Sidelink 81732 5G Cellular – 3GPP New Radio (NR) 82332.1 Introduction 82332.2 System Overview 82532.3 Physical Layer 83032.4 Physical and Logical Channels 84332.5 Physical Layer Procedures 85132.6 Carrier Aggregation and License-Assisted Access 85432.7 CoMP, Dual Connectivity, and HetNet Support 85632.8 Relaying 85632.9 NR for Machine-Type Communications 85732.10 Device-to-Device Communications – Sidelink 85833 Wireless Local Area Networks 86333.1 Introduction 86333.2 802.11a/g – OFDM-Based LANs 86733.3 802.11n – High-throughput Transmission 87033.5 IEEE 802.11ac 88333.6 802.11ax/Wi-Fi 6 88634 PAN and Internet of Things – Bluetooth and Zigbee 89534.1 Bluetooth 89534.2 Zigbee 90735 Beyond 5G 91335.1 Motivation and Process 91335.2 Applications 91335.3 Network Design in B5G 91635.4 Spectrum Usage for B5G 91835.5 Physical and MAC Layer Aspects 91835.6 Real-Time Processing and RF Transceiver Design 92235.7 Use of Machine Learning 92335.8 A Final Word on New Technologies 924References 927Index 953About the Author 963