Geothermal Energy

Dr. Rosen is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Ontario Institute of Technology. He has served as President of the Engineering Institute of Canada and of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering. His main areas of research are thermodynamics, energy technology, sustainable energy and the environmental impact of energy systems. He was also the founding Editor-in-Chief of the journal Sustainability (MDPI).Dr. Koohi-Fayegh is a Post-doctoral Fellow in the Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science at the University of Ontario Institute of Technology.

• Preface xv About the Authors xixAcknowledgments xxiNomenclature xxiii1 Introduction to Geothermal Energy 11.1 Features of Geothermal Energy 21.2 Geothermal Energy Systems 31.3 Outline of the Book 4References 72 Fundamentals 82.1 Introduction 82.2 Thermodynamics 82.3 Heat Transfer 182.4 Fluid Mechanics 232.5 The Nature of the Ground 30References 323 Background and Technologies 343.1 Introduction 343.2 Heat Pumps 343.3 Heat Exchangers 363.4 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning 363.5 Energy Storage 374 Underground Thermal Energy Storage 394.1 Introduction 394.2 Thermal Energy Storage Methods 404.3 UndergroundThermal Storage Methods and Systems 574.4 Integration of Thermal Energy Storage with Heat Pumps 624.5 Closing Remarks 68References 685 Geothermal Heating and Cooling 765.1 Ground-Source Heat Pumps 775.2 Geothermal Heat Exchangers 78References 856 Design Considerations and Installation 866.1 Sensitivity to GroundThermal Conductivity 866.2 Thermal Response Test 896.3 Building Energy Calculations 956.4 Economics 1056.5 Standards 108References 1097 Modeling Ground Heat Exchangers 1117.1 General Aspects of Modeling 1117.2 AnalyticalModels 1167.3 Numerical Modeling 1337.4 Closing Remarks 138References 1398 Ground Heat ExchangerModeling Examples 1438.1 Semi-AnalyticalModeling of Two Boreholes 1438.2 Numerical Modeling of Two Boreholes 1508.3 Numerical Modeling of a Borefield 1678.4 Numerical Modeling of a Horizontal Ground Heat Exchanger 1728.5 Model Comparison 180References 1829 Thermodynamic Analysis 1849.1 Introduction 1849.2 Analysis of an UndergroundThermal Energy Storage System 1849.3 Analysis of a Ground-Source Heat Pump System 1929.4 Analysis of a System Integrating Ground-Source Heat Pumps and UndergroundThermal Storage 197References 20410 Environmental Factors 20610.1 Introduction 20610.2 Environmental Benefits 20610.3 Environmental Impacts 208References 21711 Renewability and Sustainability 21811.1 Introduction 21811.2 Renewability of Ground-Source Heat Pumps 21811.3 Sustainability of Ground-Source Heat Pumps 220References 22612 Case Studies 22812.1 Introduction 22812.2 Thermal Energy Storage in Ground for Heating and Cooling 22912.3 Underground andWater TankThermal Energy Storage for Heating 23112.4 Space Conditioning with Heat Pump and SeasonalThermal Storage 23912.5 Integrated System with Ground-Source Heat Pump,Thermal Storage, and District Energy 24212.6 Closed-Loop Geothermal District Energy System 24912.7 Closing Remarks 250References 251A Numerical Discretization 252Reference 254B Sensitivity Analyses 255B.1 Parameters AffectingThermal Interactions betweenMultiple Boreholes 255B.2 Validation of the Two-Dimensional Numerical Solution with a Three-Dimensional Solution 261B.3 Heat Flux Variation along Borehole Length 267References 272Index 273