YUNFEI CHEN, PHD, is an Associate Professor at the University of Warwick, UK. His research interests include Communications and Statistical Signal Processing, Wireless System Design and Analysis, Energy Harvesting, Wireless Relaying and Sensing, and Cognitive Radios. He is a member of the Technical Program Committees for most major IEEE conferences on communications, including ICC, Globecom, WCNC, and VTC, and is a Senior Member of the IEEE. He has published several well-cited papers in the areas of energy harvesting and wireless communications, including three best paper awards.

• Preface xiAcronyms xiii1 Introduction 11.1 Background 11.2 Relationship with Green Communications 21.3 Potential Applications 31.3.1 Energy Harvesting for 5G 31.4 Outline of Chapters 42 Energy Sources 52.1 Introduction 52.2 Types of Sources 62.2.1 Mechanical Energy 62.2.2 Solar/Light Energy 82.2.3 Electromagnetic Energy 92.3 Predictive Models of Sources 92.3.1 Solar Energy Modeling 102.3.2 Ambient RF Energy Modeling 122.4 Summary 163 Energy Harvesters 193.1 Introduction 193.2 Photovoltaic Panels 193.2.1 Principles 203.2.2 Models 223.3 Radio Frequency Energy Harvester 253.3.1 Principles 263.3.2 Efficiencies 283.4 Overall Models 313.5 Battery and Supercapacitor 353.5.1 Battery 353.5.2 Supercapacitor 363.6 Summary 364 Physical Layer Techniques 394.1 Introduction 394.2 Effect of Energy Harvesting 404.2.1 Distribution of Transmission Power 414.2.2 Transmission Delay and Probability 434.2.3 Bit Error Rate 474.2.4 Achievable Rate 524.2.5 General Information Theoretic Limits 544.3 Energy Harvesting Detection 554.4 Energy Harvesting Estimation 614.4.1 With Relaying 624.4.1.1 Scheme 1 624.4.1.2 Scheme 2 664.4.1.3 Scheme 3 684.4.1.4 Scheme 4 704.4.1.5 Scheme 5 714.4.1.6 Scheme 6 724.4.2 Without Relaying 794.5 Energy Transmission Waveform 834.5.1 Scenario 844.5.2 Energy Waveform Optimization 854.5.2.1 Linear Harvester 854.5.2.2 Non-Linear Harvester 864.6 Other Issues and Techniques 884.6.1 Circuit Power Consumption 884.6.2 Physical Layer Security 894.6.3 Non-orthogonal Multiple Access 914.6.4 Joint Detection and Estimation 924.7 Summary 985 Upper Layer Techniques 1015.1 Introduction 1015.2 Media Access Control Protocols 1025.2.1 Duty Cycling 1025.2.1.1 Wireless Power Transfer 1035.2.1.2 Ambient Energy Harvesting 1075.2.2 Other Issues in MAC Protocols 1105.3 Routing Protocols 1115.3.1 Ambient Energy Harvesting 1125.3.2 Wireless Power Transfer 1175.4 Other Issues in the Upper Layers 1185.4.1 Scheduling 1185.4.2 Effective Capacity 1215.5 Summary 1236 Wireless Powered Communications 1256.1 Introduction 1256.2 Types of Wireless Powered Communications 1266.3 Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer 1276.3.1 Ideal Implementations 1286.3.2 Practical Implementations 1306.3.2.1 Time Switching 1306.3.2.2 Power Splitting 1326.3.2.3 General Scheme 1346.4 Hybrid Access Point 1356.4.1 Rate-Energy Tradeoff 1356.4.2 Fairness Issue 1386.4.3 Channel Knowledge Issue 1386.4.3.1 Average Achievable Rate 1396.4.3.2 Average BER 1416.4.3.3 Numerical Examples 1446.5 Power Beacon 1506.5.1 