Arindam Kuila is Assistant Professor at the Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Rajasthan, India. Previously, he worked as a research associate at Hindustan Petroleum Green R&D Centre, Bangalore. He obtained his PhD in bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass from the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India in 2013.Vinay Sharma is Dean, Faculty of Science & Technology and Chair, Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology at Banasthali University, India. Earlier he served as Lecturer and then Reader during 1986 and 1996 at IIT Roorkee, India. He has more than 30 years of teaching and research experience and has published more than 250 research papers (including 31 as conference proceedings/ book chapters). His major areas of research interests are plant biotechnology and bioinformatics.

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• Preface xv1 Valorization of Lignocellulosic Materials to Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 1Arpan Das1.1 Introduction1.2 Lignocellulose: An Abundant Carbon Source for PHA Production 51.3 Lignocellulosic Pretreatment Techniques 8vvi Contents1.4 Hydrolysis of Lingocellulose 141.5 Lignocellulose Biomass as Substrate for PHA Production 161.6 Conclusion 19References 192 Biological Gaseous Energy Recovery from Lignocellulosic Biomass 27Shantonu Roy2.1 Introduction 272.2 Simple Sugars as Feedstock 282.3 Complex Substrates as Feedstock 322.4 Biomass Feedstock 322.5 Waste as Feedstock 362.6 Industrial Wastewater 382.7 Conclusion 40References 413 Alkali Treatment to Improve Physical, Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Lignocellulosic Natural Fibers for Use in Various Applications 47Suvendu Manna, Prosenjit Saha, Sukanya Chudhury and Sabu Thomas3.1 Introduction 48Contents vii3.3 Application of the Alkali-Steam-Treated Fibers 553.4 Summary 59References 604 Biodiesel Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Oleaginous Microbes: A Review 65S.P. Jeevan Kumar, Lohit K. Srinivas Gujjala, Archana Dash, Bitasta Talukdar and Rintu Banerjee4.1 Introduction 664.2 Lignocellulosics Distribution, Availability and Diversity 674.3 Prospective Oleaginous Microbes for Lipid Production 70LCB Utilization 73Co-Utilization of Substrate 744.4 Technical Know-How for Biodiesel Production from LCBs 764.5 Fermentation 784.6 Transesterification for Biodiesel Production 80viii Contents4.7 Characteristics of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters 834.8 Conclusion 83References 845 Biopulping of Lignocellulose 93Arijit Jana, Debashish Ghosh, Diptarka Dasgupta, Pradeep Kumar Das Mohapatra and Keshab Chandra Mondal5.1 Introduction 935.2 Composition of Lignocellulosic Biomass 955.3 Pulping and its Various Processes 975.4 Biopulping – Process Overview 985.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biopulping 1045.6 Future Prospects 105Acknowledgment 105References 1066 Second Generation Bioethanol Production from Residual Biomass of the Rice Processing Industry 111Luciana Luft, Juliana R. F. da Silva, Raquel C. Kuhn and Marcio A. Mazutti6.1 Introduction 1126.2 Residual Biomass 1126.3 Rice and Processing 1136.4 Pretreatment  Techniques 1151216.5 Hydrolysis 1246.6 Fermentation 1256.7 Bioethanol Production 1276.8 Concluding Remarks 127Acknowledgments 128References 1287 Microbial Enzymes and Lignocellulosic Fuel Production 135Avanthi Althuri, Anjani Devi Chintagunta, Knawang Chhunji Sherpa, Rajiv Chandra Rajak, Debajyoti Kundu, Jagriti Singh, Akanksha Rastogi and Rintu Banerjee7.1 Introduction 136Biofuel Production 1367.