SULIMAN MOHAMED FATI, PHD, Senior Lecturer, INTI International University, Malaysia. SAIFUL AZAD, PHD, Assistant Professor, University Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia. AL-SAKIB KHAN PATHAN, PHD, Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Bangladesh.

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• List of Contributors xvii Editor Biographies xxi Preface xxiii Acknowledgement xxvii Part I IPTV Delivery Networks Fundamentals 1 1 IPTV: Delivering TV Services over IP Networks 3 Suliman Mohamed Fati and Putra Sumari 1.1 Overview 3 1.2 Internet Protocol Television 4 1.3 Evolution of TV to IPTV 6 1.3.1 IPTV Services 7 1.3.2 IPTV Standardisation 8 1.3.3 General Architecture of IPTV 9 1.4 IPTV Delivery Network 10 1.5 Evolution of the Delivery Network 11 1.5.1 IPTV Delivery Network Characteristics and Challenges 15 1.6 The Key Issues of IPTV Delivery Networks 17 1.7 Conclusion 18 References 19 2 IPTV Streaming Classification 25 Miguel Masciopinto, Pedro Comesaña, and Fernando Pérez-González 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Framework 29 2.2.1 IPTV Description 30 2.2.2 IPTV Bitrate Footprint 32 2.3 Classification Scheme 33 2.3.1 SVM Classifier 36 2.4 Experimental Setup 36 2.4.1 Database Construction 37 2.4.2 Training/Test Set-Partitioning 38 2.4.3 Classification Performance Measures 41 2.5 Experimental Results 44 2.5.1 TSS vs. OFS Classification 45 2.5.2 TSS Ternary (DVD vs. DVB-S vs. DVB-T) Classification 47 2.5.3 TSS Binary (DVB-S vs. DVB-T) Classification 50 2.5.4 OFS Binary (DVB-S vs. DVB-T) Classification 53 2.5.5 Relevance of the Used Statistics 55 2.6 Conclusions 59 Acknowledgement 60 References 60 3 Efficient IPTV Delivery over EPON 65 AliAkbar Nikoukar, I-Shyan Hwang, and Andrew Tanny Liem 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Broadband Access Network Technologies 67 3.3 Live IPTV Delivery over EPON 76 3.3.1 Hardware Architecture 78 3.3.2 Multicast Protocol Design 80 3.3.3 Pre-request Broadcasting Mechanism 81 3.3.4 Performance evaluation 85 3.4 Conclusions 88 References 88 4 Content Awareness in IPTV Delivery Networks 93 Suliman Mohamed Fati and Putra Sumari 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 The Key Challenges in IPTV Delivery Networks 97 4.2.1 Request Distribution Algorithms in IPTV Delivery Networks 97 4.2.2 Cost Reduction in IPTV Delivery Networks 102 4.2.2.1 Replica Placement Schemes in IPTV Delivery Networks 103 4.2.2.2 Resource Allocation Schemes in IPTV Delivery Networks 105 4.3 Content Status Issue in IPTV Delivery Networks 108 4.3.1 Unawareness of Content Status in Replica Placement Schemes 109 4.3.2 Unawareness of Content Status in Request Distribution Algorithms 110 4.3.3 Unawareness of Content Status in Resource Allocation 110 4.4 IPTV Content Status Modelling: A New Direction 111 4.4.1 IPTV Content Status Modelling 112 4.4.2 Experimental Results 114 4.5 Conclusion 118 References 119 Part II QoS and QoE for IPTV Delivery Networks 127 5 Zapping Delay Reduction in IPTV Systems 129  Alireza Abdollahpouri 5.1 Introduction 129 5.2 A Review of the Existing Studies 131 5.2.1 Reduce I-Frame Acquisition Delay 131 5.2.1.1 Use Additional Stream 131 5.2.1.2 Inserting Extra I-Frames and Reduction in the Size of Gop 132 5.2.2 Prediction-Based