Diseases of Swine

THE EDITORS JEFFREY J. ZIMMERMAN, DVM, PhD, DACVPM, is Professor of Disease Ecology in the Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine at Iowa State University in Ames, Iowa, USA. LOCKE A. KARRIKER, DVM, MS, DACVPM, is Professor of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine and Director of the Swine Medicine Education Center at Iowa State University in Ames, Iowa, USA. ALEJANDRO RAMIREZ, DVM, MPH, PhD, DACVPM, is Associate Professor of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine at Iowa State University in Ames, Iowa, USA. KENT J. SCHWARTZ, DVM, MS, is Clinical Professor and Diagnostician at the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory in Ames, Iowa, USA. GREGORY W. STEVENSON, DVM, PhD, DACVP, is Professor of Veterinary Pathology and Diagnostic Pathologist at Iowa State University in Ames, Iowa, USA. JIANQIANG ZHANG, MD, MS, PhD, is Associate Professor of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine at Iowa State University in Ames, Iowa, USA.

"The 11th edition of Diseases of Swine continues to serve as the gold-standard resource for anything and everything related to swine herd health. With an industry that is constantly changing, this edition does an outstanding job of keeping up with the advanced diagnostic technologies and the latest research on new or emerging diseases and syndromes. The quality of the color images has been greatly improved in this edition, which enhances the presentation of gross and histologic lesions to readers. In a world where animal welfare continues to be moved to the forefront of the minds of consumers, the additions to the animal welfare chapter provide readers with critical science-based research that is necessary for evaluating pig behavior and understanding the animals’ needs to provide optimal welfare. This edition is well organized, and it is easy to search for content by either pathogen or clinical signs. In my opinion, there is no other informational resource that comes close to providing the depth or quality of information on the topic of swine diseases as does this book"- JAVMA - DEC 15, 2019, VOL 255- NO. 12

• Contributors xiEditors’ Note xxiAcknowledgments xxiiSection I Veterinary Practice 11 Herd Evaluation 3Records, benchmarks, four circles approach, diagnostic approaches, prioritizing interventions, reporting, blood sample collection, oral fluid collection.2 Behavior and Welfare 17Definitions of welfare, normal vs. abnormal behaviors, maternal behaviors, minimizing welfare impact of invasiveprocedures, feeding and drinking behaviors, human interactions, behavior responses due to disease, recognizing pain, vices, objective measures of pain.3 Genetics and Health 42Genetic influences on mortality, disease resistance, immune response and sow productive lifetime, with a summary of recent genetic advances.4 Effect of Environment on Health 50Evaluation of the environment, recommended air temperatures, minimum ventilation rates, space recommendations, water requirements, feeder space recommendations. Investigation of death due to ventilation failure.Impact of noise levels and stray voltage.5 Differential Diagnosis of Diseases 59Diarrhea, vomiting, rectal prolapses, respiratory distress, anemia, sneezing, skin, neurologic, lameness, reproductive, congenital, zoonotic, vesicular lesions, urinary tract.6 Diagnostic Tests, Test Performance, and Considerations for Interpretation 75How diagnostic tests are performed, advantages, and disadvantages. PCR testing considerations including quantitative interpretation. Appropriate uses of genetic sequencing. Descriptions of metagenomics technology.7 Optimizing Sample Selection, Collection, and Submission to Optimize Diagnostic Value 98Developing the diagnostic plan, diagnostic sample selection, pig necropsy, necropsy safety, knife sharpening.8 Collecting Evidence and Establishing Causality 112Sources of variation in test results, sensitivity and specificity, testing in series or parallel, selecting test cutoff values, selecting appropriate sample size, screening and confirmatory tests. Evidence-based medicine, establishing baselines, evaluating interventions.9 Disease Control, Prevention, and Elimination 123Routes of transmission, ecology of disease, pathogen cycles, biological risk management, principles of biosecurity, biocontainment, bioexclusion.10 Drug Pharmacology, Therapy, and Prophylaxis 158Antimicrobial drug classes, considerations for treatment, residue avoidance, establishing treatment regimens, limiting the development of resistance, parasiticides, impact of drug treatment on immunity, bacteriophages, probiotics, hormones, anti-inflammatory drugs.11 Anesthesia