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass as Sustainable Alternativefor Fuel Production 1377.2.1 Constituents of Lignocelluloses: Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin and Other Biomolecules 1387.3 Enzymes and Their Sources for Biofuel Generation 1397.4 Microbial Enzymes towards Lignocellulosic Biomass Degradation 142x Contents7.5 Applications in Biofuel Production 1597.6 Conclusion 162References 1638 Sugarcane: A Potential Agricultural Crop for Bioeconomy through Biorefinery 171Knawang Chhunji Sherpa, Rajiv Chandra Rajak and Rintu Banerjee8.1 Introduction 1718.2 Present Status of Sugarcane Productionand its Availability 1738.3 Morphology of Sugarcane 1748.4 Factors Involved in Sugarcane Production 1758.5 Major Limitations of Sugarcane Production 1858.6 An Overview of Biotechnological Developments for Sugarcane Improvement 1868.7 By-Products of Sugarcane Processing 1888.7.1 Bagasse 1888.7.2 Molasses 1898.7.3 Vinasse 1898.8 Applications of Sugarcane for Biorefinery Concept 189Contents xi8.9 Utilization of Sugarcane Residue forBioethanol Production 1908.10 Conclusions 192References 1929 Lignocellulosic Biomass Availability Map: A GIS-Based Approach for Assessing Production Statistics of Lignocellulosics and its Application in Biorefinery 197Sanjeev Kumar, G. Lohit Kumar Srinivas and Rintu Banerjee9.1 Introduction 1989.2 Geographical Information System (GIS) 1999.3 Application of GIS in Mapping Lignocellulosic Biomass 2029.4 Biofuels from Lignocellulosics 2099.5 Conclusion 211References 21210 Lignocellulosic Biomass Utilization for the Production of Sustainable Chemicals and Polymers 215Mukherjee Gunjan, Dhiman Gourav and Akhtar Nadeem10.1 Introduction 21610.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass 21610.3 Pretreatment Strategies 219Pulsed Electric Field 21910.4 Value-Added Chemicals from Lignocellulosic Biomass 224xii Contents10.5 Sustainable Polymers from Lignocellulosic Biomass 228(HMF)- and 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid (FDCA)-Based Polymers 229Platform-Based Polymers 229Platform-Based Polymers 231Derived Polymers 23410.6 Potential Challenges for a Sustainable Biorefinery 23410.7 Environmental Effects of Biorefineries 23510.8 Future Perspectives of Biorefineries and Their Products 23610.9 Conclusion 236References 237Contents xiii11 Utilization of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biobutanol Production: A Review 247Anand Prakash, Vinay Sharma, Deepak Kumar, Arindam Kuila and Arun Kumar Sharma11.1 Introduction 24711.2 Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Biobutanol 24811.3 Composition of Lignocellulosic Biomass 24811.4 Structure of Lignocellulosic Biomass 24811.5 Biobutanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass 24911.6 Conclusion 258References 25812 Application of Lignocellulosic Biomass in the Paper Industry 265Mainak Mukhopadhyay and Debalina Bhattacharya12.1 Introduction 26512.2 Major Raw Materials Used in the Paper Industry 26612.6 Conclusion 275References 276

Arindam Kuila is Assistant Professor at the Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Rajasthan, India. Previously, he worked as a research associate at Hindustan Petroleum Green R&D Centre, Bangalore. He obtained his PhD in bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass from the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India in 2013.Vinay Sharma is Dean, Faculty of Science & Technology and Chair, Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology at Banasthali University, India. Earlier he served as Lecturer and then Reader during 1986 and 1996 at IIT Roorkee, India. He has more than 30 years of teaching and research experience and has published more than 250 research papers (including 31 as conference proceedings/ book chapters). His major areas of research interests are plant biotechnology and bioinformatics.

