Color Atlas of Veterinary Ophthalmology

Kirk N. Gelatt, VMD, Diplomate ACVO, is Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, USA.Caryn E. Plummer, DVM, Diplomate ACVO, is Associate Professor of Comparative Ophthalmology and Service Chief of the Veterinary Ophthalmology Service at the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, USA.

• Preface xv1 Ocular Anatomy 1Fig. 1.1 Eye anatomy 2Fig. 1.2 Eyelid 52 The Ophthalmic Examination and Diagnostics 7Fig. 2.1 Ophthalmic examination equipment 8Fig. 2.2 Ophthalmic examination 10Fig. 2.3 Ophthalmic examination in a horse 11Fig. 2.4 Nasolacrimal patency 12Fig. 2.5 Microbiologic culture and susceptibility testing 13Fig. 2.6 Cytology 14Fig. 2.7 Ophthalmic stains 15Fig. 2.8 Slit lamp biomicroscopy 17Fig. 2.9 Intraocular pressure 18Fig. 2.10 Gonioscopy 19Fig. 2.11 Ophthalmoscopy 203 Clinical Signs and Their Interpretations 25Fig. 3.1 Blepharospasm 26Fig. 3.2 Epiphora 27Fig. 3.3 Exophthalmos/enophthalmos/strabismus 27Fig. 3.4 Microphthalmia/phthisis bulbus/buphthalmos 29Fig. 3.5 Conjunctival hyperemia 30Fig. 3.6 Iridocyclitis 32Fig. 3.7 Episcleral venous congestion 33Fig. 3.8 Corneal edema 34Fig. 3.9 Corneal ulceration/vascularization 36Fig. 3.10 Corneal pigmentation 38Fig. 3.11 Corneal cellular infiltrate 38Fig. 3.12 Sequestrum 40Fig. 3.13 Corneal fibrosis 41Fig. 3.14 Corneal lipidosis 42Fig. 3.15 Hemorrhages 43Fig. 3.16 Opacity in the anterior chamber 45Fig. 3.17 Mydriasis/miosis 46Fig. 3.18 Posterior synechiae 47Fig. 3.19 Rubeosis irides 48Fig. 3.20 Acute chorioretinal inflammations 50Fig. 3.21 Chronic chorioretinal inflammation 504 Canine Orbit 53Fig. 4.1 Microphthalmia 54Fig. 4.2 Acute orbital cellulitis/retrobulbar abscess 55Fig. 4.3 Zygomatic salivary mucocele 56Fig. 4.4 Acute masticatory myositis 57Fig. 4.5 Bilateral polymyositis 58Fig. 4.6 Microphthalmos/strabismus 59Fig. 4.7 Traumatic proptosis 60Fig. 4.8 Orbital trauma 62Fig. 4.9 Craniomandibular osteopathy 62Fig. 4.10 Orbital masses 63Fig. 4.11 Enucleation 64Fig. 4.12 Intraocular silicone prosthesis 65Fig. 4.13 Phthisis bulbus 665 Canine Eyelids 67Fig. 5.1 Ankyloblepharon 68Fig. 5.2 Eyelid agenesis 68Fig. 5.3 Dermoid 68Fig. 5.4 Blepharophimosis 69Fig. 5.5 Euryblepharon 69Fig. 5.6 “V” notch in the central lower eyelid 70Fig. 5.7 Entropion 71Fig. 5.8 Ectropion 73Fig. 5.9 Combined entropion–ectropion 74Fig. 5.10 Distichia 75Fig. 5.11 Ectopic cilia 76Fig. 5.12 Trichomegaly 76Fig. 5.13 Trichiasis 76Fig. 5.14 Eyelid laceration 77Fig. 5.15 Pyoderma blepharitis 78Fig. 5.16 Sarcoptic mange 78Fig. 5.17 Immune‐mediated blepharitis 79Fig. 5.18 Pyogranulomatous blepharitis 79Fig. 5.19 Uveodermatologic syndrome 80Fig. 5.20 Meibomianitis 81Fig. 5.21 Hordeolum/chalazion 82Fig. 5.22 Proliferative keratoconjunctivitis 82Fig. 5.23 Adenoma of the meibomian gland 83Fig. 5.24 Melanoma of the lower eyelid 84Fig. 5.25 Squamous cell carcinoma/mast cell tumor 84Fig. 5.26 Histiocytoma 85Fig. 5.27 Oral papillomatosis 