System and Design Problem 1506.5.2 More Notes 1526.6 Other Issues 1536.6.1 Effect of Interference onWireless Power 1536.6.1.1 System and Assumptions 1536.6.1.2 Performances with Interference 1546.6.1.3 Performances without Interference 1556.6.1.4 Numerical Examples 1556.6.2 Effect of Interference byWireless Power 1576.6.2.1 System and Assumptions 1586.6.2.2 Average Interference Power 1596.6.2.3 Rate 1596.6.2.4 Numerical Examples 1616.6.3 Exploitation of Interference 1636.6.4 Multiple Antennas 1696.7 An Example: Wireless Powered Sensor Networks 1726.8 Summary 1727 Energy Harvesting Cognitive Radios 1757.1 Introduction 1757.1.1 Cognitive Radio 1757.1.2 Cognitive Radio Functions 1777.1.3 Spectrum Sensing 1777.1.4 Energy Harvesting Cognitive Radio 1787.2 Conventional Cognitive Radio 1807.2.1 Different Types of Cognitive Radio Systems 1807.2.2 Spectrum Sensing Methods 1827.2.2.1 Energy Detection 1827.2.2.2 Feature Detection 1867.3 Types of Energy Harvesting Cognitive Radio 1897.3.1 Protocols 1897.3.2 Energy Sources 1907.4 From the Secondary Base Station 1927.5 From the Primary User 1987.5.1 Conventional PU 1987.5.2 Wireless Powered PU 2047.6 From the Ambient Environment 2107.7 Information Energy Cooperation 2157.8 Other Important Issues 2177.9 Summary 2188 Energy Harvesting Relaying 2218.1 Introduction 2218.1.1 Wireless Relaying 2218.1.2 Relaying Protocols 2228.1.3 Energy Harvesting Relaying 2238.2 Conventional Relaying 2248.2.1 Amplify-and-Forward Relaying 2248.2.2 Decode-and-Forward Relaying 2258.2.3 Performance Metrics 2268.2.3.1 Amplify-and-Forward 2268.2.3.2 Decode-and-Forward 2278.2.4 Relay Selection 2298.2.4.1 Full Selection 2318.2.4.2 Partial Selection 2318.2.5 Two-Way Relaying 2338.3 Types of Energy Harvesting Relaying 2358.4 From the Ambient Environment 2378.5 From the Power Transmitter 2418.5.1 One User and Single Antenna 2418.5.2 Multiple Users and Single Antenna 2428.5.3 One User and Multiple Antennas 2448.6 From the Source 2468.6.1 Amplify-and-Forward Relaying 2478.6.2 Decode-and-Forward Relaying 2508.6.2.1 Instantaneous Transmission 2518.6.2.2 Delay- or Error-Constrained Transmission 2538.6.2.3 Delay- or Error-Tolerant Transmission 2548.6.2.4 Numerical Examples 2558.6.3 Energy Harvesting Source 2608.7 Other Important Issues 2708.7.1 Interference 2708.7.1.1 Time Switching 2718.7.1.2 Power Splitting 2738.7.2 Multi-Hop 2758.7.2.1 Time Switching 2768.7.2.2 Power Splitting 2808.7.2.3 Numerical Examples 2828.7.3 Others 2918.8 Summary 292References 293Index 307

YUNFEI CHEN, PHD, is an Associate Professor at the University of Warwick, UK. His research interests include Communications and Statistical Signal Processing, Wireless System Design and Analysis, Energy Harvesting, Wireless Relaying and Sensing, and Cognitive Radios. He is a member of the Technical Program Committees for most major IEEE conferences on communications, including ICC, Globecom, WCNC, and VTC, and is a Senior Member of the IEEE. He has published several well-cited papers in the areas of energy harvesting and wireless communications, including three best paper awards.

