Handbook of Defence Electronics and Optronics

Dr Anil K. Maini served the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) of India during 1978–2014 as a Scientist in different capacities. He served as the Outstanding Scientist and Director of the Laser Science and Technology Centre, a premier R&D establishment of DRDO during 2008–2014. He has accumulated more than 36 years of R&D experience in different aspects of research, design and development related to Defence Electronics and Optronics equipment. His areas of expertise include optoelectronic simulator and sensor systems, laser systems, electro-optic countermeasures, high power lasers, power electronics, digital electronics and embedded systems. He is a Life Fellow of the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers (IETE) and a senior life member of the Indian Laser Association (ILA). He has authored and co-authored thirteen other books and approximately 150 technical articles and papers in national and international journals, magazines, and conferences. He is inventor/co-inventor in nine patents.

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• Preface xxi1 Military Communications 11.1 Introduction to Military Communications 11.2 Communication Techniques 51.3 Communication Transmitters and Receivers 351.4 Antennas, Transmission Media and Propagation Modes 521.5 Optical Communication 771.6 Software‐Defined Radio 821.7 Network‐Centric Warfare 871.8 C4isr 891.9 Representative Military Communications Equipment 91Illustrated Glossary 101Bibliography 1112 Radar Fundamentals 1132.1 Introduction to Radar 1132.2 Basic Radar Functions 1182.3 Accuracy and Resolution 1232.4 Radar Cross‐Section 1292.5 Radar Clutter 1372.6 Radar Range Equation 1442.7 Radar Waveforms 1482.8 Radar Transmitters 1552.9 Radar Receivers 1592.10 Radar Displays 1672.11 Radar Antennas 1682.12 Types of Radar 169Illustrated Glossary 199Bibliography 2013 Military Radars 2033.1 Military Applications of Radar Systems 2033.2 Ground (or Area) Surveillance Radar Systems 2123.3 Air Surveillance Radar Systems 2243.4 Ground Penetrating Radar Systems 2403.5 Weapon Locating Radar Systems 2533.6 Fire‐Control Radar Systems 2653.7 Space‐Based Radar Systems 2723.8 Police Radar 278Illustrated Glossary 285Bibliography 2944 Satellite Technology 2954.1 Basic Principles of Orbiting Satellites 2954.2 Satellite Launch and In‐Orbit Operations 3174.3 Satellite Hardware 3414.4 Multiple Access Techniques 3584.5 Satellite Link Design 3674.6 Networking Concepts 387Illustrated Glossary 408Bibliography 4175 Military Satellites 4195.1 Military Applications of Satellites 4195.2 Military Communication Satellites 4205.3 Military Satellite Communication Systems 4215.4 Major International Military Communication Satellites 4295.5 Reconnaissance Satellites 4335.6 Major International Reconnaissance Satellites 4435.7 Military Weather Forecasting Satellites 4495.8 Military Navigation Satellites 4505.9 Major International Navigation Satellites 4545.10 The Future of Satellite Navigation Systems 4585.11 Space‐Based Weapons 458Illustrated Glossary 470Bibliography 4736 Electronic Warfare 4756.1 Introduction to Electronic Warfare 4756.2 Types of Electronic Warfare Systems 4766.3 Electronic Support Measures 4776.4 Electronic Countermeasures (ECM) 5036.5 Electro‐Optic Countermeasures 5196.6 Infrared Countermeasures 5266.7 Electronic Counter‐Countermeasures 5336.8 Stealth Technology 5356.9 Current and Future Trends in Electronic Wafare 542Illustrated Glossary 544Bibliography 5547 Laser Fundamentals 5557.1 Operational Basics 5557.2 Laser Characteristics 5767.3 Laser Parameters 5797.4 Measurement of Laser Parameters 5857.5 Laser Beam Diagnostic Equipment 5897.6 Types of Lasers 5927.7 Solid‐State Lasers 5937.8 Fibre Lasers 6137.9 Gas Lasers 6217.10 Semiconductor Lasers 639Illustrated Glossary 659Bibliography 6678 Laser Electronics 6698.1 Basic Building Blocks of Laser Electronics 6698.2 Laser Electronics and Related Technologies 7238.3 Solid‐State Laser Electronics 7308.4 Gas Laser Electronics 7408.5 Semiconductor Diode Laser Electronics 758Illustrated Glossary 775Bibliography 7819 Photo Sensors and Related Devices 7839.1 Classification of Photo Sensors 7839.2 Radiometry and Photometry 7859.3 Characteristic Parameters 7869.4 Photoconductors 7939.5 Photo Diodes 7979.6 Solar Cells 8069.7 Photo Transistors 8089.8 Photo FET, Photo SCR and Photo TRIAC 8109.9 Image Sensors 8129.10 Photo Emissive Sensors 8189.11 Thermal Sensors 8209.12 Light‐Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 8249.13 Displays 8299.14 Night Vision Technologies 838Illustrated Glossary 856Bibliography 86210 Military Laser Systems 86510.1 Military Applications of Lasers 86510.2 Laser Aiming Devices 86810.3 Laser Range Finders (LRF) 86910.4 Laser Target Designators 88410.5 Laser Proximity Sensors 90110.6 Laser‐Based Detection of Electro‐Optic Targets 90410.7 Laser Bathymetry Sensors 90710.8 LADAR Sensors 90910.9 Laser‐Based Gyroscopic Sensors 91210.10 LIDAR For Detection of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents 92010.11 Laser‐Based Detection of Explosive Agents 924Illustrated Glossary 926Bibliography 93111 Precision‐Guided Munitions 93311.1 Introduction 93311.2 Types of Guided Weapons 93411.3 Guidance Techniques 93911.4 Laser‐Guided Munitions 94711.5 Major Laser‐Guided Weapon Systems 95911.6 Testing Laser‐Guided Munitions 96411.7 Infrared‐Guided Weapons 96811.8 Major Infrared‐Guided Weapon Systems 98311.9 Testing Infrared‐Guided Weapons 99111.10 Radar‐Guided Weapons 99411.11 Major Radar‐Guided Weapon Systems 99911.12 GPS/INS‐Guided Weapons 1004Illustrated Glossary 1006Bibliography 101112 Directed Energy Weapons 101312.1 Directed‐Energy Weapons (DEWs) 101312.2 Types of DEWs 101512.3 Particle Beam Weapons 101612.4 High‐Power Microwave (HPM) Weapons 102512.5 Directed‐Energy Laser Systems 105112.6 Less‐Lethal Laser Dazzlers 105212.7 High‐Power Lasers for Ordnance Disposal 106112.8 High‐Power Directed‐Energy Laser Weapons 106512.9 High‐Power Laser Sources 107112.10 Beam‐Control Technologies 108612.11 Laser Propagation Effects 108712.12 Lethality 109112.13 Representative Directed‐Energy Laser Weapon Systems 109212.14 Laser‐Induced Plasma Channel (LIPC) Weapons 1098Illustrated Glossary 1098Bibliography 1105Index 1107