Mechanisms 133 5.2.3 Techniques Based on Scalable Video Coding 134 5.2.4 Techniques Based on IGMP Schemes 134 5.3 Prediction-Based Prejoining Method in WiMAX Networks 136 5.3.1 Modelling the Behaviour of a Single IPTV User, During an ON Session 137 5.4 Performance Evaluation 142 5.5 Future Directions for Research 146 5.6 Conclusion 147 References 147 6 Channel-Zapping Time in IPTV: Challenges and Solutions 151  Sajjad Zare, Seyyed Mohammad Hosseini Verki, and Akbar Ghaffarpour Rahbar 6.1 Introduction 151 6.1.1 IPTV Network Infrastructure 151 6.1.1.1 Basic IPTV System 152 6.1.1.2 IP Multicast in IPTV Architecture 153 6.1.1.3 P2P IPTV Architecture 153 6.1.2 Business Models 154 6.1.2.1 Free to Air (FTA) 154 6.1.2.2 Ppv 155 6.1.2.3 Subscription 155 6.1.2.4 A La Carte 155 6.2 Challenges in Channel-Zapping Time 155 6.2.1 Jitter 156 6.2.2 Limited Bandwidth 156 6.2.3 Elements of Zapping Delay 156 6.3 Proposed Methods for Reducing Channel-Zapping Time 158 6.3.1 Client-Based Methods 158 6.3.1.1 Pre-Joining Neighbouring Channels 158 6.3.1.2 Tracking User Behaviour 159 6.3.1.3 Ordering Pre-Join Channels in the List 161 6.3.2 Content-Based Methods 163 6.3.3 Network-Based Methods 167 6.3.3.1 Improving Zap Response Time for IPTV 169 6.3.3.2 A Novel Channel Switching Scenario in Multicast IPTV Networks 169 6.3.3.3 IGMP for IPTV Services in Passive Optical Networks 170 6.3.3.4 Implementation of EIGMP for Fast IPTV Channel Change in GEPON 171 6.3.3.5 Advanced Scheme to Reduce IPTV Channel-Zapping Time 172 6.3.4 Hybrid Methods 172 6.3.4.1 An Effective IPTV Channel Control Algorithm Considering Channel-Zapping Time and Network Utilisation 172 6.3.4.2 Multicast Instant Channel Change (ICC) in IPTV Systems 174 6.3.4.3 IPTV Channel Switching Delay Reduction Through Predicting Subscribers’ Behaviours and Preferences 175 6.3.5 Programme-Based Methods 176 6.4 Discussion 177 6.5 Summary 180 References 180 7 Delivering High-Definition IPTV Services over IP-Based Networks 185  Seongik Hong 7.1 Introduction 185 7.2 HD Video Compression 188 7.2.1 Issues for HD Video Transmission 188 7.2.1.1 Issue 1: Large Bandwidth Requirements 188 7.2.1.2 Issue 2: QoS 189 7.2.1.3 Issue 3: Network Responsiveness/Instant Channel Change 189 7.2.2 Solutions 190 7.2.2.1 Solution 1: Solving Large Bandwidth Requirements 190 7.2.2.2 Solution 2-1: QoS: Protocols and Networks 192 7.2.2.3 Solution 2-2: QoS: Reducing Packet Loss 194 7.2.2.4 Solution 3: Solving Instant Channel Change Issue 197 7.3 Future Trends 198 7.4 Conclusion 199 References 199 8 IPTV Network Security: Threats and Countermeasures 203  M. S. A. Noman Ranak, Saiful Azad, B. M. F. Kamal Ruhee, N. Nourin Nisa, Nazrul Kabir, Mohammed Mostafizur Rahman, and Kamal Z. Zamli 8.1 Introduction 203 8.2 Threats on IPTV Delivery Networks 204 8.2.1 Theft or Abuse of Network Assets 206 8.2.2 Theft of Service 206 8.2.3 Theft of IPTV-Related Data 208 8.2.4 Disruption of Service 208 8.2.5 Privacy Breach 209 8.2.6 Compromise of Platform Integrity 209 8.3 Security Issues of IPTV Delivery Networks 209 8.3.1 Protocols Vulnerabilities 214 8.3.1.1 Igmp 215 8.3.1.2 Pim 215 8.3.1.3 Mbgp 216 8.3.1.4 Msdp 217 8.3.1.5 RTP and RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) 218 8.4 Countering the Threats 219 8.5 Open Research Issues 221 