Saumitra Mukherjee, Professor, Geology and Remote Sensing, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.

• Preface viiiAcknowledgments ix1 Extraterrestrial Remote Sensing 11.1 Introduction 12 Principles of Remote Sensing of Sun-Earth Climate 72.1 Introduction 72.2 SEVAN Data Interpretation for Solar Influence on Climate Change 92.3 Changes Within the Sun in 24 Hours and Its Effect on the Environment of the Earth 123 Extraterrestrial Remote Sensing Satellites 173.1 Introduction 173.2 Workstation Requirements 203.3 Sun Heliophysical Observatory (SOHO) Interdisciplinary Science Matrix 214 Extraterrestrial Satellite Data Collection and Interpretation 284.1 Introduction 284.2 The Sunspot Activities 344.2.1 Solar Flares Behave Like a Twinkling Butterfly 345 Terrestrial Satellite Data Correlation with Extraterrestrial Satellite Data 405.1 Morphological Units 425.2 Terrestrial Correlation 425.3 Geomorphology of Terrestrial Analogue 435.4 Landform Features of Terrestrial Analogue 445.5 Terrain Roughness Index 445.6 Mineralogy of Soil Samples 455.7 Exploration Missions 466 Solar Eclipse and Climate Change 516.1 Introduction 516.2 The Data Interpretation 516.2.1 Tropospheric NO2 Data 526.2.2 Aerosol Data 526.2.3 Cloud Data 536.2.4 Cosmic Ray Data 536.2.5 Electron Flux Data 537 Snowfall Influenced by the Changes in the Sun 657.1 Introduction 657.2 Sun-Earth Cosmic Connection in Glacier and Snowfall 667.3 Star-Sun Influence on the Earth’s Atmosphere 688 Rainfall Prediction by Cosmic Ray Variability 748.1 Introduction 748.2 Cosmic Rays and Rainfall 748.3 JNU, New Delhi, India, Showing Sudden Rise in Cosmic Particle Count Rate on 10 April 2012 778.4 Influence of Solar Activity onWeather Prediction 799 Earthquake Prediction by Using Solar and Cosmic Ray Data 839.1 Introduction 839.2 National Capital Region, India: Tectonics and Extraterrestrial Influence 839.3 Gujarat, Kutch, India Region: Tectonics and Extraterrestrial Influence 8610 Global Warming and Changes in the Sun 9210.1 Introduction 9210.2 Impact of Solar Changes on GlobalWarming 9310.3 Arguments in Contradiction to the View of GlobalWarming 10211 Extraterrestrial Remote Sensing of Planets 10511.1 Introduction 10511.2 Radio Emissions of JupiterWere Inferred to Establish Its Magnetic Field 10611.3 Planets Influenced by Pleiades 10911.4 Influence of the Solar Storms Affects Saturn 11112 Remote Sensing of the Moon of the Earth 11412.1 Landing Site Selection Based on Morphology and Mineralogy of the Basin 12112.2 Morphological Study of the Crater 12612.2.1 Fractures on Crater Floor 12612.2.2 Central Peak 12612.2.3 TerracedWalls 12612.2.4 Rampart Crater 12712.2.5 Formation of Catena Krafft 12712.2.6 Rays Around the Crater 12912.3 Morphological Variations in Light of Mineralogy of the Study Area 129References 131Further Reading 13213 Remote Sensing of Mars 134Further Reading 14114 Future of Extraterrestrial Remote Sensing 14614.1 Introduction 14614.2 High-resolution Extraterrestrial Investigation 14714.3 Ionosphere Monitoring Satellite 149Further Reading 156Index 159

Saumitra Mukherjee, Professor, Geology and Remote Sensing, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.