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• Preface xv1 Valorization of Lignocellulosic Materials to Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 1Arpan Das1.1 Introduction1.2 Lignocellulose: An Abundant Carbon Source for PHA Production 51.3 Lignocellulosic Pretreatment Techniques 8vvi Contents1.4 Hydrolysis of Lingocellulose 141.5 Lignocellulose Biomass as Substrate for PHA Production 161.6 Conclusion 19References 192 Biological Gaseous Energy Recovery from Lignocellulosic Biomass 27Shantonu Roy2.1 Introduction 272.2 Simple Sugars as Feedstock 282.3 Complex Substrates as Feedstock 322.4 Biomass Feedstock 322.5 Waste as Feedstock 362.6 Industrial Wastewater 382.7 Conclusion 40References 413 Alkali Treatment to Improve Physical, Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Lignocellulosic Natural Fibers for Use in Various Applications 47Suvendu Manna, Prosenjit Saha, Sukanya Chudhury and Sabu Thomas3.1 Introduction 48Contents vii3.3 Application of the Alkali-Steam-Treated Fibers 553.4 Summary 59References 604 Biodiesel Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Oleaginous Microbes: A Review 65S.P. Jeevan Kumar, Lohit K. Srinivas Gujjala, Archana Dash, Bitasta Talukdar and Rintu Banerjee4.1 Introduction 664.2 Lignocellulosics Distribution, Availability and Diversity 674.3 Prospective Oleaginous Microbes for Lipid Production 70LCB Utilization 73Co-Utilization of Substrate 744.4 Technical Know-How for Biodiesel Production from LCBs 764.5 Fermentation 784.6 Transesterification for Biodiesel Production 80viii Contents4.7 Characteristics of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters 834.8 Conclusion 83References 845 Biopulping of Lignocellulose 93Arijit Jana, Debashish Ghosh, Diptarka Dasgupta, Pradeep Kumar Das Mohapatra and Keshab Chandra Mondal5.1 Introduction 935.2 Composition of Lignocellulosic Biomass 955.3 Pulping and its Various Processes 975.4 Biopulping – Process Overview 985.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biopulping 1045.6 Future Prospects 105Acknowledgment 105References 1066 Second Generation Bioethanol Production from Residual Biomass of the Rice Processing Industry 111Luciana Luft, Juliana R. F. da Silva, Raquel C. Kuhn and Marcio A. Mazutti6.1 Introduction 1126.2 Residual Biomass 1126.3 Rice and Processing 1136.4 Pretreatment  Techniques 1151216.5 Hydrolysis 1246.6 Fermentation 1256.7 Bioethanol Production 1276.8 Concluding Remarks 127Acknowledgments 128References 1287 Microbial Enzymes and Lignocellulosic Fuel Production 135Avanthi Althuri, Anjani Devi Chintagunta, Knawang Chhunji Sherpa, Rajiv Chandra Rajak, Debajyoti Kundu, Jagriti Singh, Akanksha Rastogi and Rintu Banerjee7.1 Introduction 136Biofuel Production 1367.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass as Sustainable Alternativefor Fuel Production 1377.2.1 Constituents of Lignocelluloses: Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin and Other Biomolecules 1387.3 Enzymes and Their Sources for Biofuel Generation 1397.4 Microbial Enzymes towards Lignocellulosic Biomass Degradation 142x Contents7.5 Applications in Biofuel Production 1597.6 Conclusion 162References 1638 Sugarcane: A Potential Agricultural Crop for Bioeconomy through Biorefinery 171Knawang Chhunji Sherpa, Rajiv Chandra Rajak and Rintu Banerjee8.1 Introduction 1718.2 Present Status of Sugarcane Productionand its Availability 1738.3 Morphology of Sugarcane 1748.4 Factors Involved in Sugarcane Production 1758.5 Major Limitations of Sugarcane Production 1858.6 An Overview of Biotechnological Developments for Sugarcane Improvement 1868.7 By-Products of Sugarcane Processing 1888.7.1 Bagasse 1888.7.2 Molasses 1898.7.3 Vinasse 1898.8 Applications of Sugarcane for Biorefinery Concept 189Contents xi8.9 Utilization of Sugarcane Residue forBioethanol Production 1908.10 Conclusions 192References 1929 Lignocellulosic Biomass Availability Map: A GIS-Based Approach for Assessing Production Statistics of Lignocellulosics and its Application in Biorefinery 197Sanjeev Kumar, G. Lohit Kumar Srinivas and Rintu Banerjee9.1 Introduction 1989.2 Geographical Information System (GIS) 1999.3 Application of GIS in Mapping Lignocellulosic Biomass 2029.4 Biofuels from Lignocellulosics 2099.5 Conclusion 211References 21210 Lignocellulosic Biomass Utilization for the Production of Sustainable Chemicals and Polymers 215Mukherjee Gunjan, Dhiman Gourav and Akhtar Nadeem10.1 Introduction 21610.