Natural Gas Processing from Midstream to Downstream

Nimir O. Elbashir, Director of TEES Gas & Fuels Research Center and Professor of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Engineering, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar. Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi, Professor in theDepartment of Chemical Engineering, and Managing Director of TEES Gas and Fuels Research Center, Texas A&M University, USA. Ioannis G. Economou Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and Professor of Chemical Engineering at Texas A&M University at Qatar. Kenneth R. Hall is a Senior Consulting Engineer with Bryan Research & Engineering in Bryan, Texas USA.

"...an important book which should be purchased by all those involved both with the oil industry and with environmental topics." Edlard R. Adlard, Chromatographia (2019) 82:1423

• List of Contributors xixAbout the Editors xxvPreface xxvii1 Introduction to Natural Gas Monetization 1Nimir O. Elbashir1.1 Introduction 11.2 Natural Gas Chain 21.3 Monetization Routes for Natural Gas 41.4 Natural Gas Conversion to Chemicals and Fuels 91.5 Summary 13Acknowledgment 13References 132 Techno-Economic Analyses and Policy Implications of Environmental Remediation of Shale GasWells in the Barnett Shales 15Rasha Hasaneen, Andrew Avalos, Nathan Sibley, and Mohammed Shammaa2.1 Introduction 152.2 Shale Gas Operations 182.3 The Barnett Shale 222.4 Environmental Remediation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Using Natural Gas as a Fuel 222.5 Environmental Remediation ofWater and Seismic Impacts 242.6 Theoretical Calculations 282.7 Results and Discussion 352.8 Opportunities for Future Research 49References 503 ThermodynamicModeling of Natural Gas and Gas Condensate Mixtures 57Epaminondas Voutsas, Nefeli Novak, Vasiliki Louli, Georgia Pappa, Eirini Petropoulou, Christos Boukouvalas, Eleni Panteli, and Stathis Skouras3.1 Introduction 573.2 Thermodynamic Models 613.3 Prediction of Natural Gas Dew Points 643.4 Prediction of Dew Points and Liquid Dropout in Gas Condensates 703.5 Case Study: Simulation of a Topside Offshore Process 753.6 Concluding Remarks 81References 824 CO2 Injection in Coal Formations for Enhanced Coalbed Methane and CO2 Sequestration 89Ahmed Farid Ibrahim and Hisham A. Nasr-El-Din4.1 Coalbed Characteristics 894.2 Adsorption Isotherm Behavior 914.3 CoalWettability 954.4 CO2 Injectivity 1014.5 Pilot Field Tests 1064.6 Conclusions 108References 1085 Fluid Flow: Basics 113Paul A. Nelson, Todd J.Willman, and Vinay Gadekar5.1 Introduction 1135.2 Thermodynamics of Fluids 1165.3 Fundamental Equations of Fluid Mechanics 1215.4 Incompressible Pipeline Flow 1265.5 Laminar Flow 1305.6 Compressible Pipeline Flow 1325.7 Comparison with Crane Handbook 139References 1426 Fluid Flow: Advanced Topics 143Paul A. Nelson,MoyeWicks III, Todd J.Willman, and Vinay Gadekar6.1 Introduction 1436.2 Notation 1436.3 Piping Networks 1456.4 Meters 1526.5 Control Valves 1596.6 Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Flow 161References 1717 Use of Process Simulators Upstream Through Midstream 173Justin C. Slagle7.1 Introduction 1737.2 Upstream 1747.3 Midstream 1837.4 Going Further 192Acknowledgement 196References 1968 Optimization of Natural Gas Network Operation under Uncertainty 197Emmanuel Ogbe, Ali Elkamel,Michael Fowler, and Ali Almansoori8.1 Introduction 1988.2 Literature Review 1998.3 Natural Gas Supply Chains 2008.4 Optimization Model 2028.5 Computation Study 2088.6 Results and Discussion 2098.7 Conclusions and Recommendations 212References 213Appendix 2158.A.1 Stochastic Model for the Sources 2168.A.2 Stochastic Model for Mixing Stations 2168.A.3 Stochastic Model for End Users 2178.A.4 Stochastic Pipeline Performance Model 2178.A.5 Stochastic Compression Performance Model 2179 A Multicriteria Optimization Approach to the Synthesis of Shale Gas Monetization Supply Chains 219Ahmad Al-Douri, Debalina Sengupta, andMahmoud M. El-Halwagi9.1 Introduction 2199.2 Methodology 2209.3 Case Study 2219.4 Case Study Results 2249.4.1 Feedstock 2249.5 Conclusion 232References 23210 Study for the Optimal Operation of Natural Gas Liquid Recovery and Natural Gas Production 235MozammelMazumder and Qiang Xu10.1 Introduction 23510.2 Methodology Framework 23710.3 New Process Design for NGL Recovery 23810.4 Thermodynamic Analysis for Propane Refrigeration System 24410.5 Optimization for Natural Gas Liquefaction 24510.6 Conclusion 254Acknowledgements 254Abbreviations 254Nomenclature 255References 25611 Modeling and Optimization of Natural Gas Processing and Production Networks 259Saad A. Al-Sobhi,Munawar A. Shaik, Ali Elkamel, and Fatih S. Erenay11.1 Introduction 25911.2 Background and Process Description 26011.3 Simulation of Natural Gas Processing and Production Network 