856 Canine Tear and Nasolacrimal Systems 87Fig. 6.1 Acute keratoconjunctivitis sicca 88Fig. 6.2 Chronic keratoconjunctivitis sicca 90Fig. 6.3 Sequelae of acute keratoconjunctivitis sicca 91Fig. 6.4 Qualitative keratoconjunctivitis sicca 92Fig. 6.5 Entropion 93Fig. 6.6 Acute dacryocystitis 93Fig. 6.7 Longer term dacryocystitis 94Fig. 6.8 Dacryocele/dacryops 957 Canine Conjunctiva and Nictitating Membrane (Nictitans) 97Fig. 7.1 Encircling nictitans 98Fig. 7.2 Dermoid of the lateral bulbar conjunctiva 98Fig. 7.3 Everted cartilage 99Fig. 7.4 Prolapse of nictitans tear glands 100Fig. 7.5 Bilateral protrusion of the nictitans 101Fig. 7.6 Plasma cell infiltration of the nictitans 101Fig. 7.7 Foreign bodies in the nictitans 102Fig. 7.8 Primary neoplasms of the nictitans 103Fig. 7.9 Conjunctivitis 104Fig. 7.10 Follicular conjunctivitis 105Fig. 7.11 Chemosis of the conjunctiva 106Fig. 7.12 Subconjunctival hemorrhage 107Fig. 7.13 Non‐neoplastic inflammatory masses of the conjunctivas and nictitans 108Fig. 7.14 Neoplasms of the canine conjunctiva 1098 Canine Cornea and Sclera 111Fig. 8.1 Corneoconjunctival dermoid 112Fig. 8.2 Ocular dysgenesis 112Fig. 8.3 Persistent pupillary membranes 113Fig. 8.4 Corneal erosion 114Fig. 8.5 Corneal ulcer 115Fig. 8.6 Central corneal ulcer 118Fig. 8.7 Fungal keratitis 120Fig. 8.8 Pigmentary keratitis 121Fig. 8.9 Chronic superficial keratitis 122Fig. 8.10 Neuroparalytic keratitis 124Fig. 8.11 Neurotropic keratitis 125Fig. 8.12 Keratitis 125Fig. 8.13 Florida keratopathy 128Fig. 8.14 Corneal laceration 128Fig. 8.15 Corneal foreign bodies 130Fig. 8.16 Corneal stromal dystrophies 132Fig. 8.17 Endothelial corneal dystrophy 133Fig. 8.18 Corneal degeneration 135Fig. 8.19 Corneal cyst 137Fig. 8.20 Limbal melanoma 138Fig. 8.21 Scleral and conjunctival icterus 138Fig. 8.22 Staphyloma 139Fig. 8.23 Proliferative keratoconjunctivitis 1399 Canine Glaucomas 143Fig. 9.1 Optic nerve head and primary open angle glaucoma 144Fig. 9.2 Optic nerve head changes in primary narrow/closed angle glaucoma 144Fig. 9.3 Congenital glaucoma 145Fig. 9.4 Congenital glaucoma 145Fig. 9.5 Primary narrow/closed angle glaucoma 146Fig. 9.6 Primary narrow/closed angle glaucoma with pectinate ligament dysplasia 148Fig. 9.7 Primary narrow/closed angle glaucoma and globe enlargement 150Fig. 9.8 Lens luxations or displacements 151Fig. 9.9 Cataract formation, resorption, lens‐induced uveitis, and glaucoma 153Fig. 9.10 Chronic uveitis/uveal cysts syndrome 155Fig. 9.11 Secondary aphakic/pseudophakic glaucoma 157Fig. 9.12 Traumatic glaucoma 157Fig. 9.13 Secondary glaucoma from intraocular hemorrhage 158Fig. 9.14 Pigmentary glaucoma 158Fig. 9.15 Secondary glaucoma and malignant melanoma of the ciliary body 159Fig. 9.16 Secondary glaucoma and ciliary body primary adenocarcinoma 159Fig. 9.17 Secondary glaucoma and metastatic nasal adenocarcinoma 160Fig. 9.18 Glaucoma secondary to anterior uveitis and lymphoma 160Fig. 9.19 Glaucoma secondary