EDITED BY STEPHAN A. MAYER, MD, FCCM, FNCS Professor of Neurology and Neurosurgery, New York Medical College; Director, Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Westchester Medical Center Health Network, Valhalla, NY, USA JANET M. SHAPIRO, MD, FCCP Professor of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Interim Chief, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside, New York, NY, USA UMESH K. GIDWANI, MD, MS, FACC, FCCM, FCCP Associate Professor of Cardiology and Critical Care Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Chief, Cardiac Critical Care, Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute; Director, Patient Safety and Quality Institute for Critical Care Medicine, New York, NY, USA JOHN M. OROPELLO, MD Professor of Surgery and Medicine; Program Director, Critical Care Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Institute for Critical Care Medicine, New York, NY, USA SERIES EDITOR Scott L. Friedman, MD Fishberg Professor of Medicine; Dean for Therapeutic Discovery; Chief, Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

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• Contributors ixSeries Foreword xviPreface xviiAbbreviations xviiiAbout the Companion Website xxivPart 1: Basic Techniques and Procedures 1Section Editor: John M. Oropello1 Airway Management 3Michael Kitz2 Sedation and Analgesia 10Colin J. Sheehan and Michael Kitz3 Vascular Access 17Jennifer Wang and John M. Oropello4 Bedside Ultrasound 26Daisi Choi and John M. Oropello5 Bronchoscopy 37Moses Bachan and Zinobia Khan6 Bedside Percutaneous Dilational Tracheostomy 42George Coritsidis and Viren Kaul7 Nutritional Support and Total Parenteral Nutrition 49Rohit R. Gupta and Roopa Kohli‐Seth8 Glycemic Control 55Amira Mohamed and Adel Bassily‐Marcus9 Prevention of Complications 62Anthony R. Manasia and Nidhi Kavi10 Palliative Care 68Umesh K. Gidwani and Nidhi KaviPart 2: Cardiovascular Critical Care 73Section Editor: Umesh K. Gidwani11 Hemodynamic Monitoring 75Josue Rivera and Leila Hosseinian12 Vasoactive Drugs 82Ajay S. Vaidya and Umesh K. Gidwani13 Mechanical Circulatory Support 89Natasha Pradhan, Tim Hinohara, and Umesh K. Gidwani14 Acute Hypertensive and Aortic Syndromes 102Gregory W. Serrao and Umesh K. Gidwani15 Cardiac Arrhythmias 108Jorge Gonzalez‐Panizo and Jacob S. Koruth16 Acute Coronary Syndromes 123Matthew Katz and Umesh K. Gidwani17 Heart Failure Management 139Raymond E. Bietry18 Shock Syndromes 148Radha S. Gopalan and Ewelina Wojtaszek19 Cardiac Arrest 159Eyal Herzog, Lee Herzog, Emad F. Aziz, and Stephan A. MayerPart 3: Pulmonary Critical Care 167Section Editor: Hassan Khouli20 Respiratory Monitoring 169Ismini Kourouni, Edward Eden, and Janet M. Shapiro21 Mechanical Ventilatory Support 184Nisha Kotecha, Mark Collazo, and Kamal Medlej22 Non‐Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation 194Anirban Basu, Raymonde Jean, and Fulvia Milite23 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome 203Bashar M. Mourad and Keith M. Rose24 Bronchospasm and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 216Karishma Parekh and E. Mirna Mohanraj25 Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation 231Steven Chakupurakal and John CardasisPart 4: Neurologic Critical Care 241Section Editor: Stephan A. Mayer26 Delirium 243Anil Ramineni and Neha Dangayach27 Stroke 250Irene R. Boniece28 Neurotrauma 265Zachary L. Hickman and Konstantinos Margetis29 Status Epilepticus 275Jiyeoun Yoo30 Intracranial Pressure and Neuromonitoring 284Pavis