26511.4 LP Model for Natural Gas Processing and Production Network 27411.5 MILP Model for Design and Synthesis of Natural Gas Upstream Processing Network 28011.6 MILP Model for Design and Synthesis of Natural Gas Production Network 28811.7 Sustainability Assessment of Natural Gas Network 29611.7.1 Case Study 1 29711.7.2 Case Study 2 29811.7.3 Case Study 3 29811.8 Conclusion 300References 30012 Process Safety in Natural Gas Industries 305Monir Ahammad and M. SamMannan12.1 Introduction 30512.2 Incident History 30612.3 Process Safety Methods 30912.4 Equipment and Plant Reliability 31212.5 Facility Siting and Layout Optimization 31512.6 Relief System Design 32312.7 Toxic and Heavy Gas Dispersion 32412.8 Fire and Explosion 32612.9 Effective Mitigation System 32912.10 Regulatory Program and Management Systems for Process Safety and Risks 33212.11 Concluding Remarks 335Nomenclature 336References 33813 ThermodynamicModeling of Relevance to Natural Gas Processing 341Georgios M. Kontogeorgis and Eirini Karakatsani13.1 Introduction to the Problem 34113.2 The Models 34313.3 Systems Studied and Selected Results: Part 1. No Chemicals 34813.4 Systems Studied and Selected Results: Part 2.With Chemicals 36013.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 372Nomenclature 374Acknowledgment 376References 37614 Light Alkane Aromatization: Efficient use of Natural Gas 379Swarom R. Kanitkar and James J. Spivey14.1 Introduction 37914.2 Aromatization of Light Alkanes 38114.3 Future Perspective 394References 39715 Techno-Economic Analysis of Monetizing Shale Gas to Butadiene 403Ecem Özinan andMahmoud M. El-Halwagi15.1 Introduction 40315.2 Process Description 40415.3 Techno-Economic Analysis 40615.4 Conclusions 406References 41116 Fractionation of the Gas-to-Liquid Diesel Fuels for Production of On-Specification Diesel and Value-Added Chemicals 413Mostafa Shahin, Shaik Afzal, and Nimir O. Elbashir16.1 Introduction 41316.2 Experimental Study to Measure Properties of GTL Diesel for Different Specifications 41616.3 Experimental Study Results and Discussion 42016.4 MathematicalModels for Properties-Composition Relationship 42716.5 Summary and Conclusion 434References 43717 An Energy Integrated Approach to Design a Supercritical Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Products Separation and Solvent Recovery System 439Tala Katbeh, Nimir O. Elbashir, and Mahmoud El-Halwagi17.1 Introduction 43917.1.1 Block 1: Syngas Generation (Natural Gas Reformer) 43917.1.2 Block 2: Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 44017.1.2.1 Conventional FT Reactors 44117.1.3 Introduction on the Utilization of Supercritical Fluids in the FT Synthesis 44217.1.3.1 Block 3: Products Upgrading 44217.2 Approach and Methodology 44417.2.1 The FT Reactor Conditions 44517.2.2 The Process Design Approach 44517.3 Results and Discussion 44717.3.1 Scenario 1: Separation of the Heavy Components First 44717.3.2 Alternate Separation Design for Scenario 1 45017.3.3 Scenario 2: Separation of theWater First 45217.3.4 Scenario 3: Separation of the Vapor and Liquid Components and Use of 3-phase Separator to RecoverWater, Solvent, and Syngas 45517.4 Conclusion 460Acknowledgements 461References 46118 Multi-Scale Models for the Prediction of Microscopic Structure and Physical Properties of Chemical Systems Related to Natural Gas Technology 463Konstantinos D. Papavasileiou, Manolis Vasileiadis, Vasileios K.Michalis, Loukas D. Peristeras, and Ioannis G. Economou18.1 Introduction 46318.2 Natural Gas Pipeline Transportation:Modeling Gas Hydrates 46718.3 Modeling Porous Media in Separation and Storage Procedures 47018.4 Molecular Simulation of Downstream Natural Gas Processing:The GTL Technology 47618.5 Future Outlook 485List of Abbreviations 487Acknowledgements 488References 48819 Natural Gas to Acetylene (GTA)/Ethylene (GTE)/Liquid Fuels (GTL) The Synfuels International, Inc. Process 499Kenneth R. Hall, Joel G. Cantrell, and Ben R.Weber, Jr19.1 Introduction 49919.2 Additive and Subtractive Processes 50019.3 The Synfuels Process 50119.4 Pilot Plant 50319.5 Location, Location, Location 50519.6 Biofuels 50519.7 Conclusion 50720 Natural-Gas-Based SOFC in Distributed Electricity Generation:Modeling and Control 509Gerald S. Ogumerem, Nikolaos A. Diangelakis, and Efstratios N. Pistikopoulos20.1 Introduction 50920.2 MathematicalModel 51320.3 Simulation 51720.4 MultiparametricModel Predictive Control (mpMPC) 51920.5 Closed-Loop Validation and Results 52320.6 Conclusion 523References 52421 Design of Synthetic Jet Fuel Using Multivariate Statistical Methods 527RajibMukherjee, Noof Abdalla, NasrMohamed,Marwan ElWash, Nimir O. Elbashir, and MahmoudM. El-Halwagi21.1 Introduction 52721.2 Methodology 52921.3 Results and Discussions 53421.4 Conclusions 543Acknowledgements 543References 543Index 545