Dr. Qian Xu, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China. Prof. Yi Huang, DPhil, is Chair of Wireless Engineering, the Head of High Frequency Engineering Group and the Deputy Head of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, The University of Liverpool, UK.

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• About the Authors xiAbout the Contributors xiiiAcknowledgements xvAcronyms xvii1 Introduction 11.1 Background 11.1.1 Anechoic Chambers 11.1.2 Reverberation Chambers 31.1.3 Relationship between Anechoic Chambers and Reverberation Chambers 61.2 Organisation of this Book 6References 82 Theory for Anechoic Chamber Design 112.1 Introduction 112.2 Absorbing Material Basics 112.2.1 General Knowledge 112.2.2 Absorbing Material Simulation 142.2.3 Absorbing Material Measurement 162.3 CEM Algorithms Overview 222.4 GO Theory 232.4.1 GO from Maxwell Equations 232.4.2 Analytical Expression of a Reflected Field from a Curved Surface 242.4.3 Alternative GO Form 282.5 GO-FEM Hybrid Method 292.6 Summary 30References 303 Computer-aided Anechoic Chamber Design 353.1 Introduction 353.2 Framework 353.3 Software Implementation 353.3.1 3D Model Description 353.3.2 Algorithm Complexities 363.3.3 Far-Field Data 393.3.4 Boundary Conditions 403.3.5 RAM Description 413.3.6 Forward Algorithm 423.3.7 Inverse Algorithm 543.3.8 Post Processing 553.4 Summary 56References 574 Anechoic Chamber Design Examples and Verifications 594.1 Introduction 594.2 Normalised Site Attenuation 594.2.1 NSA Definition 594.2.2 NSA Simulation and Measurement 604.3 Site Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 684.3.1 SVSWR Definition 684.3.2 SVSWR Simulation and Measurement 724.4 Field Uniformity 754.4.1 FU Definition 754.4.2 FU Simulation and Measurement 764.5 Design Margin 794.6 Summary 86References 875 Fundamentals of the Reverberation Chamber 895.1 Introduction 895.2 Resonant Cavity Model 895.3 Ray Model 955.4 Statistical Electromagnetics 965.4.1 Plane-Wave Spectrum Model 965.4.2 Field Correlations 995.4.3 Boundary Fields 1025.4.4 Enhanced Backscattering Effect 1085.4.5 Loss Mechanism 1095.4.6 Probability Distribution Functions 1125.5 Figures of Merit 1175.5.1 Field Uniformity 1175.5.2 Lowest Usable Frequency 1215.5.3 Correlation Coefficient and Independent Sample Number 1215.5.4 Field Anisotropy Coefficients and Inhomogeneity Coefficients 1245.5.5 Stirring Ratio 1265.5.6 K-Factor 1265.6 Summary 128References 1286 The Design of a Reverberation Chamber 1336.1 Introduction 1336.2 Design Guidelines 1336.2.1 The Shape of the RC 1336.2.2 The Lowest Usable Frequency 1346.2.3 The Working Volume 1356.2.4 The Q Factor 1356.2.5 The Stirrer Design 1376.3 Simulation of the RC 1406.3.1 Monte Carlo Method 1406.3.2 Time Domain Simulation 1426.3.3 Frequency Domain Simulation 1426.4 Time Domain Characterisation of the RC 1456.4.1 Statistical