• Preface viiiAcknowledgments ix1 Extraterrestrial Remote Sensing 11.1 Introduction 12 Principles of Remote Sensing of Sun-Earth Climate 72.1 Introduction 72.2 SEVAN Data Interpretation for Solar Influence on Climate Change 92.3 Changes Within the Sun in 24 Hours and Its Effect on the Environment of the Earth 123 Extraterrestrial Remote Sensing Satellites 173.1 Introduction 173.2 Workstation Requirements 203.3 Sun Heliophysical Observatory (SOHO) Interdisciplinary Science Matrix 214 Extraterrestrial Satellite Data Collection and Interpretation 284.1 Introduction 284.2 The Sunspot Activities 344.2.1 Solar Flares Behave Like a Twinkling Butterfly 345 Terrestrial Satellite Data Correlation with Extraterrestrial Satellite Data 405.1 Morphological Units 425.2 Terrestrial Correlation 425.3 Geomorphology of Terrestrial Analogue 435.4 Landform Features of Terrestrial Analogue 445.5 Terrain Roughness Index 445.6 Mineralogy of Soil Samples 455.7 Exploration Missions 466 Solar Eclipse and Climate Change 516.1 Introduction 516.2 The Data Interpretation 516.2.1 Tropospheric NO2 Data 526.2.2 Aerosol Data 526.2.3 Cloud Data 536.2.4 Cosmic Ray Data 536.2.5 Electron Flux Data 537 Snowfall Influenced by the Changes in the Sun 657.1 Introduction 657.2 Sun-Earth Cosmic Connection in Glacier and Snowfall 667.3 Star-Sun Influence on the Earth’s Atmosphere 688 Rainfall Prediction by Cosmic Ray Variability 748.1 Introduction 748.2 Cosmic Rays and Rainfall 748.3 JNU, New Delhi, India, Showing Sudden Rise in Cosmic Particle Count Rate on 10 April 2012 778.4 Influence of Solar Activity onWeather Prediction 799 Earthquake Prediction by Using Solar and Cosmic Ray Data 839.1 Introduction 839.2 National Capital Region, India: Tectonics and Extraterrestrial Influence 839.3 Gujarat, Kutch, India Region: Tectonics and Extraterrestrial Influence 8610 Global Warming and Changes in the Sun 9210.1 Introduction 9210.2 Impact of Solar Changes on GlobalWarming 9310.3 Arguments in Contradiction to the View of GlobalWarming 10211 Extraterrestrial Remote Sensing of Planets 10511.1 Introduction 10511.2 Radio Emissions of JupiterWere Inferred to Establish Its Magnetic Field 10611.3 Planets Influenced by Pleiades 10911.4 Influence of the Solar Storms Affects Saturn 11112 Remote Sensing of the Moon of the Earth 11412.1 Landing Site Selection Based on Morphology and Mineralogy of the Basin 12112.2 Morphological Study of the Crater 12612.2.1 Fractures on Crater Floor 12612.2.2 Central Peak 12612.2.3 TerracedWalls 12612.2.4 Rampart Crater 12712.2.5 Formation of Catena Krafft 12712.2.6 Rays Around the Crater 12912.3 Morphological Variations in Light of Mineralogy of the Study Area 129References 131Further Reading 13213 Remote Sensing of Mars 134Further Reading 14114 Future of Extraterrestrial Remote Sensing 14614.1 Introduction 14614.2 High-resolution Extraterrestrial Investigation 14714.3 Ionosphere Monitoring Satellite 149Further Reading 156Index 159

Saumitra Mukherjee, Professor, Geology and Remote Sensing, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.

• Preface viiiAcknowledgments ix1 Extraterrestrial Remote Sensing 11.1 Introduction 12 Principles of Remote Sensing of Sun-Earth Climate 72.1 Introduction 72.2 SEVAN Data Interpretation for Solar Influence on Climate Change 92.3 Changes Within the Sun in 24 Hours and Its Effect on the Environment of the Earth 123 Extraterrestrial Remote Sensing Satellites 173.1 Introduction 173.2 Workstation Requirements 203.3 Sun Heliophysical Observatory (SOHO) Interdisciplinary Science Matrix 214 Extraterrestrial Satellite Data Collection and Interpretation 284.1 Introduction 284.2 The Sunspot Activities 344.2.1 Solar Flares Behave Like a Twinkling Butterfly 345 Terrestrial Satellite Data Correlation with Extraterrestrial Satellite Data 405.1 Morphological Units 425.2 Terrestrial Correlation 425.3 Geomorphology of Terrestrial Analogue 435.4 Landform Features of Terrestrial Analogue 445.5 Terrain Roughness Index 445.6 Mineralogy of Soil Samples 455.7 Exploration Missions 466 Solar Eclipse and Climate Change 516.1 Introduction 516.2 The Data Interpretation 516.2.1 Tropospheric NO2 Data 526.2.2 Aerosol Data 526.2.3 Cloud Data 536.2.4 Cosmic Ray Data 536.2.5 Electron Flux Data 537 Snowfall Influenced by the Changes in the Sun 657.1 Introduction 657.2 Sun-Earth Cosmic Connection in Glacier and Snowfall 667.3 Star-Sun Influence on the Earth’s Atmosphere 688 Rainfall Prediction by Cosmic Ray Variability 748.1 Introduction 748.2 Cosmic Rays and Rainfall 748.3 JNU, New Delhi, India, Showing Sudden Rise in Cosmic Particle Count Rate on 10 April 2012 778.4 Influence of Solar Activity onWeather Prediction 799 Earthquake Prediction by Using Solar and Cosmic Ray Data 839.1 Introduction 839.2 National Capital Region, India: Tectonics and Extraterrestrial Influence 839.3 Gujarat, Kutch, India Region: Tectonics and Extraterrestrial Influence 8610 Global Warming and Changes in the Sun 9210.1 Introduction 9210.2 Impact of Solar Changes on GlobalWarming 9310.3 Arguments in Contradiction to the View of GlobalWarming 10211 Extraterrestrial Remote Sensing of Planets 10511.1 Introduction 10511.2 Radio Emissions of JupiterWere Inferred to Establish Its Magnetic Field 10611.3 Planets Influenced by Pleiades 10911.4 Influence of the Solar Storms Affects Saturn 11112 Remote Sensing of the Moon of the Earth 11412.1 Landing Site Selection Based on Morphology and Mineralogy of the Basin 12112.2 Morphological Study of the Crater 12612.2.1 Fractures on Crater Floor 12612.2.2 Central Peak 12612.2.3 TerracedWalls 12612.2.4 Rampart Crater 12712.2.5 Formation of Catena Krafft 12712.2.6 Rays Around the Crater 12912.3 Morphological Variations in Light of Mineralogy of the Study Area 129References 131Further Reading 13213 Remote Sensing of Mars 134Further Reading 14114 Future of Extraterrestrial Remote Sensing 14614.1 Introduction 14614.2 High-resolution Extraterrestrial Investigation 14714.3 Ionosphere Monitoring Satellite 149Further Reading 156Index 159