• Preface xiAcronyms xiii1 Introduction 11.1 Background 11.2 Relationship with Green Communications 21.3 Potential Applications 31.3.1 Energy Harvesting for 5G 31.4 Outline of Chapters 42 Energy Sources 52.1 Introduction 52.2 Types of Sources 62.2.1 Mechanical Energy 62.2.2 Solar/Light Energy 82.2.3 Electromagnetic Energy 92.3 Predictive Models of Sources 92.3.1 Solar Energy Modeling 102.3.2 Ambient RF Energy Modeling 122.4 Summary 163 Energy Harvesters 193.1 Introduction 193.2 Photovoltaic Panels 193.2.1 Principles 203.2.2 Models 223.3 Radio Frequency Energy Harvester 253.3.1 Principles 263.3.2 Efficiencies 283.4 Overall Models 313.5 Battery and Supercapacitor 353.5.1 Battery 353.5.2 Supercapacitor 363.6 Summary 364 Physical Layer Techniques 394.1 Introduction 394.2 Effect of Energy Harvesting 404.2.1 Distribution of Transmission Power 414.2.2 Transmission Delay and Probability 434.2.3 Bit Error Rate 474.2.4 Achievable Rate 524.2.5 General Information Theoretic Limits 544.3 Energy Harvesting Detection 554.4 Energy Harvesting Estimation 614.4.1 With Relaying 624.4.1.1 Scheme 1 624.4.1.2 Scheme 2 664.4.1.3 Scheme 3 684.4.1.4 Scheme 4 704.4.1.5 Scheme 5 714.4.1.6 Scheme 6 724.4.2 Without Relaying 794.5 Energy Transmission Waveform 834.5.1 Scenario 844.5.2 Energy Waveform Optimization 854.5.2.1 Linear Harvester 854.5.2.2 Non-Linear Harvester 864.6 Other Issues and Techniques 884.6.1 Circuit Power Consumption 884.6.2 Physical Layer Security 894.6.3 Non-orthogonal Multiple Access 914.6.4 Joint Detection and Estimation 924.7 Summary 985 Upper Layer Techniques 1015.1 Introduction 1015.2 Media Access Control Protocols 1025.2.1 Duty Cycling 1025.2.1.1 Wireless Power Transfer 1035.2.1.2 Ambient Energy Harvesting 1075.2.2 Other Issues in MAC Protocols 1105.3 Routing Protocols 1115.3.1 Ambient Energy Harvesting 1125.3.2 Wireless Power Transfer 1175.4 Other Issues in the Upper Layers 1185.4.1 Scheduling 1185.4.2 Effective Capacity 1215.5 Summary 1236 Wireless Powered Communications 1256.1 Introduction 1256.2 Types of Wireless Powered Communications 1266.3 Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer 1276.3.1 Ideal Implementations 1286.3.2 Practical Implementations 1306.3.2.1 Time Switching 1306.3.2.2 Power Splitting 1326.3.2.3 General Scheme 1346.4 Hybrid Access Point 1356.4.1 Rate-Energy Tradeoff 1356.4.2 Fairness Issue 1386.4.3 Channel Knowledge Issue 1386.4.3.1 Average Achievable Rate 1396.4.3.2 Average BER 1416.4.3.3 Numerical Examples 1446.5 Power Beacon 1506.5.1 System and Design Problem 1506.5.2 More Notes 1526.6 Other Issues 1536.6.1 Effect of Interference onWireless Power 1536.6.1.1 System and Assumptions 1536.6.1.2 Performances with Interference 1546.6.1.3 Performances without Interference 1556.6.1.4 Numerical Examples 1556.6.2 Effect of Interference byWireless Power 1576.6.2.1 System and Assumptions 1586.6.2.2 Average Interference Power 1596.6.2.3 Rate 1596.6.2.4 Numerical Examples 1616.6.3 Exploitation of Interference 1636.6.4 Multiple Antennas 1696.7 An Example: Wireless Powered Sensor Networks 1726.8 Summary 1727 Energy Harvesting Cognitive Radios 1757.1 Introduction 1757.1.1 Cognitive Radio 1757.1.2 Cognitive Radio Functions 1777.1.3 Spectrum Sensing 1777.1.4 Energy Harvesting Cognitive Radio 1787.2 Conventional Cognitive Radio 1807.2.1 Different Types of Cognitive Radio Systems 1807.2.2 Spectrum Sensing Methods 1827.2.2.1 Energy Detection 1827.2.2.2 Feature Detection 1867.3 Types of Energy Harvesting Cognitive Radio 1897.3.1 Protocols 1897.3.2 Energy Sources 1907.4 