Laengvejkal and Stephan A. Mayer31 Coma and Brain Death 293Errol Gordon and Stephan A. Mayer32 Toxicology and Drug Reactions 299Neha N. Goel, Stephanie Hernandez, and Lisa RhoPart 5: Surgical Critical Care 309Section Editor: Adel Basilly-Marcus33 Gastrointestinal Bleeding 311Alisan Fathalizadeh and Pak Shan Leung34 Acute Abdomen and Abdominal Sepsis 321Onaona U. Gurney and Leon D. Boudourakis35 Abdominal Compartment Syndrome 326Leon D. Boudourakis and Onaona U. Gurney36 Acute Mesenteric Ischemia 330Rami O. Tadros and Chien Yi M. Png37 Surgical Trauma 337Eric S. Weiss and Pak Shan Leung38 Burns 347Eric S. Weiss and Pak Shan Leung39 Acute Hepatic Failure 359Sreeparna Ghosh and Adel Bassily-Marcus40 Abdominal Organ Transplantation 365Parissa Tabrizian, Kiumars Ranjbar Tabar, Ron Shapiro, Kishore R. Iyer, and Sander Florman41 Obstetric Emergencies 377Zachary D. Kuschner and Adel Bassily‐MarcusPart 6: Infectious Diseases 387Section Editor: Janet M. Shapiro42 The Febrile Patient 389Gagangeet Sandhu43 Sepsis 402Danish S. Malik, Gabriela Bambrick-Santoyo, Karen McKenna, Rachael Schneider, and Richard Lee44 Infections Acquired in the Intensive Care Unit 414James S. Salonia and Andre Sotelo45 Antimicrobial Therapy 429Steven B. Levy, Alejandro Díaz Chávez, and Amy S. Rosenberg46 Pneumonia 449David Young and Joseph P. Mathew47 Central Nervous System Infections 463Susannah L. Kurtz, Swathi Sangli, and Rupendra Swarup48 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 480Sudhir Dudekonda and Gopal NarayanswamiPart 7: Renal Disorders 491Section Editor: Paru Patrawalla49 Fluid Resuscitation 493Navitha Ramesh and Alexandra Adams50 Acute Kidney Injury 500Angela M. Love, Adam Rothman, and Alfredo Astua51 Dialysis 507Lina Miyakawa, Michael Bergman, and Vikram Dhawan52 Electrolyte Disorders 513Eric E. Bondarsky, Aloke Chakravarti, and Paru S. Patrawalla53 Acid–Base Disorders 537Michael Bergman, Lina Miyakawa, and Young Im LeePart 8: Hematology and Oncology 543Section Editor: Hooman Poor54 Blood Products and Transfusions 545Matthew Durst and Hooman Poor55 Anticoagulation‐Related Bleeding 552Vaishnavi Kundel and Lisa Richman56 Coagulopathy and Thrombocytopenia 561Robert J. T. Hiensch and Alison Lee57 Venous Thromboembolism and Pulmonary Embolism 575Nan Li and Hooman Poor58 Oncologic Emergencies 586Catherine L. Oberg and Glen B. ChunIndex 596

EDITED BY STEPHAN A. MAYER, MD, FCCM, FNCS Professor of Neurology and Neurosurgery, New York Medical College; Director, Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Westchester Medical Center Health Network, Valhalla, NY, USA JANET M. SHAPIRO, MD, FCCP Professor of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Interim Chief, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside, New York, NY, USA UMESH K. GIDWANI, MD, MS, FACC, FCCM, FCCP Associate Professor of Cardiology and Critical Care Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Chief, Cardiac Critical Care, Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute; Director, Patient Safety and Quality Institute for Critical Care Medicine, New York, NY, USA JOHN M. OROPELLO, MD Professor of Surgery and Medicine; Program Director, Critical Care Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Institute for Critical Care Medicine, New York, NY, USA SERIES EDITOR Scott L. Friedman, MD Fishberg Professor of Medicine; Dean for Therapeutic Discovery; Chief, Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

