Evidence-Based Orthodontics

Greg J. Huang, DMD, MSD, MPH, is Professor and Chair of the Department of Orthodontics at the School of Dentistry, University of Washington in Seattle, Washington, USA.Stephen Richmond, BDS, DOrth RCS, MScD, FDSRCS, PhD, FHEA, is Professor of Orthodontics and Head of Applied Clinical Research and Public Health at the School of Dentistry, Cardiff University in Cardiff, Wales, UK.Katherine W.L. Vig, BDS, MS, DOrth RCS, FDSRCS, is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Developmental Biology at Harvard School of Dental Medicine in Boston, Massachusetts and Professor Emeritus and Former Chair of Orthodontics at The Ohio State University College of Dentistry in Columbus, Ohio, USA.

• List of Contributors viiForeword xi1 Evidence‐Based Orthodontics – Its Evolution and Clinical Application 1Katherine W. L. Vig2 Clinical Research Design 11Robert J. Weyant3 Electronic Searching for Clinical Trials Information 25Anne Littlewood4 Making Sense of Randomized Clinical Trials and Systematic Reviews 37Kevin O’Brien5 Understanding and Improving our Evidence 49Padhraig Fleming, Greg J. Huang, and Nikolaos Pandis6 Factors Influencing Facial Shape 69Stephen Richmond, Caryl Wilson-Nagrani, Alexei Zhurov, Damian Farnell, Jennifer Galloway,Azrul Safuan Mohd Ali, Pertti Pirttiniemi, and Visnja KaticSummaries of Selected Systematic Reviews 83Summaries Contents 85Preface to Summaries 91Summaries 92Additional References 205Systematic Reviews in Orthodontics 209Index 261