Behaviour in the Time Domain 1466.4.2 Stirrer Efficiency Based on Total Scattering Cross Section 1516.4.3 Time-Gating Technique 1636.5 Duality Principle in the RC 1666.6 The Limit of ACS and TSCS 1696.7 Design Example 1726.8 Summary 174References 1747 Applications in the Reverberation Chamber 1857.1 Introduction 1857.2 Q Factor and Decay Constant 1857.3 Radiated Immunity Test 1927.4 Radiated Emission Measurement 1937.5 Free-Space Antenna S-Parameter Measurement 1967.6 Antenna Radiation Efficiency Measurement 1997.6.1 Reference Antenna Method 1997.6.2 Non-reference Antenna Method  2007.7 MIMO Antenna and Channel Emulation  2127.7.1 Diversity Gain Measurement 2127.7.2 Total Isotropic Sensitivity Measurement  2197.7.3 Channel Capacity Measurement 2207.7.4 Doppler Effect  2207.8 Antenna Radiation Pattern Measurement  2237.8.1 Theory 2237.8.2 Simulations and Measurements  2287.8.3 Discussion and Error Analysis  2387.9 Material Measurements 2437.9.1 Absorption Cross Section 2437.9.2 Average Absorption Coefficient  2507.9.3 Permittivity 2577.9.4 Material Shielding Effectiveness  2637.10 Cavity Shielding Effectiveness Measurement  2647.11 Volume Measurement  2707.12 Summary 276References 2768 Measurement Uncertainty in the Reverberation Chamber 283Xiaoming Chen, Yuxin Ren, and Zhihua Zhang8.1 Introduction  2838.2 Procedure for Uncertainty Characterisation  2838.3 Uncertainty Model  2838.3.1 ACF Method  2848.3.2 DoF Method  2858.3.3 Comparison of ACF and DoF Methods  2868.3.4 Semi-empirical Model  2898.4 Measurement Uncertainty of Antenna Efficiency  2938.5 Summary 300References 3019 Inter-Comparison Between Antenna Radiation Efficiency Measurements Performed in an Anechoic Chamber and in a Reverberation Chamber 305Tian-Hong Loh and Wanquan Qi9.1 Introduction 3059.2 Measurement Facilities and Setups 3069.2.1 Anechoic Chamber 3069.2.2 Reverberation Chamber 3079.3 Antenna Efficiency Measurements 3089.3.1 Theory 3089.3.1.1 Radiation Efficiency Using the Anechoic Chamber 3089.3.1.2 Radiation Efficiency Using the Reverberation Chamber 3099.3.2 Comparison Between the AC and the RC 3099.3.2.1 Biconical Antenna 3099.3.2.2 Horn Antenna 3129.3.2.3 MIMO Antenna 3129.4 Summary 318Acknowledgement 319References 31910 Discussion on Future Applications 32310.1 Introduction 32310.2 Anechoic Chambers 32310.3 Reverberation Chambers 323References 325Appendix A Code Snippets 327Appendix B Reference NSA Values  339Appendix C Test Report Template 345Appendix D Typical Bandpass Filters 351Appendix E Compact Reverberation Chamber at NUAA 359Appendix F Relevant Statistics 373Index 379

Dr. Qian Xu, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China. Prof. Yi Huang, DPhil, is Chair of Wireless Engineering, the Head of High Frequency Engineering Group and the Deputy Head of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, The University of Liverpool, UK.