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• Contributors ixSeries Foreword xviPreface xviiAbbreviations xviiiAbout the Companion Website xxivPart 1: Basic Techniques and Procedures 1Section Editor: John M. Oropello1 Airway Management 3Michael Kitz2 Sedation and Analgesia 10Colin J. Sheehan and Michael Kitz3 Vascular Access 17Jennifer Wang and John M. Oropello4 Bedside Ultrasound 26Daisi Choi and John M. Oropello5 Bronchoscopy 37Moses Bachan and Zinobia Khan6 Bedside Percutaneous Dilational Tracheostomy 42George Coritsidis and Viren Kaul7 Nutritional Support and Total Parenteral Nutrition 49Rohit R. Gupta and Roopa Kohli‐Seth8 Glycemic Control 55Amira Mohamed and Adel Bassily‐Marcus9 Prevention of Complications 62Anthony R. Manasia and Nidhi Kavi10 Palliative Care 68Umesh K. Gidwani and Nidhi KaviPart 2: Cardiovascular Critical Care 73Section Editor: Umesh K. Gidwani11 Hemodynamic Monitoring 75Josue Rivera and Leila Hosseinian12 Vasoactive Drugs 82Ajay S. Vaidya and Umesh K. Gidwani13 Mechanical Circulatory Support 89Natasha Pradhan, Tim Hinohara, and Umesh K. Gidwani14 Acute Hypertensive and Aortic Syndromes 102Gregory W. Serrao and Umesh K. Gidwani15 Cardiac Arrhythmias 108Jorge Gonzalez‐Panizo and Jacob S. Koruth16 Acute Coronary Syndromes 123Matthew Katz and Umesh K. Gidwani17 Heart Failure Management 139Raymond E. Bietry18 Shock Syndromes 148Radha S. Gopalan and Ewelina Wojtaszek19 Cardiac Arrest 159Eyal Herzog, Lee Herzog, Emad F. Aziz, and Stephan A. MayerPart 3: Pulmonary Critical Care 167Section Editor: Hassan Khouli20 Respiratory Monitoring 169Ismini Kourouni, Edward Eden, and Janet M. Shapiro21 Mechanical Ventilatory Support 184Nisha Kotecha, Mark Collazo, and Kamal Medlej22 Non‐Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation 194Anirban Basu, Raymonde Jean, and Fulvia Milite23 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome 203Bashar M. Mourad and Keith M. Rose24 Bronchospasm and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 216Karishma Parekh and E. Mirna Mohanraj25 Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation 231Steven Chakupurakal and John CardasisPart 4: Neurologic Critical Care 241Section Editor: Stephan A. Mayer26 Delirium 243Anil Ramineni and Neha Dangayach27 Stroke 250Irene R. Boniece28 Neurotrauma 265Zachary L. Hickman and Konstantinos Margetis29 Status Epilepticus 275Jiyeoun Yoo30 Intracranial Pressure and Neuromonitoring 284Pavis Laengvejkal and Stephan A. Mayer31 Coma and Brain Death 293Errol Gordon and Stephan A. Mayer32 Toxicology and Drug Reactions 299Neha N. Goel, Stephanie Hernandez, and Lisa RhoPart 5: Surgical Critical Care 309Section Editor: Adel Basilly-Marcus33 Gastrointestinal Bleeding 311Alisan Fathalizadeh and Pak Shan Leung34 Acute Abdomen and Abdominal Sepsis 321Onaona U. Gurney and Leon D. Boudourakis35 Abdominal Compartment Syndrome 326Leon D. Boudourakis and Onaona U. Gurney36 Acute Mesenteric Ischemia 330Rami O. Tadros and Chien Yi M. Png37 Surgical Trauma 337Eric S. Weiss and Pak Shan Leung38 Burns 347Eric S. Weiss and Pak Shan Leung39 Acute Hepatic Failure 359Sreeparna Ghosh and Adel Bassily-Marcus40 Abdominal Organ Transplantation 365Parissa Tabrizian, Kiumars Ranjbar Tabar, Ron Shapiro, Kishore R. Iyer, and Sander Florman41 Obstetric Emergencies 377Zachary D. Kuschner and Adel Bassily‐MarcusPart 6: Infectious Diseases 387Section Editor: Janet M. Shapiro42 The Febrile Patient 389Gagangeet Sandhu43 Sepsis 402Danish S. Malik, Gabriela Bambrick-Santoyo, Karen McKenna, Rachael Schneider, and Richard Lee44 Infections Acquired in the Intensive Care Unit 414James S. Salonia