From the Secondary Base Station 1927.5 From the Primary User 1987.5.1 Conventional PU 1987.5.2 Wireless Powered PU 2047.6 From the Ambient Environment 2107.7 Information Energy Cooperation 2157.8 Other Important Issues 2177.9 Summary 2188 Energy Harvesting Relaying 2218.1 Introduction 2218.1.1 Wireless Relaying 2218.1.2 Relaying Protocols 2228.1.3 Energy Harvesting Relaying 2238.2 Conventional Relaying 2248.2.1 Amplify-and-Forward Relaying 2248.2.2 Decode-and-Forward Relaying 2258.2.3 Performance Metrics 2268.2.3.1 Amplify-and-Forward 2268.2.3.2 Decode-and-Forward 2278.2.4 Relay Selection 2298.2.4.1 Full Selection 2318.2.4.2 Partial Selection 2318.2.5 Two-Way Relaying 2338.3 Types of Energy Harvesting Relaying 2358.4 From the Ambient Environment 2378.5 From the Power Transmitter 2418.5.1 One User and Single Antenna 2418.5.2 Multiple Users and Single Antenna 2428.5.3 One User and Multiple Antennas 2448.6 From the Source 2468.6.1 Amplify-and-Forward Relaying 2478.6.2 Decode-and-Forward Relaying 2508.6.2.1 Instantaneous Transmission 2518.6.2.2 Delay- or Error-Constrained Transmission 2538.6.2.3 Delay- or Error-Tolerant Transmission 2548.6.2.4 Numerical Examples 2558.6.3 Energy Harvesting Source 2608.7 Other Important Issues 2708.7.1 Interference 2708.7.1.1 Time Switching 2718.7.1.2 Power Splitting 2738.7.2 Multi-Hop 2758.7.2.1 Time Switching 2768.7.2.2 Power Splitting 2808.7.2.3 Numerical Examples 2828.7.3 Others 2918.8 Summary 292References 293Index 307

YUNFEI CHEN, PHD, is an Associate Professor at the University of Warwick, UK. His research interests include Communications and Statistical Signal Processing, Wireless System Design and Analysis, Energy Harvesting, Wireless Relaying and Sensing, and Cognitive Radios. He is a member of the Technical Program Committees for most major IEEE conferences on communications, including ICC, Globecom, WCNC, and VTC, and is a Senior Member of the IEEE. He has published several well-cited papers in the areas of energy harvesting and wireless communications, including three best paper awards.

• Preface xiAcronyms xiii1 Introduction 11.1 Background 11.2 Relationship with Green Communications 21.3 Potential Applications 31.3.1 Energy Harvesting for 5G 31.4 Outline of Chapters 42 Energy Sources 52.1 Introduction 52.2 Types of Sources 62.2.1 Mechanical Energy 62.2.2 Solar/Light Energy 82.2.3 Electromagnetic Energy 92.3 Predictive Models of Sources 92.3.1 Solar Energy Modeling 102.3.2 Ambient RF Energy Modeling 122.4 Summary 163 Energy Harvesters 193.1 Introduction 193.2 Photovoltaic Panels 193.2.1 Principles 203.2.2 Models 223.3 Radio Frequency Energy Harvester 253.3.1 Principles 263.3.2 Efficiencies 283.4 Overall Models 313.5 Battery and Supercapacitor 353.5.1 Battery 353.5.2 Supercapacitor 363.6 Summary 364 Physical Layer Techniques 394.1 Introduction 394.2 Effect of Energy Harvesting 404.2.1 Distribution of Transmission Power 414.2.2 Transmission Delay and Probability 434.2.3 Bit Error Rate 474.2.4 Achievable Rate 524.2.5 General Information Theoretic Limits 544.3 Energy Harvesting Detection 554.4 Energy Harvesting Estimation 614.4.1 With Relaying 624.4.1.1 Scheme 1 624.4.1.2 Scheme 2 664.4.1.3 Scheme 3 684.4.1.4 Scheme 4 704.4.1.5 Scheme 5 714.4.1.6 Scheme 6 724.4.2 Without Relaying 794.5 Energy Transmission Waveform 834.5.1 Scenario 844.5.2 Energy Waveform Optimization 854.5.2.1 Linear Harvester 854.5.2.2 Non-Linear Harvester 864.6 Other Issues and Techniques 884.6.1 Circuit Power Consumption 884.6.2 Physical Layer Security 894.6.3 