Benjamin Schewel, PhD, is Lecturer at the Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies, University of Groningen and Associate Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Culture, University of Virginia, USA. He is author of Seven Ways of Looking at Religion and co-editor of Religion and Public Discourse in an Age of Transition: Reflections on Baha’i Practice and ThoughtErin K. Wilson, PhD, is Associate Professor of Politics and Religion at the Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies, University of Groningen. She is the author of After Secularism: Rethinking Religion in Global Politics, co-author of Justice Globalism: Ideology, Crisis, Policy and co-editor of The Refugee Crisis and Religion: Secularism, Security and Hospitality in Question.

• Notes on Contributors xiIntroduction 1Benjamin Schewel and Erin K. WilsonI.1 The Varieties of Secularism 3I.2 Imagining ‘Europe’ 4I.3 Chapter Summary 5Note 11References 11Part I Conceptual Frameworks 131 Religion in European Society: The Factors to Take into Account 15Grace Davie and Erin K. Wilson1.1 Cultural Heritage 161.2 The Historic Churches 161.3 From Obligation to Consumption 181.4 New Arrivals 211.5 Secular Reactions 221.6 The Influence of Neoliberalism 241.7 Is Europe an Exceptional Case? 251.8 ‘Global War on Terror’ and Associated Discourse 261.9 Gathering the Threads 27Notes 28References 282 What’s Wrong with Secularization? 31Benjamin Schewel2.1 The Seven Basic Claims Investigated 322.2 Conclusion 42Key Points for Researchers and Policymakers 43Notes 44References 44Part II Religion and the Public Sphere in Europe 493 Religion’s Place in Ethical and Political Discourse 51Joseph A. Camilleri3.1 The Changing European Mosaic 523.2 The ‘Islam’ Conundrum: Challenge and Opportunity 543.3 Contending Discourses 563.4 More Promising Pathways 60References 654 Culture, Conflict, and Constitutional Right: Representations of Religion in the Daily Press 69Mia Lövheim4.1 Introduction 694.2 A New Visibility of Religion: Post‐Secularity or Mediatization? 704.3 Increased Visibility of Religion: Empirical Findings 714.4 Framing Religion 734.4.1 Conflict 744.4.2 Culture 754.4.3 Constitutional Right 754.5 Religion, Post‐Secularity, and Mediatization: Interpreting the Findings 784.6 Key Points and Recommendations for Researchers 794.7 Key Points for Policy‐Makers 804.8 Key Points for Media Practitioners 80Notes 80References 815 Patterns of Regulation of Religion in Europe 83Paul Rasor5.1 European Context 835.2 Six Examples of Regulation 855.2.1 Denmark 855.2.1.1 Religion in Schools 865.2.1.2 Religious and Clothing and Symbols 865.2.2 Poland 865.2.2.1 Religion in Schools 875.2.2.2 Religious Clothing and Symbols 875.2.3 Italy 875.2.3.1 Religion in Schools 885.2.3.2 Religious Clothing and Symbols 895.2.4 Czech Republic 895.2.4.1 Religion in Schools 905.2.4.2 Religious Clothing and Symbols 905.2.5 The Netherlands 915.2.5.1 Religion in Schools 915.2.5.2 Religious Clothing and Symbols 915.2.6 France 925.2.6.1 Religion in Schools 925.2.6.2 Religious Clothing and Symbols 935.3 Conclusion 93Questions and Suggestions for Researchers and Policymakers 94Notes 95References 966 Faith‐based Organizations in Europe 99Jeffrey Haynes6.1 Introduction: FBOs in Europe 996.2 FBOs and the EU: From Marginalization to Significance 1006.3 FBOs and Welfare Provision in Europe 1046.4 Conclusion 106Notes 107References 1087 The Religious Dimensions of Contemporary European Populism 111Renée Wagenvoorde7.1 The Rise of Populism in Europe 1127.2 Populism in Public Discourse 1127.3 Populism in Academic Literature 1147.4 Populism, Religion, and Identity 1157.4.1 The Role of Religion in Populist Self‐conceptions 1157.4.2 Populists’ Rejection of Islam 1177.5 Good vs Bad Populism 1187.6 Conclusion 1197.6.1 Recommendations for Researchers and Policymakers 120References1208 Gender: Religion, Secularism, and Women’s Empowerment 125Kim Knibbe and Brenda Bartelink8.1 Introduction 1258.2 Understanding Religion in Modern Society: Beyond the Secularization Thesis 1268.3 The Gendered Division Between Public and Private 1288.4 Religion and Gender: Current Research 1308.5 Majority–Minority Relations 1328.6 New Research Agendas 1338.7 Policymakers: Recommendations 1348.7.1 Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights 1348.7.2 Public Health Risks: HIV‐ and Homo‐healings 1358.8 Conclusion 137Notes 138References 138Part III Global Interconnections 1439 Religion and Peacebuilding in the European Union 145Megan K. Shore and Scott T. Kline9.1 Religious Conflict Resolution: An Introduction 