and Andre Sotelo45 Antimicrobial Therapy 429Steven B. Levy, Alejandro Díaz Chávez, and Amy S. Rosenberg46 Pneumonia 449David Young and Joseph P. Mathew47 Central Nervous System Infections 463Susannah L. Kurtz, Swathi Sangli, and Rupendra Swarup48 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 480Sudhir Dudekonda and Gopal NarayanswamiPart 7: Renal Disorders 491Section Editor: Paru Patrawalla49 Fluid Resuscitation 493Navitha Ramesh and Alexandra Adams50 Acute Kidney Injury 500Angela M. Love, Adam Rothman, and Alfredo Astua51 Dialysis 507Lina Miyakawa, Michael Bergman, and Vikram Dhawan52 Electrolyte Disorders 513Eric E. Bondarsky, Aloke Chakravarti, and Paru S. Patrawalla53 Acid–Base Disorders 537Michael Bergman, Lina Miyakawa, and Young Im LeePart 8: Hematology and Oncology 543Section Editor: Hooman Poor54 Blood Products and Transfusions 545Matthew Durst and Hooman Poor55 Anticoagulation‐Related Bleeding 552Vaishnavi Kundel and Lisa Richman56 Coagulopathy and Thrombocytopenia 561Robert J. T. Hiensch and Alison Lee57 Venous Thromboembolism and Pulmonary Embolism 575Nan Li and Hooman Poor58 Oncologic Emergencies 586Catherine L. Oberg and Glen B. ChunIndex 596

EDITED BY STEPHAN A. MAYER, MD, FCCM, FNCS Professor of Neurology and Neurosurgery, New York Medical College; Director, Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Westchester Medical Center Health Network, Valhalla, NY, USA JANET M. SHAPIRO, MD, FCCP Professor of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Interim Chief, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside, New York, NY, USA UMESH K. GIDWANI, MD, MS, FACC, FCCM, FCCP Associate Professor of Cardiology and Critical Care Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Chief, Cardiac Critical Care, Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute; Director, Patient Safety and Quality Institute for Critical Care Medicine, New York, NY, USA JOHN M. OROPELLO, MD Professor of Surgery and Medicine; Program Director, Critical Care Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Institute for Critical Care Medicine, New York, NY, USA SERIES EDITOR Scott L. Friedman, MD Fishberg Professor of Medicine; Dean for Therapeutic Discovery; Chief, Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

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• Contributors ixSeries Foreword xviPreface xviiAbbreviations xviiiAbout the Companion Website xxivPart 1: Basic Techniques and Procedures 1Section Editor: John M. Oropello1 Airway Management 3Michael Kitz2 Sedation and Analgesia 10Colin J. Sheehan and Michael Kitz3 Vascular Access 17Jennifer Wang and John M. Oropello4 Bedside Ultrasound 26Daisi Choi and John M. Oropello5 Bronchoscopy 37Moses Bachan and Zinobia Khan6 Bedside Percutaneous Dilational Tracheostomy 42George Coritsidis and Viren Kaul7 Nutritional Support and Total Parenteral Nutrition 49Rohit R. Gupta and Roopa Kohli‐Seth8 Glycemic Control 55Amira Mohamed and Adel Bassily‐Marcus9 Prevention of Complications 62Anthony R. Manasia and Nidhi Kavi10 Palliative Care 68Umesh K. Gidwani and Nidhi KaviPart 2: Cardiovascular Critical Care 73Section Editor: Umesh K. Gidwani11 Hemodynamic Monitoring 75Josue Rivera and Leila Hosseinian12 Vasoactive Drugs 82Ajay S. Vaidya and Umesh K. Gidwani13 Mechanical Circulatory Support 89Natasha Pradhan, Tim Hinohara, and Umesh K. Gidwani14 Acute Hypertensive and Aortic Syndromes 102Gregory W. Serrao and Umesh K. Gidwani15 Cardiac Arrhythmias 108Jorge Gonzalez‐Panizo and Jacob S. Koruth16 Acute Coronary