to anterior uveitis and lymphoma 160Fig. 9.20 Surgical and laser treatment for canine glaucoma 16110 Canine Anterior Uvea 163Fig. 10.1 Heterochromia iridis 164Fig. 10.2 Merle ocular dysgenesis 165Fig. 10.3 Persistent pupillary membranes 166Fig. 10.4 Iridal nests 167Fig. 10.5 Iridal coloboma 167Fig. 10.6 Acute iridocyclitis 168Fig. 10.7 Uveodermatologic syndrome/chronic anterior uveitis 170Fig. 10.8 Anterior uveitis following rickettsial infestation 171Fig. 10.9 Iridocyclitis following heartworm infestation 171Fig. 10.10 Anterior uveitis secondary to infectious canine hepatitis 172Fig. 10.11 Mycotic iridocyclitis and chorioretinitis 173Fig. 10.12 Iridocyclitis and cataract 174Fig. 10.13 Pigmentary uveitis 175Fig. 10.14 Uveodermatologic syndrome 176Fig. 10.15 Senile iris atrophy 178Fig. 10.16 Anterior uveal trauma 179Fig. 10.17 Hyphema 180Fig. 10.18 Melanoma 182Fig. 10.19 Ciliary body adenoma/adenocarcinoma 184Fig. 10.20 Metastatic adenocarcinoma of the ciliary body 185Fig. 10.21 Lymphoma 18511 Canine Lens and Cataract Formation 187Fig. 11.1 Microphakia 188Fig. 11.2 Lens coloboma 188Fig. 11.3 Lenticonus 188Fig. 11.4 Persistent pupillary membranes leading to cataract 189Fig. 11.5 Persistent hyaloid and posterior cataracts 190Fig. 11.6 Cataract formation 191Fig. 11.7 Nuclear sclerosis of the lens 192Fig. 11.8 Cataract formation classified by stage of maturity 193Fig. 11.9 Age of onset and area(s) or region of the lens first involved in cataract formation 196Fig. 11.10 Diabetic cataract 199Fig. 11.11 Cataract secondary to inflammation 200Fig. 11.12 Lens injury following penetrating or blunt trauma 201Fig. 11.13 Resorbing hypermature cataract 201Fig. 11.14 Lens subluxation 204Fig. 11.15 Anterior lens luxation 205Fig. 11.16 Posterior lens luxation 206Fig. 11.17 Intraocular lens placement after lens extraction 20712 Canine Vitreous 209Fig. 12.1 Hyaloid remnants 210Fig. 12.2 Persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis 210Fig. 12.3 Asteroid hyalosis 211Fig. 12.4 Vitritis following infection 213Fig. 12.5 Vitreal hemorrhage 21413 Canine Ocular Fundus and Optic Nerve 215Fig. 13.1 Normal variations of the ocular fundus and optic nerve head or disc 216Fig. 13.2 Collie eye anomaly 217Fig. 13.3 Retinal dysplasia 219Fig. 13.4 Progressive retinal atrophy 221Fig. 13.5 Retinal pigment epithelium dystrophy 223Fig. 13.6 Inflammations of the retina and choroid 224Fig. 13.7 Sudden acquired retinal degeneration 225Fig. 13.8 Ophthalmic manifestations of systemic hypertension 226Fig. 13.9 Lipemia retinalis 227Fig. 13.10 Hyperviscosity syndrome 227Fig. 13.11 Retinal detachment 229Fig. 13.12 Granulomatous meningoencephalitis 230Fig. 13.13 Neoplasms of the ocular fundus 231Fig. 13.14 Optic nerve head disease 231Fig. 13.15 Micropapilla 232Fig. 13.16 Optic nerve hypoplasia 232Fig. 13.17 Optic nerve coloboma 233Fig. 13.18 Papilledema associated with orbital neoplasm 234Fig. 13.19 Optic neuritis 234Fig. 13.20 Optic nerve atrophy 