Violence

BANDY X. LEE, MD, MDiv, is on the faculty of Yale School of Medicine's Law and Psychiatry Division, USA. She has taught at Yale Law School for over fifteen years and has served as project group leader for the Violence Prevention Alliance of the World Health Organization. She has also consulted with UNESCO and other United Nations bodies, helped initiate reforms at New York City's Rikers Island Correctional Center, and co-founded Yale's Violence and Health Study Group. Dr. Lee teaches a range of courses on violence including "Violence: Causes and Cures." She has authored numerous peer-reviewed articles and edited 13 academic books.

• Preface xiiiOverviewPart I General Framework 11 Introduction 3A Brief Introduction 3Defining Violence 4Redefining Violence 5Examples of Violence 6The Iliad 6The Khmer Rouge 7A Case of Child Neglect 7Suicide by Gun 8Connecting the Dots 8A New Field 10A New Awareness 12Structure of the Text 15What to Expect 17Conclusion 18References 19CausesPart II Intra-/Interpersonal Framework 232 The Biology of Violence 25Introduction 25The Tempting Idea 26Case Vignettes 28The Case of Phineas Gage 28Familial Depression 29Traumatic Brain Injury and Posttraumatic Stress 30Postpartum Depression and Psychosis 31Aggression versus Violence 31Mental Illness and Violence 32The Neuroplastic Brain 34Environment and Epigenetics 35The Interconnected Whole 36Conclusion 38References 393 The Psychology of Violence 45Introduction 45One Among Many 47Case Vignettes 48Clinical Depression 48Antisocial Personality 49Extreme Narcissism 50Heat of Passion 51The Mind as Iceberg 52Some Defense Mechanisms 53The Mind as Paradox 54A Developmental Matter 56Positive Psychology 57Conclusion 58References 604 The Symbolism (or Spiritual Causes) of Violence 64Introduction 64Violence and Meaning 65Case Vignettes 66Mythological Violence 66Cycle of Revenge 67Cult Violence 68Mob Violence 69A Longing for Life 70A Forbidden Concept 71Violence in Religion and Art 73Meaning and Moral Development 74Compassion and Creativity 76Conclusion 77References 78Causes (Continued)Part III Social and Societal Framework 835 The Sociology and Anthropology of Violence 85Introduction 85Evolution of Sociology 86Evolution of Anthropology 87Case Vignettes 88A Cult of End Times 88Social Exclusion 90Social Negation 90Warring Peoples 91Domestic Terrorism 92Sociological Theories 93Anthropological Perspectives 95Need for Belonging 97Conclusion 98References 996 The Political Science and Economics of Violence 104Introduction 104Evolution of the Two Disciplines 105Case Vignettes 106A Separatist Movement 106Apartheid 108Social Engineering 109Rape as a Weapon of War 110Military Dictatorship 110Macro‐Scale Political Science Theories 111Micro‐Scale Political Science Theories 113Microeconomic Perspectives 114Macroeconomic Perspectives 115Concepts of Power 116Conclusion 118References 1197 Structural Violence 123Introduction 123Origins of the Concept 124Case Vignettes 127A Prison Inmate’s Predicament 127A Poor Child’s Martyrdom 127A Lead Into Collective Violence 128A Lead Into Self‐Directed Violence 129Healthcare, Nutrition, and Liberty Disparities 130Gender, Racial, and Voting Rights Disparities 132Expansion of the Concept 133The Most Potent Stimulant 135Conclusion 136References 1388 Environmental (and Nuclear) Violence 143Introduction 143Clarifying Misconceptions 144Furthering the Concept 145Case Vignettes 147Violence Over Diminishing Resources 147Premature Deaths due to Lack of Water 147Migrations Due to Climate Change 148Nuclear Devastation 149Political Economy and Scarcity 150Resource Curse and Violent Dispossession 151Secondary Violence from the Environment 152The Perils of Nuclear War 153Conclusion 155References 156ConsequencesPart IV Life Cycle Framework 1619 Consequences of Violence 163Introduction 163Case Vignettes 164Child Abuse and Neglect 164Veteran Partner Violence 166Financial and Physical Elder Abuse 167Medical Consequences of Rape 168Wartime Collective Sexual Violence 169Self‐Directed Violence 170Youth, Intimate Partner, and Sexual Violence 171Child Maltreatment and Elder Abuse 173Collective Violence 174Consequences of Trauma 175Conclusion 176References 177CuresPart V Intervention Framework 18310 Criminal Justice Approaches 185Introduction 185Historical Overview 186Restoration versus Retribution 188Discrimination and Legitimacy 191Reform versus Abolition 192Case Studies 194Scandinavian Prisons 194Prison Meditation 195Prison Animal Therapy 195Youth Violence Prevention 196Prison Violence Prevention Programming 196Conclusion 197References 19911 International Law Approaches 204Introduction 204Historical Background 205International Legal Structures 206Challenges and Successes 208Abuses and the Difficulty of Enforcement 209Changing Landscapes 211Case Studies 214A and Others v. the UK (2004) 214Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro (2007) 215Andriciuc and Others v. Banca Romanească SA (2017) 215F v. Bevandorlasi es Allampolgarsagi Hivatal (2018) 216Quinteros v. Uruguay (1983) 216Conclusion 217References 218Cures (Continued)Part VI Prevention Framework 22512 Public Health Approaches 227Introduction 227History 228The Ecological Framework 230A Typology of Violence 231The Public Health Method 232Violence Prevention 232Multisectoral Collaboration 234Challenges and Possibilities 236Case Studies 238A Prenatal Care Program 238Family Violence Prevention 239School‐Based Violence Prevention 240Bullying Prevention 240Firearm Restriction Policies 241Conclusion 242References 24313 Global Medicine Approaches 248Introduction 248Historical Background 249Human‐Centered Healthcare 251A CARE Model 253A Creative Model 256Local and Global 258Case Studies 259Medecins Sans Frontieres (Doctors Without Borders) 259Cure Violence 260Mercy Corps 261One Acre Fund 261The Library Project 262Conclusion 262References 26314 Nonviolence Approaches 268Introduction 268Historical Basis 269More Recent Examples 270Criticisms 272Basic Tenets 273Applications 274Case Studies 276A Beacon of Hope Amid Racial Discrimination 276Fighting the Good Fight 277The Father of a Nation 278Lessons From a War Zone 279The Monk With a Cause 280Conclusion 281References 283ConclusionPart VII Overview and Analysis 28715 Synthesis and Integration 289Introduction 289The Endgame of Violence 290The Threat of Nuclear War 293The Threat of Climate Catastrophe 295The Threat of Escalating Inequality 296The Fruits of Integration 298The Power of Unity 299Conclusion 302References 303Index 308