Syndromes 123Matthew Katz and Umesh K. Gidwani17 Heart Failure Management 139Raymond E. Bietry18 Shock Syndromes 148Radha S. Gopalan and Ewelina Wojtaszek19 Cardiac Arrest 159Eyal Herzog, Lee Herzog, Emad F. Aziz, and Stephan A. MayerPart 3: Pulmonary Critical Care 167Section Editor: Hassan Khouli20 Respiratory Monitoring 169Ismini Kourouni, Edward Eden, and Janet M. Shapiro21 Mechanical Ventilatory Support 184Nisha Kotecha, Mark Collazo, and Kamal Medlej22 Non‐Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation 194Anirban Basu, Raymonde Jean, and Fulvia Milite23 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome 203Bashar M. Mourad and Keith M. Rose24 Bronchospasm and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 216Karishma Parekh and E. Mirna Mohanraj25 Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation 231Steven Chakupurakal and John CardasisPart 4: Neurologic Critical Care 241Section Editor: Stephan A. Mayer26 Delirium 243Anil Ramineni and Neha Dangayach27 Stroke 250Irene R. Boniece28 Neurotrauma 265Zachary L. Hickman and Konstantinos Margetis29 Status Epilepticus 275Jiyeoun Yoo30 Intracranial Pressure and Neuromonitoring 284Pavis Laengvejkal and Stephan A. Mayer31 Coma and Brain Death 293Errol Gordon and Stephan A. Mayer32 Toxicology and Drug Reactions 299Neha N. Goel, Stephanie Hernandez, and Lisa RhoPart 5: Surgical Critical Care 309Section Editor: Adel Basilly-Marcus33 Gastrointestinal Bleeding 311Alisan Fathalizadeh and Pak Shan Leung34 Acute Abdomen and Abdominal Sepsis 321Onaona U. Gurney and Leon D. Boudourakis35 Abdominal Compartment Syndrome 326Leon D. Boudourakis and Onaona U. Gurney36 Acute Mesenteric Ischemia 330Rami O. Tadros and Chien Yi M. Png37 Surgical Trauma 337Eric S. Weiss and Pak Shan Leung38 Burns 347Eric S. Weiss and Pak Shan Leung39 Acute Hepatic Failure 359Sreeparna Ghosh and Adel Bassily-Marcus40 Abdominal Organ Transplantation 365Parissa Tabrizian, Kiumars Ranjbar Tabar, Ron Shapiro, Kishore R. Iyer, and Sander Florman41 Obstetric Emergencies 377Zachary D. Kuschner and Adel Bassily‐MarcusPart 6: Infectious Diseases 387Section Editor: Janet M. Shapiro42 The Febrile Patient 389Gagangeet Sandhu43 Sepsis 402Danish S. Malik, Gabriela Bambrick-Santoyo, Karen McKenna, Rachael Schneider, and Richard Lee44 Infections Acquired in the Intensive Care Unit 414James S. Salonia and Andre Sotelo45 Antimicrobial Therapy 429Steven B. Levy, Alejandro Díaz Chávez, and Amy S. Rosenberg46 Pneumonia 449David Young and Joseph P. Mathew47 Central Nervous System Infections 463Susannah L. Kurtz, Swathi Sangli, and Rupendra Swarup48 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 480Sudhir Dudekonda and Gopal NarayanswamiPart 7: Renal Disorders 491Section Editor: Paru Patrawalla49 Fluid Resuscitation 493Navitha Ramesh and Alexandra Adams50 Acute Kidney Injury 500Angela M. Love, Adam Rothman, and Alfredo Astua51 Dialysis 507Lina Miyakawa, Michael Bergman, and Vikram Dhawan52 Electrolyte Disorders 513Eric E. Bondarsky, Aloke Chakravarti, and Paru S. Patrawalla53 Acid–Base Disorders 537Michael Bergman, Lina Miyakawa, and Young Im LeePart 8: Hematology and Oncology 543Section Editor: Hooman Poor54 Blood Products and Transfusions 545Matthew Durst and Hooman Poor55 Anticoagulation‐Related Bleeding 552Vaishnavi Kundel and Lisa Richman56 Coagulopathy and Thrombocytopenia 561Robert J. T. Hiensch and Alison Lee57 Venous Thromboembolism and Pulmonary Embolism 575Nan Li and Hooman Poor58 Oncologic Emergencies 586Catherine L. Oberg and Glen B. ChunIndex 596