Non-orthogonal Multiple Access 914.6.4 Joint Detection and Estimation 924.7 Summary 985 Upper Layer Techniques 1015.1 Introduction 1015.2 Media Access Control Protocols 1025.2.1 Duty Cycling 1025.2.1.1 Wireless Power Transfer 1035.2.1.2 Ambient Energy Harvesting 1075.2.2 Other Issues in MAC Protocols 1105.3 Routing Protocols 1115.3.1 Ambient Energy Harvesting 1125.3.2 Wireless Power Transfer 1175.4 Other Issues in the Upper Layers 1185.4.1 Scheduling 1185.4.2 Effective Capacity 1215.5 Summary 1236 Wireless Powered Communications 1256.1 Introduction 1256.2 Types of Wireless Powered Communications 1266.3 Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer 1276.3.1 Ideal Implementations 1286.3.2 Practical Implementations 1306.3.2.1 Time Switching 1306.3.2.2 Power Splitting 1326.3.2.3 General Scheme 1346.4 Hybrid Access Point 1356.4.1 Rate-Energy Tradeoff 1356.4.2 Fairness Issue 1386.4.3 Channel Knowledge Issue 1386.4.3.1 Average Achievable Rate 1396.4.3.2 Average BER 1416.4.3.3 Numerical Examples 1446.5 Power Beacon 1506.5.1 System and Design Problem 1506.5.2 More Notes 1526.6 Other Issues 1536.6.1 Effect of Interference onWireless Power 1536.6.1.1 System and Assumptions 1536.6.1.2 Performances with Interference 1546.6.1.3 Performances without Interference 1556.6.1.4 Numerical Examples 1556.6.2 Effect of Interference byWireless Power 1576.6.2.1 System and Assumptions 1586.6.2.2 Average Interference Power 1596.6.2.3 Rate 1596.6.2.4 Numerical Examples 1616.6.3 Exploitation of Interference 1636.6.4 Multiple Antennas 1696.7 An Example: Wireless Powered Sensor Networks 1726.8 Summary 1727 Energy Harvesting Cognitive Radios 1757.1 Introduction 1757.1.1 Cognitive Radio 1757.1.2 Cognitive Radio Functions 1777.1.3 Spectrum Sensing 1777.1.4 Energy Harvesting Cognitive Radio 1787.2 Conventional Cognitive Radio 1807.2.1 Different Types of Cognitive Radio Systems 1807.2.2 Spectrum Sensing Methods 1827.2.2.1 Energy Detection 1827.2.2.2 Feature Detection 1867.3 Types of Energy Harvesting Cognitive Radio 1897.3.1 Protocols 1897.3.2 Energy Sources 1907.4 From the Secondary Base Station 1927.5 From the Primary User 1987.5.1 Conventional PU 1987.5.2 Wireless Powered PU 2047.6 From the Ambient Environment 2107.7 Information Energy Cooperation 2157.8 Other Important Issues 2177.9 Summary 2188 Energy Harvesting Relaying 2218.1 Introduction 2218.1.1 Wireless Relaying 2218.1.2 Relaying Protocols 2228.1.3 Energy Harvesting Relaying 2238.2 Conventional Relaying 2248.2.1 Amplify-and-Forward Relaying 2248.2.2 Decode-and-Forward Relaying 2258.2.3 Performance Metrics 2268.2.3.1 Amplify-and-Forward 2268.2.3.2 Decode-and-Forward 2278.2.4 Relay Selection 2298.2.4.1 Full Selection 2318.2.4.2 Partial Selection 2318.2.5 Two-Way Relaying 2338.3 Types of Energy Harvesting Relaying 2358.4 From the Ambient Environment 2378.5 From the Power Transmitter 2418.5.1 One User and Single Antenna 2418.5.2 Multiple Users and Single Antenna 2428.5.3 One User and Multiple Antennas 2448.6 From the Source 2468.6.1 Amplify-and-Forward Relaying 2478.6.2 Decode-and-Forward Relaying 2508.6.2.1 Instantaneous Transmission 2518.6.2.2 Delay- or Error-Constrained Transmission 2538.6.2.3 Delay- or Error-Tolerant Transmission 2548.6.2.4 Numerical Examples 2558.6.3 Energy Harvesting Source 2608.7 Other Important Issues 2708.7.1 Interference 2708.7.1.1 Time Switching 2718.7.1.2 Power Splitting 2738.7.2 Multi-Hop 2758.7.2.1 Time Switching 2768.7.2.2 Power Splitting 2808.7.2.3 Numerical Examples 2828.7.3 Others 2918.8 Summary 292References 293Index 307