23514 Feline Ophthalmology 237Fig. 14.1 Microphthalmia/symblepharon 238Fig. 14.2 Proptosis 238Fig. 14.3 Orbital cellulitis 239Fig. 14.4 Orbital neoplasms 240Fig. 14.5 Eyelid agenesis 241Fig. 14.6 Entropion 243Fig. 14.7 Blepharitis 243Fig. 14.8 Eyelid neoplasia 244Fig. 14.9 Keratoconjunctivitis sicca 246Fig. 14.10 Ophthalmic manifestations of feline herpesvirus‐1 247Fig. 14.11 Recurrent feline herpesvirus‐1 conjunctivitis 248Fig. 14.12 Chlamydia conjunctivitis 248Fig. 14.13 Mycoplasmal conjunctivitis 249Fig. 14.14 Symblepharon 250Fig. 14.15 Lipogranulomatous conjunctivitis 250Fig. 14.16 Corneal ulceration following feline herpesvirus‐1 infection 251Fig. 14.17 Feline herpesvirus‐1 stromal keratitis 252Fig. 14.18 Corneal sequestration and corneal ulceration 252Fig. 14.19 Eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis 254Fig. 14.20 Florida keratopathy 255Fig. 14.21 Bullous keratopathy 255Fig. 14.22 Limbal melanoma/conjunctival lymphoma 256Fig. 14.23 Heterochromia iridis 256Fig. 14.24 Persistent pupillary membranes 257Fig. 14.25 Iridocyclitis or anterior uveitis 258Fig. 14.26 Anterior uveitis in a cat with infectious peritonitis 259Fig. 14.27 Anterior uveitis in a cat with feline leukemia 260Fig. 14.28 Panuveitis caused by feline immunodeficiency virus 261Fig. 14.29 Chronic panuveitis caused by toxoplasmosis 262Fig. 14.30 Ophthalmic trauma 263Fig. 14.31 Diffuse iridal melanoma 264Fig. 14.32 Anterior uveal melanomas 266Fig. 14.33 Ciliary body adenocarcinoma 267Fig. 14.34 Trauma‐associated sarcoma 268Fig. 14.35 Ophthalmic manifestations of systemic lymphoma 268Fig. 14.36 Bilateral congenital glaucoma 269Fig. 14.37 Ophthalmic manifestations of primary glaucomas 270Fig. 14.38 Aqueous misdirection 271Fig. 14.39 Anterior lens luxation 272Fig. 14.40 Cataracts 273Fig. 14.41 Primary cataracts 274Fig. 14.42 Secondary cataracts 275Fig. 14.43 Normal feline ocular fundus 276Fig. 14.44 Retinal dysplasia 277Fig. 14.45 Taurine retinopathy 277Fig. 14.46 Rod–cone dysplasia/rod–cone dystrophy 278Fig. 14.47 Chorioretinitis 278Fig. 14.48 Chorioretinitis secondary to cryptococcosis 280Fig. 14.49 Hypertensive retinopathy 281Fig. 14.50 Retinal degeneration 282Fig. 14.51 Ocular ophthalmomyiasis 283Fig. 14.52 Retinal detachments 28415 Equine Ophthalmology 285Fig. 15.1 Microphthalmia 286Fig. 15.2 Strabismus 286Fig. 15.3 Entropion 286Fig. 15.4 Pigmented dermoid 287Fig. 15.5 Nasolacrimal duct atresia 288Fig. 15.6 Heterochromia iridis/iris hypoplasia 289Fig. 15.7 Congenital glaucoma and lens subluxation 290Fig. 15.8 Iridocyclitis 290Fig. 15.9 Congenital cataract 291Fig. 15.10 Optic nerve hypoplasia 292Fig. 15.11 Orbit cellulitis 292Fig. 15.12 Orbital trauma 293Fig. 15.13 Orbital tumors 294Fig. 15.14 Phthisis bulbus 295Fig. 15.15 Eyelid laceration 295Fig. 15.16 Squamous cell carcinoma 295Fig. 15.17 Sarcoid 297Fig. 15.18 Melanoma 298Fig. 15.19 Corpora nigra cyst 299Fig. 15.20 Duct obstruction 300Fig. 15.21 Dacryocystitis and secondary