Hydrogeochemistry Fundamentals and Advances, Groundwater Composition and Chemistry

Viatcheslav V. Tikhomirov, PhD, is a professor, engineer, and researcher in the science of groundwater and its practical applications. An associate professor in the Department of Hydrology at the St. Petersburg State University in Russia, he has taught hydrogeochemistry for many years and has over 150 publications to his credit.

• Preface xvIntroduction 11 Analytical Composition and Properties of Ground Water 191.1 Moisture 211.2 Mineral Components 291.2.1 Testing and Preparation 301.2.2 Chemical Analysis 341.2.3 Processing of Analysis Results 351.3 Gas Components 411.3.1 Testing and Preparation 431.3.2 Analysis of the Natural Gas Composition 491.3.3 Conversions of Gas Analysis Results 521.4 Organic Components 561.4.1 Testing and Preparation 601.4.2 Analysis of Organic Substance 681.4.2.1 General Content of Organic Matter 681.4.2.2 Content of Organic Component Groups 701.4.2.3 Content of Individual Organic Components 741.4.3 Conversion of Analysis Results 741.5 Substances in the Dispersed State 761.5.1 Inert Suspended Particles 781.5.1.1 Methods of Study 791.5.2 Living Organisms 801.5.2.1 Pathogen Microorganisms 811.5.2.2 Biochemical Microorganisms 861.5.2.3 Methods of Study 861.6 Properties of Ground Water 891.6.1 Organoleptic and Balneological Properties 901.6.2 Chemical Properties 961.6.3 Physical Properties 1132 Hydrogeochemical Testing 1252.1 Assignment and Purpose of Hydrogeochemical Testing 1262.1.1 Regime and Scope of Testing 1272.1.2 Measured Parameters and Their Errors 1282.2 Logistics of Field Testing 1312.2.1 Natural Conditions and Previous Studies of the Area 1322.2.2 Planning the Testing Regime and Points 1332.2.3 Preparation of Wells and Equipment 1382.2.4 Preparation of Analytical Base 1482.2.4.1 Selection of Property and Composition Parameters 1502.2.4.2 Substantiation of Margin of Error Measurements 1512.2.4.3 Selection of Chemical Analysis Technique 1642.2.4.4 Selection of a Laboratory and Executants 1972.2.5 Field Testing Protocol 2022.2.6 Sample Safekeeping and Delivery to the Laboratory 2123 Processing of Testing Results 2153.1 Processing and Systematization of Observed Values 2163.1.1 Checking the Observed Values 2163.1.2 Systematizing the Observed Values 2193.1.3 Control of Measurement Quality 2223.1.3.1 Sensitivity of Testing Techniques 2243.1.3.2 Precision of Testing Results 2253.1.3.3 Testing Correctness of the Results 2283.1.3.4 Systematic Error of the Testing Results 2293.1.3.5 Testing Results’ Accuracy 2313.1.4 Measurements Results and Their Reliability 2323.1.4.1 Mathematical Expectation 2323.1.4.2 Confidence Interval 2333.2 Modeling of the Hydrogeochemical Condition 2373.2.1 Empirical–statistical Modeling 2383.2.1.1 Anomalies and Background 2383.2.1.2 Water Distinction in Quality Parameters 2403.2.1.3 Search for the Factors 2443.2.2 Space–time Modeling 2473.2.2.1 Autocorrelation Metamodels 2493.2.2.2 Semivariance Metamodels 2543.3 Classification and Visualization of Hydrogeochemical Parameters 2613.3.1 Chemical Classification of Ground Waters 2623.3.2 Graphic Imaging of the Water Composition 2693.3.3 Graphic Comparison of Different Composition Waters 2723.3.4 Hydrogeochemical Maps and Cross–sections 2763.3.4.1 Making Hydrogeochemical Maps 2783.3.4.2 Generating Hydrogeochemical Cross–sections 288Symbols 291References 297Index 301