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• About the Authors xiAbout the Contributors xiiiAcknowledgements xvAcronyms xvii1 Introduction 11.1 Background 11.1.1 Anechoic Chambers 11.1.2 Reverberation Chambers 31.1.3 Relationship between Anechoic Chambers and Reverberation Chambers 61.2 Organisation of this Book 6References 82 Theory for Anechoic Chamber Design 112.1 Introduction 112.2 Absorbing Material Basics 112.2.1 General Knowledge 112.2.2 Absorbing Material Simulation 142.2.3 Absorbing Material Measurement 162.3 CEM Algorithms Overview 222.4 GO Theory 232.4.1 GO from Maxwell Equations 232.4.2 Analytical Expression of a Reflected Field from a Curved Surface 242.4.3 Alternative GO Form 282.5 GO-FEM Hybrid Method 292.6 Summary 30References 303 Computer-aided Anechoic Chamber Design 353.1 Introduction 353.2 Framework 353.3 Software Implementation 353.3.1 3D Model Description 353.3.2 Algorithm Complexities 363.3.3 Far-Field Data 393.3.4 Boundary Conditions 403.3.5 RAM Description 413.3.6 Forward Algorithm 423.3.7 Inverse Algorithm 543.3.8 Post Processing 553.4 Summary 56References 574 Anechoic Chamber Design Examples and Verifications 594.1 Introduction 594.2 Normalised Site Attenuation 594.2.1 NSA Definition 594.2.2 NSA Simulation and Measurement 604.3 Site Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 684.3.1 SVSWR Definition 684.3.2 SVSWR Simulation and Measurement 724.4 Field Uniformity 754.4.1 FU Definition 754.4.2 FU Simulation and Measurement 764.5 Design Margin 794.6 Summary 86References 875 Fundamentals of the Reverberation Chamber 895.1 Introduction 895.2 Resonant Cavity Model 895.3 Ray Model 955.4 Statistical Electromagnetics 965.4.1 Plane-Wave Spectrum Model 965.4.2 Field Correlations 995.4.3 Boundary Fields 1025.4.4 Enhanced Backscattering Effect 1085.4.5 Loss Mechanism 1095.4.6 Probability Distribution Functions 1125.5 Figures of Merit 1175.5.1 Field Uniformity 1175.5.2 Lowest Usable Frequency 1215.5.3 Correlation Coefficient and Independent Sample Number 1215.5.4 Field Anisotropy Coefficients and Inhomogeneity Coefficients 1245.5.5 Stirring Ratio 1265.5.6 K-Factor 1265.6 Summary 128References 1286 The Design of a Reverberation Chamber 1336.1 Introduction 1336.2 Design Guidelines 1336.2.1 The Shape of the RC 1336.2.2 The Lowest Usable Frequency 1346.2.3 The Working Volume 1356.2.4 The Q Factor 1356.2.5 The Stirrer Design 1376.3 Simulation of the RC 1406.3.1 Monte Carlo Method 1406.3.2 Time Domain Simulation 1426.3.3 Frequency Domain Simulation 1426.4 Time Domain Characterisation of the RC 1456.4.1 Statistical Behaviour in the Time Domain 1466.4.2 Stirrer Efficiency Based on Total Scattering Cross Section 1516.4.3 Time-Gating Technique 1636.5 Duality Principle in the RC 1666.6 The Limit of ACS and TSCS 1696.7 Design Example 1726.8 Summary 174References 1747 Applications in the Reverberation Chamber 1857.1 Introduction 1857.2 Q Factor and Decay Constant 1857.3 Radiated Immunity Test 1927.4 Radiated Emission Measurement 1937.5 Free-Space Antenna S-Parameter Measurement 1967.6 Antenna Radiation Efficiency Measurement 1997.6.1 Reference Antenna Method 1997.6.2 Non-reference Antenna Method  2007.7 MIMO Antenna and Channel Emulation  2127.7.1 Diversity Gain Measurement 2127.7.2 Total Isotropic Sensitivity Measurement  2197.7.3 Channel Capacity Measurement 2207.7.4 Doppler Effect  2207.8 Antenna Radiation Pattern Measurement  2237.8.1 Theory 2237.8.2 Simulations and Measurements  2287.8.3 Discussion and Error Analysis  2387.9 Material Measurements 2437.9.1 