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass 21610.3 Pretreatment Strategies 219Pulsed Electric Field 21910.4 Value-Added Chemicals from Lignocellulosic Biomass 224xii Contents10.5 Sustainable Polymers from Lignocellulosic Biomass 228(HMF)- and 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid (FDCA)-Based Polymers 229Platform-Based Polymers 229Platform-Based Polymers 231Derived Polymers 23410.6 Potential Challenges for a Sustainable Biorefinery 23410.7 Environmental Effects of Biorefineries 23510.8 Future Perspectives of Biorefineries and Their Products 23610.9 Conclusion 236References 237Contents xiii11 Utilization of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biobutanol Production: A Review 247Anand Prakash, Vinay Sharma, Deepak Kumar, Arindam Kuila and Arun Kumar Sharma11.1 Introduction 24711.2 Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Biobutanol 24811.3 Composition of Lignocellulosic Biomass 24811.4 Structure of Lignocellulosic Biomass 24811.5 Biobutanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass 24911.6 Conclusion 258References 25812 Application of Lignocellulosic Biomass in the Paper Industry 265Mainak Mukhopadhyay and Debalina Bhattacharya12.1 Introduction 26512.2 Major Raw Materials Used in the Paper Industry 26612.6 Conclusion 275References 276

Arindam Kuila is Assistant Professor at the Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Rajasthan, India. Previously, he worked as a research associate at Hindustan Petroleum Green R&D Centre, Bangalore. He obtained his PhD in bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass from the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India in 2013.Vinay Sharma is Dean, Faculty of Science & Technology and Chair, Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology at Banasthali University, India. Earlier he served as Lecturer and then Reader during 1986 and 1996 at IIT Roorkee, India. He has more than 30 years of teaching and research experience and has published more than 250 research papers (including 31 as conference proceedings/ book chapters). His major areas of research interests are plant biotechnology and bioinformatics.

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• Preface xv1 Valorization of Lignocellulosic Materials to Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 1Arpan Das1.1 Introduction1.2 Lignocellulose: An Abundant Carbon Source for PHA Production 51.3 Lignocellulosic Pretreatment Techniques 8vvi Contents1.4 Hydrolysis of Lingocellulose 141.5 Lignocellulose Biomass as Substrate for PHA Production 161.6 Conclusion 19References 192 Biological Gaseous Energy Recovery from Lignocellulosic Biomass 27Shantonu Roy2.1 Introduction 272.2 Simple Sugars as Feedstock 282.3 Complex Substrates as Feedstock 322.4 Biomass Feedstock 322.5 Waste as Feedstock 362.6 Industrial Wastewater 382.7 Conclusion 40References 413 Alkali Treatment to Improve Physical, Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Lignocellulosic Natural Fibers for Use in Various Applications 47Suvendu Manna, Prosenjit Saha, Sukanya Chudhury and Sabu Thomas3.1 Introduction 48Contents vii3.3 Application of the Alkali-Steam-Treated Fibers 553.4 Summary 59References 604 Biodiesel Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Oleaginous Microbes: A Review 65S.P. Jeevan Kumar, Lohit K. Srinivas Gujjala, Archana Dash, Bitasta Talukdar and Rintu Banerjee4.1 Introduction 664.2 Lignocellulosics Distribution, Availability and Diversity 674.3 Prospective Oleaginous Microbes for Lipid Production 70LCB Utilization 73Co-Utilization of Substrate 744.4 Technical Know-How for Biodiesel Production from LCBs 764.5 Fermentation 784.6 Transesterification for Biodiesel Production 80viii Contents4.7 Characteristics of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters 834.8 Conclusion 83References 845 Biopulping of Lignocellulose 93Arijit Jana, Debashish Ghosh, Diptarka Dasgupta, Pradeep Kumar Das Mohapatra and Keshab Chandra Mondal5.1 Introduction 935.2 Composition of Lignocellulosic Biomass 955.3 Pulping and its Various Processes 975.4 Biopulping – Process Overview 985.