conjunctivitis 300Fig. 15.22 Habronemiasis 301Fig. 15.23 Corneal ulceration 301Fig. 15.24 Corneal stromal abscess 305Fig. 15.25 Herpes viral keratitis 306Fig. 15.26 Corneal lacerations 306Fig. 15.27 Eosinophilic keratitis 307Fig. 15.28 Traumatic hyphema 308Fig. 15.29 Acute equine recurrent uveitis 309Fig. 15.30 Chronic equine recurrent uveitis 309Fig. 15.31 Chronic equine recurrent uveitis and secondary cataract 310Fig. 15.32 Glaucoma 310Fig. 15.33 Acquired cataracts 311Fig. 15.34 Lens subluxation 312Fig. 15.35 Treatment after phacoemulsification 313Fig. 15.36 Normal ocular fundus of the horse 314Fig. 15.37 Chorioretinitis 315Fig. 15.38 Retinal detachment 315Fig. 15.39 Optic disc degeneration 315Fig. 15.40 Ophthalmic manifestations of proliferative neuropathy 316Fig. 15.41 Ischemic neuroretinopathy 31616 Food and Fiber Animal Ophthalmology 317Fig. 16.1 Microphthalmia in a goat 318Fig. 16.2 Strabismus in cattle 318Fig. 16.3 Orbital neoplasia in cattle 319Fig. 16.4 Corneoconjunctival dermoid 320Fig. 16.5 Entropion in sheep 320Fig. 16.6 Infectious keratoconjunctivitis in a ram 320Fig. 16.7 Mycoplasmal infectious keratoconjunctivitis in a goat 321Fig. 16.8 Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis 322Fig. 16.9 Squamous cell carcinoma in cattle 323Fig. 16.10 Persistent pupillary membranes and pigmented anterior capsular cataract in a cow 325Fig. 16.11 Albinism and heterochromia iridis 326Fig. 16.12 Heterochromia iridis in pigs 326Fig. 16.13 Iridocyclitis in a cow secondary to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis 327Fig. 16.14 Secondary glaucoma secondary to infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis 327Fig. 16.15 Congenital cataract 327Fig. 16.16 Cataract secondary to anterior uveitis 328Fig. 16.17 Normal ocular fundus of the cow/sheep/goat/pig 328Fig. 16.18 Typical or ventral optic nerve head coloboma 330Fig. 16.19 Ocular fundus inflammation associated with systemic infectious diseases 331Fig. 16.20 Nutritional retinal degeneration 331Fig. 16.21 Vitamin A deficiency 332Fig. 16.22 Normal eye and ophthalmic disease in alpaca and llama 33317 Ophthalmology in Exotic Pets 337Fig. 17.1 Diseases of the snake spectacle 338Fig. 17.2 Ophthalmic trauma in raptors 339Fig. 17.3 Exophthalmos in a rabbit 341Fig. 17.4 Entropion in a rabbit 341Fig. 17.5 Dacryocystitis and an obstructed nasolacrimal duct in a rabbit 342Fig. 17.6 Blepharoconjunctivitis in a rabbit 342Fig. 17.7 Pasteurella conjunctivitis in a rabbit 344Fig. 17.8 Conjunctival overgrowth in a rabbit 344Fig. 17.9 Prolapse of the nictitans and its glands in a rabbit 345Fig. 17.10 Superficial corneal ulcer in a rabbit 346Fig. 17.11 Anterior uveitis in a rabbit 346Fig. 17.12 Inherited congenital glaucoma 347Fig. 17.13 Congenital glaucomas in rabbits 347Fig. 17.14 Normal rabbit ocular fundus 348Fig. 17.15 Cataract formation in ferrets 349Fig. 17.16 Bilateral exophthalmos and elevated nictitans in a ferret 34918 Systemic