Absorption Cross Section 2437.9.2 Average Absorption Coefficient  2507.9.3 Permittivity 2577.9.4 Material Shielding Effectiveness  2637.10 Cavity Shielding Effectiveness Measurement  2647.11 Volume Measurement  2707.12 Summary 276References 2768 Measurement Uncertainty in the Reverberation Chamber 283Xiaoming Chen, Yuxin Ren, and Zhihua Zhang8.1 Introduction  2838.2 Procedure for Uncertainty Characterisation  2838.3 Uncertainty Model  2838.3.1 ACF Method  2848.3.2 DoF Method  2858.3.3 Comparison of ACF and DoF Methods  2868.3.4 Semi-empirical Model  2898.4 Measurement Uncertainty of Antenna Efficiency  2938.5 Summary 300References 3019 Inter-Comparison Between Antenna Radiation Efficiency Measurements Performed in an Anechoic Chamber and in a Reverberation Chamber 305Tian-Hong Loh and Wanquan Qi9.1 Introduction 3059.2 Measurement Facilities and Setups 3069.2.1 Anechoic Chamber 3069.2.2 Reverberation Chamber 3079.3 Antenna Efficiency Measurements 3089.3.1 Theory 3089.3.1.1 Radiation Efficiency Using the Anechoic Chamber 3089.3.1.2 Radiation Efficiency Using the Reverberation Chamber 3099.3.2 Comparison Between the AC and the RC 3099.3.2.1 Biconical Antenna 3099.3.2.2 Horn Antenna 3129.3.2.3 MIMO Antenna 3129.4 Summary 318Acknowledgement 319References 31910 Discussion on Future Applications 32310.1 Introduction 32310.2 Anechoic Chambers 32310.3 Reverberation Chambers 323References 325Appendix A Code Snippets 327Appendix B Reference NSA Values  339Appendix C Test Report Template 345Appendix D Typical Bandpass Filters 351Appendix E Compact Reverberation Chamber at NUAA 359Appendix F Relevant Statistics 373Index 379

Dr. Qian Xu, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China. Prof. Yi Huang, DPhil, is Chair of Wireless Engineering, the Head of High Frequency Engineering Group and the Deputy Head of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, The University of Liverpool, UK.

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• About the Authors xiAbout the Contributors xiiiAcknowledgements xvAcronyms xvii1 Introduction 11.1 Background 11.1.1 Anechoic Chambers 11.1.2 Reverberation Chambers 31.1.3 Relationship between Anechoic Chambers and Reverberation Chambers 61.2 Organisation of this Book 6References 82 Theory for Anechoic Chamber Design 112.1 Introduction 112.2 Absorbing Material Basics 112.2.1 General Knowledge 112.2.2 Absorbing Material Simulation 142.2.3 Absorbing Material Measurement 162.3 CEM Algorithms Overview 222.4 GO Theory 232.4.1 GO from Maxwell Equations 232.4.2 Analytical Expression of a Reflected Field from a Curved Surface 242.4.3 Alternative GO Form 282.5 GO-FEM Hybrid Method 292.6 Summary 30References 303 Computer-aided Anechoic Chamber Design 353.1 Introduction 353.2 Framework 353.3 Software Implementation 353.3.1 3D Model Description 353.3.2 Algorithm Complexities 363.3.3 Far-Field Data 393.3.4 Boundary Conditions 403.3.5 RAM Description 413.3.6 Forward Algorithm 423.3.7 Inverse Algorithm 543.3.8 Post Processing 553.4 Summary 56References 574 Anechoic Chamber Design Examples and Verifications 594.1 Introduction 594.2 Normalised Site Attenuation 594.2.1 NSA Definition 594.2.2 NSA Simulation and Measurement 604.3 Site Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 684.3.1 SVSWR Definition 684.3.2 SVSWR Simulation and Measurement 724.4 Field Uniformity 754.4.1 FU Definition 754.4.2 FU Simulation and Measurement 764.5 Design Margin 794.6 Summary 86References 875 Fundamentals of the Reverberation Chamber 895.1 Introduction 895.2 Resonant Cavity Model 