and Surgical Procedures in Swine 171Injectable anesthetic agents, sedation, catheterization techniques, epidural injection, anesthetic drug combinations, reversal agents and pain management. Surgical procedures including castration, correction of prolapses, cystostomy procedures, cesarean section, fracture repair, tusk removal, abdominal and musculoskeletal procedures.12 Preharvest Food Safety, Zoonotic Diseases, and the Human Health Interface 197Physical, chemical, and biologic hazards, drug residues, MRSA, feed safety, certification programs.13 Special Considerations for Show and Pet Pigs 211Dynamics of the show pig industry, biosecurity, zoonotic implications, vaccination protocols, behavior and training, ethics, teeth trimming, hoof trimming, obesity, and parasites.Section II Body Systems 22114 Cardiovascular and Hematopoietic Systems 223Anatomy, pathophysiology, mulberry heart disease, anemia, shock, clinical pathology.15 Digestive System 234Interactions of flora, nutrition, immune system, anatomy, pathophysiology, gastric ulcers, hemorrhagic bowel syndrome, prolapses, hernias.16 Immune System 264Innate and adaptive immunity. Cellular, humoral, mucosal and passive immune mechanisms. Stress, nutrition, immunosuppression, vaccination. Lactogenic immunity.17 Integumentary System: Skin, Hoof, and Claw 292Pathophysiology of skin, infectious conditions, vesicles, ear necrosis, porcine dermatopathy and nephropathy syndrome. Pathophysiology of coronary band, foot and claw. Traumatic and nutritional contributors to foot and claw lesions.18 Mammary System 313Structure and development, physiology of lactation, physiology of maternal immunity, pathophysiology of lactation dysfunction, mastitis, dysgalactia, risk factors.19 Nervous and Locomotor System 339Pathophysiology of nervous system, muscle, bone, joint, and eye. Congenital abnormalities, splayleg, congenital tremor, myopathy, porcine stress syndrome, arthritis, metabolic bone disease, rickets, osteochondrosis.20 Diseases of the Reproductive System 373Control of estrus, pregnancy, and parturition. Pregnancy diagnosis, dystocia, prolapse, discharge, malereproductive function, semen quality. Laboratory investigation of abortion and reproductive failure.21 Respiratory System 393Anatomy, structure, function, pathophysiology.22 Urinary System 408Anatomy, structure, function, pathophysiology.Section III Viral Diseases 42523 Overview of Viruses 427General characteristics of viruses, virus taxonomy, detection, characterization of viruses.24 Adenoviruses 43825 African Swine Fever Virus 44326 Anelloviruses 453Torque teno sus viruses.27 Astroviruses 45728 Bunyaviruses 461Akabane virus, Lumbo virus, Oya virus, Tahyna virus.29 Caliciviruses 464Porcine noroviruses, porcine sapoviruses, St-Valérien virus, vesicular exanthema of swine virus.30 Circoviruses 47331 Coronaviruses 488Hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, porcine deltacoronavirus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, porcine respiratory coronavirus, porcine torovirus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus.32 Filoviruses 524Reston ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus.33 Flaviviruses 530Japanese encephalitis virus, Murray Valley encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, other flaviviruses.34 Hepatitis E Virus 54435 Herpesviruses 548Malignant catarrhal fever (ovine herpesvirus 2), porcine cytomegalovirus, porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses, pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s disease) virus.36 Influenza Viruses 57637 Paramyxoviruses 594Menangle virus, Nipah virus, porcine parainfluenza virus 1, porcine rubulavirus (blue eye paramyxovirus).38 Parvoviruses 61139 Pestiviruses 622Atypical porcine pestivirus, border disease virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, Bungowannah virus, classical swine fever virus.40 Picornaviruses 641Encephalomyocarditis virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, porcine enteroviruses, porcine kobuvirus, porcine picornavirus Japan, porcine sapelovirus, porcine teschovirus, Seneca Valley virus, swine pasivirus, swine vesicular disease virus.41 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Viruses (Porcine Arteriviruses) 68542 Swinepox Virus 70943 Reoviruses (Rotaviruses and Reoviruses) 71544 Retroviruses 72845 Rhabdoviruses 733Rabies virus, vesicular stomatitis viruses.46 Togaviruses 740Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Getah virus, Sagiyama virus, Ross River virus.Section IV Bacterial Diseases 74347 Overview of Bacteria 745Characteristics of genera, disease mechanisms, table of bacterial diseases. Issues in the development