1469.2 Religion, Peacebuilding, and Religious Conflict Resolution in Europe 1519.2.1 Secularization 1529.2.2 The European Union 1539.3 Conclusion 154Note 155References 15510 Radicalization and Religion 159Liam Stephens and Stijn Sieckelinck10.1 The Meaning and Use of Radicalization as a Concept 16010.2 Utilizing Radicalization in Practice 16110.2.1 Ideology 16210.2.2 Environment 16310.2.3 Psychological Processes 16410.3 Identity and Agency 165Note 167References 16711 Universal Freedom of Religion or Belief: A Reality Check Through the Lens of the EU Guidelines 171Michael Wiener11.1 Regional Challenges to the Universal Freedom of Religion or Belief 17211.1.1 Violence 17311.1.2 Freedom of Expression 17311.1.3 Promotion of Respect for Diversity and Tolerance 17411.1.4 Discrimination 17511.1.5 Changing or Leaving One’s Religion or Belief 17611.1.6 Manifestation of Religion or Belief 17611.2 External–Internal Consistency: A Reality Check Concerning EU Member States 17711.2.1 Violence 17711.2.2 Freedom of Expression 17811.2.3 Promotion of Respect for Diversity and Tolerance 17811.2.4 Discrimination 17911.2.5 Changing or Leaving One’s Religion or Belief 18011.2.6 Manifestation of Religion or Belief 18011.3 Concluding Remarks 180Note 181References 18212 Between Solidarity and Exclusion: Religious Dimensions of Immigration and Asylum in Europe 183Kat Eghdamian12.1 (Mis)Assumptions About Religion and Immigration 18412.2 Security First: Religion, Immigration, and Geopolitical Hostility 18612.3 Changing Notions of Us and Them: Immigration, Integration, and Religious Identity 18712.4 Concluding Remarks and Key Recommendations 190References 19113 Southern‐Led Faith‐based Responses to Refugees: Insights for the Global North 195Elena Fiddian‐Qasmiyeh and Julia Pacitto13.1 Introduction 19513.2 Localizing – and ‘Faithing’ – Debates on Southern‐led Responses to Displacement 19613.3 Hegemonic Humanitarianism Defined and Critiqued 19913.4 Writing the ‘Other’ into Humanitarian Discourse 20113.5 Southern State and Civil Society Responses to Syrian Refugees’ Displacement 20213.6 Humanitarian Refugees: Views from the Thai‐Myanmar Border Camp 20313.7 Conclusions 20513.7.1 Recommendations for Researchers 20713.7.2 Recommendations for Policymakers 207Notes 207References 210Index 215

Benjamin Schewel, PhD, is Lecturer at the Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies, University of Groningen and Associate Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Culture, University of Virginia, USA. He is author of Seven Ways of Looking at Religion and co-editor of Religion and Public Discourse in an Age of Transition: Reflections on Baha’i Practice and ThoughtErin K. Wilson, PhD, is Associate Professor of Politics and Religion at the Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies, University of Groningen. She is the author of After Secularism: Rethinking Religion in Global Politics, co-author of Justice Globalism: Ideology, Crisis, Policy and co-editor of The Refugee Crisis and Religion: Secularism, Security and Hospitality in Question.

• Notes on Contributors xiIntroduction 1Benjamin Schewel and Erin K. WilsonI.1 The Varieties of Secularism 3I.2 Imagining ‘Europe’ 4I.3 Chapter Summary 5Note 11References 11Part I Conceptual Frameworks 131 Religion in European Society: The Factors to Take into Account 15Grace Davie and Erin K. Wilson1.1 Cultural Heritage 161.2 The Historic Churches 161.3 From Obligation to Consumption 181.4 New Arrivals 211.5 Secular Reactions 221.6 The Influence of Neoliberalism 241.7 Is Europe an Exceptional Case? 251.8 ‘Global War on Terror’ and Associated Discourse 261.9 Gathering the Threads 27Notes 28References 282 What’s Wrong with Secularization? 31Benjamin Schewel2.1 The Seven Basic Claims Investigated 322.2 Conclusion 42Key Points for Researchers and Policymakers 43Notes 44References 44Part II Religion and the Public Sphere in Europe 493 Religion’s Place in Ethical and Political Discourse 51Joseph A. Camilleri3.1 The Changing European Mosaic 523.2 The ‘Islam’ Conundrum: Challenge and Opportunity 543.3 Contending Discourses 563.4 More Promising Pathways 60References 654 Culture, Conflict, and Constitutional Right: Representations of Religion in the Daily Press 69Mia Lövheim4.1 Introduction 694.2 A New Visibility of Religion: Post‐Secularity or Mediatization? 