Atlas of Pediatric Oral and Dental Developmental Anomalies

About the Authors Ghassem Ansari DDS, MSc, PhD (Glas), FHD (UCLA), is Professor of Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; and Adjunct Professor of Pediatric Dentistry, European University College, Dental School, Dubai, UAE. Mojtaba Vahid Golpayegani DDS, MS, FICD, is Professor of Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Richard Welbury MBBS, BDS, PhD, FDS (RCPS), FDSRCS, FRCPCH, FFGDP (Hon.), is Professor and Research Lead, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, College of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.

• Preface xiAbout the Companion Website xiii1 Oral and Dental Anatomy 11.1 The Lips: Macro Anatomy 11.2 The Palate 11.3 The Tongue 31.4 The Cheek and Floor of the Mouth 41.5 The Periodontium 51.6 The Periodontal Ligament (PL) 51.7 The Alveolar Bone 61.8 The Teeth: Dental Anatomy 71.9 Normal Occlusion 91.10 Classification of the Occlusion 102 Histology and Embryology of the Teeth and Periodontium 132.1 Tooth Histology 132.1.1 Enamel 132.1.1.1 Striae of Retzius 132.1.1.2 Hunter‐Schreger Bands 132.1.1.3 Gnarled Enamel (Spiral Enamel) 132.1.1.4 Enamel Tufts and Lamella 132.1.1.5 Enamel Surface 132.1.2 Dentine 142.1.2.1 Dentinal Tubules 142.1.2.2 Intratubular Dentine 152.1.2.3 Intertubular Dentine 152.1.2.4 Interglobular Dentine 152.1.2.5 Incremental Lines 152.1.2.6 Granular Layer of Tomes 152.1.3 Cementum 152.1.3.1 Cementum Connective Tissue 152.1.3.2 Fibrous Matrix 152.1.4 Dental Pulp 162.1.5 Periodontium 162.2 Embryology of Teeth: Life Cycle of the Tooth 162.2.1 Initiation (Bud) Stage 162.2.2 Proliferation (Cap) Stage 162.2.3 Histodifferentiation and Morphodifferentiation (Bell) Stage 162.2.4 Apposition and Calcification 163 Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Teeth Developmental Disturbances 173.1 Prevalence and Incidence 173.2 Diagnosis and Classification of Defects in Teeth 173.2.1 Cause of Disturbance 173.2.2 Extent of Involvement of the Dentition 183.2.3 The Structure Involved 183.2.3.1 Enamel Defects 183.2.3.2 Dentine Defects 183.2.3.3 Cementum Defects 183.2.3.4 Entire Tooth Structures Involved 183.2.4 Teeth Morphology 193.2.5 Teeth Size 193.2.6 Teeth Count 193.2.6.1 Hypodontia 193.2.6.2 Hyperdontia 193.2.7 Color of the Teeth 204 Etiology and Pathology of Teeth Disturbances 214.1 Genetically Originated Defects 214.1.1 Disturbances in Teeth Count 214.1.1.1 Reduced Numbers; Missing Teeth 214.1.1.2 Increase in Numbers; Extra Teeth 244.1.2 Disturbances in Proportion and Size of the Teeth 304.1.2.1 Large Size – Macrodontia 304.1.2.2 Small Size – Microdontia 304.1.2.3 Short Roots 324.1.3 Disturbances of Teeth Morphology 324.1.3.1 Dens Invaginatus 324.1.3.2 Dens Evaginatus (Talon Cusp) 334.1.3.3 Peg‐shaped Laterals 344.1.3.4 Fusion 344.1.3.5 Gemination 364.1.3.6 Dilaceration 384.1.3.7 Concrescence 394.1.3.8 Taurodontism 394.1.3.9 Hutchinson Incisors and Mulberry Molars 404.1.3.10 Odontomes 404.1.4 Defects of Teeth Structures 404.1.4.1 Enamel Defects 404.1.4.2 Dentine Defects 454.1.4.3 Cementum Defects 454.1.4.4 Enamel Dentin Cementum Defects 494.2 Congenital Diseases (in Utero) 504.2.1 Erythroblastosis Fetalis 504.2.2 Measles 514.2.3 Rubella 514.2.4 Pneumonia 524.2.5 Porphyria 524.2.6 Syphilis 524.2.7 Dehydration and Liquid Imbalance 524.3 Acquired (Environmental) Defects 534.3.1 Food and Diet 534.3.2 Vitamins and Minerals 534.3.3 Ions 554.3.4 Diseases and Drugs 564.3.4.1 Infantile Jaundice 564.3.4.2 Liver Disease, Liver Transplant 564.3.4.3 Cystic Fibrosis and Antibiotic Therapy 574.3.4.4 Lead Poisoning 594.3.4.5 Iron Intake 594.3.5 Primary Teeth Trauma and Tooth Infection 594.3.6 Short Roots 615 Eruption Disturbances of Teeth – Etiology and Diagnosis 635.1 Definition 635.2 Delayed Eruption 635.3 Early Eruption 635.4 Failed Exfoliation (Primary Dentition) 635.5 Early Exfoliation/Loss of Primary Teeth 655.5.1 Localized Factors 655.5.2 Systemic Factors 655.6 Failed Eruption and Impaction 665.7 Eruption Cysts 675.8 Ectopic Eruption and Transposition 695.9 Labial Frenulum and Lingual Frenulum 705.10 Under ‐eruption – Infraocclusion 705.11 Over ‐eruption 715.12 Palatal and Labial Cleft and Teeth Eruption 745.13 Malocclusion 765.13.1 Class I Malocclusion 765.13.2 Class II Malocclusion 765.13.3 Class III Malocclusion 775.13.4 General Spacing and Diastema Formation 785.14 Gingival Overgrowth 806 Self‐evaluation Section 81Bibliography 109Self‐evaluation Answer 115Index 119