895.3 Ray Model 955.4 Statistical Electromagnetics 965.4.1 Plane-Wave Spectrum Model 965.4.2 Field Correlations 995.4.3 Boundary Fields 1025.4.4 Enhanced Backscattering Effect 1085.4.5 Loss Mechanism 1095.4.6 Probability Distribution Functions 1125.5 Figures of Merit 1175.5.1 Field Uniformity 1175.5.2 Lowest Usable Frequency 1215.5.3 Correlation Coefficient and Independent Sample Number 1215.5.4 Field Anisotropy Coefficients and Inhomogeneity Coefficients 1245.5.5 Stirring Ratio 1265.5.6 K-Factor 1265.6 Summary 128References 1286 The Design of a Reverberation Chamber 1336.1 Introduction 1336.2 Design Guidelines 1336.2.1 The Shape of the RC 1336.2.2 The Lowest Usable Frequency 1346.2.3 The Working Volume 1356.2.4 The Q Factor 1356.2.5 The Stirrer Design 1376.3 Simulation of the RC 1406.3.1 Monte Carlo Method 1406.3.2 Time Domain Simulation 1426.3.3 Frequency Domain Simulation 1426.4 Time Domain Characterisation of the RC 1456.4.1 Statistical Behaviour in the Time Domain 1466.4.2 Stirrer Efficiency Based on Total Scattering Cross Section 1516.4.3 Time-Gating Technique 1636.5 Duality Principle in the RC 1666.6 The Limit of ACS and TSCS 1696.7 Design Example 1726.8 Summary 174References 1747 Applications in the Reverberation Chamber 1857.1 Introduction 1857.2 Q Factor and Decay Constant 1857.3 Radiated Immunity Test 1927.4 Radiated Emission Measurement 1937.5 Free-Space Antenna S-Parameter Measurement 1967.6 Antenna Radiation Efficiency Measurement 1997.6.1 Reference Antenna Method 1997.6.2 Non-reference Antenna Method  2007.7 MIMO Antenna and Channel Emulation  2127.7.1 Diversity Gain Measurement 2127.7.2 Total Isotropic Sensitivity Measurement  2197.7.3 Channel Capacity Measurement 2207.7.4 Doppler Effect  2207.8 Antenna Radiation Pattern Measurement  2237.8.1 Theory 2237.8.2 Simulations and Measurements  2287.8.3 Discussion and Error Analysis  2387.9 Material Measurements 2437.9.1 Absorption Cross Section 2437.9.2 Average Absorption Coefficient  2507.9.3 Permittivity 2577.9.4 Material Shielding Effectiveness  2637.10 Cavity Shielding Effectiveness Measurement  2647.11 Volume Measurement  2707.12 Summary 276References 2768 Measurement Uncertainty in the Reverberation Chamber 283Xiaoming Chen, Yuxin Ren, and Zhihua Zhang8.1 Introduction  2838.2 Procedure for Uncertainty Characterisation  2838.3 Uncertainty Model  2838.3.1 ACF Method  2848.3.2 DoF Method  2858.3.3 Comparison of ACF and DoF Methods  2868.3.4 Semi-empirical Model  2898.4 Measurement Uncertainty of Antenna Efficiency  2938.5 Summary 300References 3019 Inter-Comparison Between Antenna Radiation Efficiency Measurements Performed in an Anechoic Chamber and in a Reverberation Chamber 305Tian-Hong Loh and Wanquan Qi9.1 Introduction 3059.2 Measurement Facilities and Setups 3069.2.1 Anechoic Chamber 3069.2.2 Reverberation Chamber 3079.3 Antenna Efficiency Measurements 3089.3.1 Theory 3089.3.1.1 Radiation Efficiency Using the Anechoic Chamber 3089.3.1.2 Radiation Efficiency Using the Reverberation Chamber 3099.3.2 Comparison Between the AC and the RC 3099.3.2.1 Biconical Antenna 3099.3.2.2 Horn Antenna 3129.3.2.3 MIMO Antenna 3129.4 Summary 318Acknowledgement 319References 31910 Discussion on Future Applications 32310.1 Introduction 32310.2 Anechoic Chambers 32310.3 Reverberation Chambers 323References 325Appendix A Code Snippets 327Appendix B Reference NSA Values  339Appendix C Test Report Template 345Appendix D Typical Bandpass Filters 351Appendix E Compact Reverberation Chamber at NUAA 359Appendix F Relevant Statistics 373Index 379