704.3 Increased Visibility of Religion: Empirical Findings 714.4 Framing Religion 734.4.1 Conflict 744.4.2 Culture 754.4.3 Constitutional Right 754.5 Religion, Post‐Secularity, and Mediatization: Interpreting the Findings 784.6 Key Points and Recommendations for Researchers 794.7 Key Points for Policy‐Makers 804.8 Key Points for Media Practitioners 80Notes 80References 815 Patterns of Regulation of Religion in Europe 83Paul Rasor5.1 European Context 835.2 Six Examples of Regulation 855.2.1 Denmark 855.2.1.1 Religion in Schools 865.2.1.2 Religious and Clothing and Symbols 865.2.2 Poland 865.2.2.1 Religion in Schools 875.2.2.2 Religious Clothing and Symbols 875.2.3 Italy 875.2.3.1 Religion in Schools 885.2.3.2 Religious Clothing and Symbols 895.2.4 Czech Republic 895.2.4.1 Religion in Schools 905.2.4.2 Religious Clothing and Symbols 905.2.5 The Netherlands 915.2.5.1 Religion in Schools 915.2.5.2 Religious Clothing and Symbols 915.2.6 France 925.2.6.1 Religion in Schools 925.2.6.2 Religious Clothing and Symbols 935.3 Conclusion 93Questions and Suggestions for Researchers and Policymakers 94Notes 95References 966 Faith‐based Organizations in Europe 99Jeffrey Haynes6.1 Introduction: FBOs in Europe 996.2 FBOs and the EU: From Marginalization to Significance 1006.3 FBOs and Welfare Provision in Europe 1046.4 Conclusion 106Notes 107References 1087 The Religious Dimensions of Contemporary European Populism 111Renée Wagenvoorde7.1 The Rise of Populism in Europe 1127.2 Populism in Public Discourse 1127.3 Populism in Academic Literature 1147.4 Populism, Religion, and Identity 1157.4.1 The Role of Religion in Populist Self‐conceptions 1157.4.2 Populists’ Rejection of Islam 1177.5 Good vs Bad Populism 1187.6 Conclusion 1197.6.1 Recommendations for Researchers and Policymakers 120References1208 Gender: Religion, Secularism, and Women’s Empowerment 125Kim Knibbe and Brenda Bartelink8.1 Introduction 1258.2 Understanding Religion in Modern Society: Beyond the Secularization Thesis 1268.3 The Gendered Division Between Public and Private 1288.4 Religion and Gender: Current Research 1308.5 Majority–Minority Relations 1328.6 New Research Agendas 1338.7 Policymakers: Recommendations 1348.7.1 Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights 1348.7.2 Public Health Risks: HIV‐ and Homo‐healings 1358.8 Conclusion 137Notes 138References 138Part III Global Interconnections 1439 Religion and Peacebuilding in the European Union 145Megan K. Shore and Scott T. Kline9.1 Religious Conflict Resolution: An Introduction 1469.2 Religion, Peacebuilding, and Religious Conflict Resolution in Europe 1519.2.1 Secularization 1529.2.2 The European Union 1539.3 Conclusion 154Note 155References 15510 Radicalization and Religion 159Liam Stephens and Stijn Sieckelinck10.1 The Meaning and Use of Radicalization as a Concept 16010.2 Utilizing Radicalization in Practice 16110.2.1 Ideology 16210.2.2 Environment 16310.2.3 Psychological Processes 16410.3 Identity and Agency 165Note 167References 16711 Universal Freedom of Religion or Belief: A Reality Check Through the Lens of the EU Guidelines 171Michael Wiener11.1 Regional Challenges to the Universal Freedom of Religion or Belief 17211.1.1 Violence 17311.1.2 Freedom of Expression 17311.1.3 Promotion of Respect for Diversity and Tolerance 17411.1.4 Discrimination 17511.1.5 Changing or Leaving One’s Religion or Belief 17611.1.6 Manifestation of Religion or Belief 17611.2 External–Internal Consistency: A Reality Check Concerning EU Member States 17711.2.1 Violence 17711.2.2 Freedom of Expression 17811.2.3 Promotion of Respect for Diversity and Tolerance 17811.2.4 Discrimination 17911.2.5 Changing or Leaving One’s Religion or Belief 18011.2.6 Manifestation of Religion or Belief 18011.3 Concluding Remarks 180Note 181References 18212 Between Solidarity and Exclusion: Religious Dimensions of Immigration and Asylum in Europe 183Kat Eghdamian12.1 (Mis)Assumptions About Religion and Immigration 18412.2 Security First: Religion, Immigration, and Geopolitical Hostility 18612.3 Changing Notions of Us and Them: Immigration, Integration, and Religious Identity 18712.4 Concluding Remarks and Key Recommendations 190References 19113 Southern‐Led Faith‐based Responses to Refugees: Insights for the Global North 195Elena Fiddian‐Qasmiyeh and Julia Pacitto13.1 Introduction 19513.2 Localizing – and ‘Faithing’ – Debates on Southern‐led Responses to Displacement 19613.3 Hegemonic Humanitarianism Defined and Critiqued 19913.4 Writing the ‘Other’ into Humanitarian Discourse 20113.5 Southern State and Civil Society Responses to Syrian Refugees’ Displacement 20213.6 Humanitarian Refugees: Views from the Thai‐Myanmar Border Camp 20313.7 Conclusions 20513.7.1 Recommendations for Researchers 20713.7.2 Recommendations for Policymakers 207Notes 207References 210Index 215