Diseases with Ophthalmic Manifestations 351Fig. 18.1 Merle ocular dysgenesis 352Fig. 18.2 Oculoskeletal dysplasia 352Fig. 18.3 Hydrocephalus 352Fig. 18.4 Ocular sequelae of canine distemper 353Fig. 18.5 Ocular signs of infectious canine hepatitis 354Fig. 18.6 Focal papilloma 354Fig. 18.7 Hemorrhage caused by Rocky Mountain spotted fever 354Fig. 18.8 Canine brucellosis 355Fig. 18.9 Mycotic infections or dermatophytosis affecting the eyelids 356Fig. 18.10 Blastomycosis 357Fig. 18.11 Coccidioidomycosis 357Fig. 18.12 Histoplasmosis 358Fig. 18.13 Cryptococcosis 358Fig. 18.14 Ocular aspergillosis 359Fig. 18.15 Ocular sequelae of toxoplasmosis 359Fig. 18.16 Ocular sequelae of leishmaniasis 360Fig. 18.17 Ocular sequelae of protothecosis 361Fig. 18.18 Intraocular heartworm infestation in the dog 362Fig. 18.19 Ophthalmomyiasis interna 362Fig. 18.20 Demodex dermatitis 362Fig. 18.21 Diabetic cataracts 363Fig. 18.22 Ocular signs of systemic hypertension 363Fig. 18.23 Ocular signs of hyperlipidemia 365Fig. 18.24 Retinal hemorrhage 366Fig. 18.25 Ocular sequelae of renal failure 366Fig. 18.26 Uveodermal syndrome 366Fig. 18.27 Ocular sequelae of uveodermal syndrome 367Fig. 18.28 Ocular sequelae of lymphoma 367Fig. 18.29 Ocular sequelae of feline herpesvirus 369Fig. 18.30 Chlamydophila conjunctivitis 370Fig. 18.31 Chorioretinitis caused by feline infectious peritonitis 371Fig. 18.32 Anterior uveitis caused by feline immunodeficiency virus 372Fig. 18.33 Anterior uveitis in a cat secondary to toxoplasmosis 372Fig. 18.34 Ocular sequelae of feline leukemia virus 373Fig. 18.35 Cryptococcosis chorioretinitis 373Fig. 18.36 Feline panleukopenia 374Fig. 18.37 Ocular signs of systemic hypertension 375Fig. 18.38 Ocular anomalies in horses related to coat color 375Fig. 18.39 Habronemiasis 376Fig. 18.40 West Nile fever and facial nerve paralysis 377Fig. 18.41 Conjunctival lymphoma 378Fig. 18.42 Microphthalmos 378Fig. 18.43 Ophthalmic anomalies of bovine viral diarrhea 378Fig. 18.44 Ophthalmic anomalies of systemic infectious bovine rhinotracheitis 379Fig. 18.45 Secondary chorioretinitis 37919 Neuro‐ophthalmic Syndromes 381Fig. 19.1 Horner’s syndrome in the dog/cat 382Fig. 19.2 Horner’s syndrome in the horse 383Fig. 19.3 Facial nerve paralysis and neuroparalytic keratitis 383Fig. 19.4 Hemifacial spasms 384Fig. 19.5 Neurotropic keratitis and fifth nerve paralysis 385Fig. 19.6 Neurogenic keratoconjunctivitis sicca 386Fig. 19.7 Feline hemidilated pupil 386Fig. 19.8 Haw’s syndrome 387Fig. 19.9 Feline strabismus or esotropia 388Fig. 19.10 Fibrosing strabismus 388Fig. 19.11 Lateral/unilateral strabismus 389Fig. 19.12 Convergence strabismus or esotropia 390Fig. 19.13 Bovine strabismus 390Fig. 19.14 Internal ophthalmoplegia or cavernous sinus syndrome 391Appendix A: Glossary – Frequently Used Veterinary Ophthalmology Terms 393Appendix B: Eye Diseases in the Brachycephalic Breeds 399Appendix C: Inherited Cataracts in the Dog, Parts 1 and 2 401Index 403