of bacterial disease (normal flora, biofilms, dysbacteriosis).48 Actinobacillosis 749Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae – pleuropneumonia; Actinobacillus suis – septicemia, pleuropneumonia; Actinobacillus equuli – septicemia.49 Bordetellosis 767Bordetella bronchiseptica – nonprogressive atrophic rhinitis, bronchopneumonia.50 Brucellosis 778Brucella suis – infertility, abortion, perinatal mortality.51 Clostridial Diseases 792Clostridium perfringens type C – necrohemorrhagic enteritis; Clostridium perfringens type A – enteritis; Clostridium difficile – necrotizing colitis; Clostridium septicum, perfringens type A, novyi, chauvoei – cellulitis and gas gangrene; Clostridium tetani – tetanus; Clostridium botulinum – botulism.52 Colibacillosis 807Neonatal E. coli diarrhea, post weaning E. coli diarrhea and edema disease, E. coli causing fatal shock, systemic E. coli infections, coliform mastitis, nonspecific urinary tract infection.53 Erysipelas 835Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae – septicemia, arthritis, endocarditis; Erysipelothrix tonsillarum – arthritis, endocarditis.54 Glässer’s Disease 844Haemophilus parasuis – fibrinous polyserositis and arthritis.55 Leptospirosis 854Leptospira spp. – abortion and stillbirths.56 Mycoplasmosis 863Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae – enzootic pneumonia; Mycoplasma hyorhinis – polyserositis, arthritis; Mycoplasma hyosynoviae – arthritis; Mycoplasma suis (Eperythrozoon suis) – anemia.57 Pasteurellosis 884Pasteurella multocida – progressive atrophic rhinitis, pneumonia, septicemia.58 Proliferative Enteropathy 898Lawsonia intracellularis – acute proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy (PHE), chronic porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE).59 Salmonellosis 912Salmonella typhimurium, typhimurium I 1,4,[5],12:i:-variant, heidelberg, typhisuis – enterocolitis; Salmonella choleraesuis var. kunzendorf – septicemia, enterocolitis; Salmonella dublin, enteriditis – meningitis.60 Staphylococcosis 926Staphylococcus hyicus – exudative epidermitis; Staphylococcus aureus – skin infections, mastitis, others.61 Streptococcosis 934Streptococcus suis – septicemia, meningitis, others; Streptococcus porcinus – cervical lymphadenitis; Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis – septicemia, arthritis, others. Other streptococci – various conditions. Enterococcus durans and hirae – diarrhea.62 Swine Dysentery and Brachyspiral Colitis 951Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, hampsonii, suanatina – swine dysentery; Brachyspira pilosicoli – intestinal (colonic) spirochetosis; Brachyspira intermedia, murdochii – brachyspiral (mild) colitis.63 Tuberculosis 971Mycobacterium avium subsps. avium and hominissuis, M. bovis, M. caprae, M. tuberculosis – localized alimentary lymphadenitis, rare disseminated tuberculosis.64 Miscellaneous Bacterial Infections 981Actinobaculum suis (Eubacterium suis) – cystitis, pyelonephritis; Actinomyces hyovaginalis – abortion, lung abscesses; Bacillus anthracis – anthrax; Burkholderia pseudomallei – melioidosis; Campylobacter spp. – enterocolitis; Chlamydia – enteritis, pneumonia, abortion, etc.; Enterococci – neonatal diarrhea; Klebsiella pneumoniae – septicemia; Listeria monocytogenes – septicemia, encephalitis, abortion; Rhodococcus equi – granulomatous lymphadenitis; Treponema pedis – ear necrosis, other skin lesions; Trueperella abortisuis – abortion; Trueperella pyogenes – pyogenic sepsis; Yersinia spp. – enterocolitis.Section V Parasitic Diseases 100365 External Parasites 1005Mange (Sarcoptes, Demodex), lice, fleas, mosquitoes, flies (myiasis), ticks.66 Coccidia and Other Protozoa 1015Coccidia (Cystoisospora, Eimeria), Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, microsporidia (Entercytozoon, Encephalitozoon), Balantidium coli, Entamoeba.67 Internal Parasites: Helminths 1028Nematodes – Gongylonema, Hyostrongylus, Strongyloides, Ascaris, Trichinella, Trichuris, Oesophagostomum, Metastrongylus, Paragonimus, Stephanurus, and others; Cestodes – Echinococcus, Taenia, and others; parasiticides.Section VI Noninfectious Diseases 104168 Nutrient Deficiencies and Excesses 1043Investigation of nutrient deficiencies or excesses, critical control points, inclusion rates, feed analysis, common nutrient concerns including amino acids, vitamins, and minerals.69 Mycotoxins in Grains and Feeds 1055Aflatoxin, ochratoxin, citrinin, trichothecenes (T2 toxin, DON), zearalenone, fumonisins.70 Toxic Minerals, Chemicals, Plants, and Gases 1072Minerals, feed additives, pesticides, toxic plants, nitrite, effects of water quality, toxic gases, ventilation failure.Index 1088