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biopulping 1045.6 Future Prospects 105Acknowledgment 105References 1066 Second Generation Bioethanol Production from Residual Biomass of the Rice Processing Industry 111Luciana Luft, Juliana R. F. da Silva, Raquel C. Kuhn and Marcio A. Mazutti6.1 Introduction 1126.2 Residual Biomass 1126.3 Rice and Processing 1136.4 Pretreatment  Techniques 1151216.5 Hydrolysis 1246.6 Fermentation 1256.7 Bioethanol Production 1276.8 Concluding Remarks 127Acknowledgments 128References 1287 Microbial Enzymes and Lignocellulosic Fuel Production 135Avanthi Althuri, Anjani Devi Chintagunta, Knawang Chhunji Sherpa, Rajiv Chandra Rajak, Debajyoti Kundu, Jagriti Singh, Akanksha Rastogi and Rintu Banerjee7.1 Introduction 136Biofuel Production 1367.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass as Sustainable Alternativefor Fuel Production 1377.2.1 Constituents of Lignocelluloses: Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin and Other Biomolecules 1387.3 Enzymes and Their Sources for Biofuel Generation 1397.4 Microbial Enzymes towards Lignocellulosic Biomass Degradation 142x Contents7.5 Applications in Biofuel Production 1597.6 Conclusion 162References 1638 Sugarcane: A Potential Agricultural Crop for Bioeconomy through Biorefinery 171Knawang Chhunji Sherpa, Rajiv Chandra Rajak and Rintu Banerjee8.1 Introduction 1718.2 Present Status of Sugarcane Productionand its Availability 1738.3 Morphology of Sugarcane 1748.4 Factors Involved in Sugarcane Production 1758.5 Major Limitations of Sugarcane Production 1858.6 An Overview of Biotechnological Developments for Sugarcane Improvement 1868.7 By-Products of Sugarcane Processing 1888.7.1 Bagasse 1888.7.2 Molasses 1898.7.3 Vinasse 1898.8 Applications of Sugarcane for Biorefinery Concept 189Contents xi8.9 Utilization of Sugarcane Residue forBioethanol Production 1908.10 Conclusions 192References 1929 Lignocellulosic Biomass Availability Map: A GIS-Based Approach for Assessing Production Statistics of Lignocellulosics and its Application in Biorefinery 197Sanjeev Kumar, G. Lohit Kumar Srinivas and Rintu Banerjee9.1 Introduction 1989.2 Geographical Information System (GIS) 1999.3 Application of GIS in Mapping Lignocellulosic Biomass 2029.4 Biofuels from Lignocellulosics 2099.5 Conclusion 211References 21210 Lignocellulosic Biomass Utilization for the Production of Sustainable Chemicals and Polymers 215Mukherjee Gunjan, Dhiman Gourav and Akhtar Nadeem10.1 Introduction 21610.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass 21610.3 Pretreatment Strategies 219Pulsed Electric Field 21910.4 Value-Added Chemicals from Lignocellulosic Biomass 224xii Contents10.5 Sustainable Polymers from Lignocellulosic Biomass 228(HMF)- and 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid (FDCA)-Based Polymers 229Platform-Based Polymers 229Platform-Based Polymers 231Derived Polymers 23410.6 Potential Challenges for a Sustainable Biorefinery 23410.7 Environmental Effects of Biorefineries 23510.8 Future Perspectives of Biorefineries and Their Products 23610.9 Conclusion 236References 237Contents xiii11 Utilization of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biobutanol Production: A Review 247Anand Prakash, Vinay Sharma, Deepak Kumar, Arindam Kuila and Arun Kumar Sharma11.1 Introduction 24711.2 Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Biobutanol 24811.3 Composition of Lignocellulosic Biomass 24811.4 Structure of Lignocellulosic Biomass 24811.5 Biobutanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass 24911.6 Conclusion 258References 25812 Application of Lignocellulosic Biomass in the Paper Industry 265Mainak Mukhopadhyay and Debalina Bhattacharya12.1 Introduction 26512.2 Major Raw Materials Used in the Paper Industry 26612.6 Conclusion 275References 276