8.6 Conclusions 222 References 222 9 Anomaly Detection and Big Data in IPTV Networks 225  Mohiuddin Ahmed and Md. Niaz-Ul Haque 9.1 Introduction 225 9.1.1 Chapter Roadmap 227 9.2 Complex Data in IPTV Networks 228 9.3 Anomaly in the Context of IPTV Networks 229 9.3.1 Hhh 230 9.3.2 Succinct Hierarchical Heavy Hitter (SHHH) 231 9.3.3 Time Series 231 9.3.4 Definition of Anomaly 231 9.4 A Case Study of Anomaly Detection Technique in IPTV Networks 232 9.4.1 Limitations of Anomaly Detection in IPTV Networks 233 9.4.2 Experimental Data 234 9.4.3 Experimental Analysis 235 9.5 Future Research Directions: Big Data 235 9.5.1 Three Vs of Big Data 235 9.5.2 Big Data in the IPTV Industry 237 9.5.3 The Challenges Associated with Big Data in IPTV 239 9.5.4 Contributions of IPTV Service Providers in the Realm of Big Data 241 9.6 Conclusions 242 References 243 Part III Mobility and Next-Generation Delivery Networks 245 10 Taxonomy of Intra-Domain Mobility Management Schemes in Wireless Mesh Network for Implementing Mobile IPTV 247  Abhishek Majumder, Subhrajyoti Deb, and Sudipta Roy 10.1 Introduction 247 10.2 Classification 250 10.2.1 Tunnelling-Based Schemes 251 10.2.1.1 Ant 251 10.2.1.2 Mesh Mobility Management (M 3) 253 10.2.1.3 Static Anchor Scheme 255 10.2.1.4 Dynamic Anchor Scheme 256 10.2.1.5 SMR-Based Scheme 257 10.2.2 Routing-Based Schemes 258 10.2.2.1 Infrastructure Mesh (iMesh) 258 10.2.2.2 OLSR-FastSync 259 10.2.2.3 Ad Hoc on-Demand Distance Vector and Mesh and MEsh Networks with MObility Management (aodv-memo) 260 10.2.2.4 Mobile Party 263 10.2.2.5 Wireless Mesh Mobility Management (WMM) 264 10.2.2.6 LMMesh 265 10.2.2.7 Forward Pointer-Based Routing (FPBR) 266 10.2.3 Multicasting-Based Scheme 267 10.2.3.1 SMesh 267 10.3 Advantages and Disadvantages 268 10.4 Open Research Issues 279 10.5 Conclusion 280 Acknowledgement 280 References 280 11 Towards Multi-Operator IPTV Services Over 5G Networks 283  Gergely Biczók, Manos Dramitinos, Håkon Lønsethagen, Luis M. Contreras, George D. Stamoulis, and Laszlo Toka 11.1 Introduction 283 11.2 Single-Provider IPTV Services 284 11.2.1 Customer-Centric Challenges and Technical Issues 285 11.2.2 Business Issues and Challenges 288 11.2.3 Operators’ Solutions and Architecture 290 11.3 IPX Multi-Service Internetworking 293 11.4 Multi-Operator IPTV Services in 5G Networks 294 11.4.1 Technical Issues and Challenges 295 11.4.1.1 SDN and NFV Exploitation 295 11.4.1.2 Lack of QoS Assurance – SLAs 296 11.4.1.3 Lack of Monitoring and SLA-Based Rewards 297 11.4.1.4 Wholesale and Retail Market Coordination 297 11.4.1.5 Pricing and Charging Layers 299 11.4.2 Business Issues and Challenges 300 11.4.2.1 Generic Issues and Challenges 300 11.4.2.2 IPTV Distribution of ‘Small/Medium‘ Live Events 302 11.4.2.3 User-Generated Content 303 11.4.3 Solutions and Architecture: The 5GEx Approach 304 11.4.3.1 5GEx Exchange: An Open Multi-Service Internetworking Approach 304 11.4.3.2 Roadmap and Coordination Models 307 11.4.3.3 Pricing and Charging Solutions 308 11.5 Future Research 310 11.6 Conclusions 311 Acknowledgement 312 References 312 12 Technologies and Architectures for Future IP Television Services 315  Lucile Sassatelli and Marie-José Montpetit 12.1 Introduction 315 12.2 The Evolution of Users’ Experience: Usage, Expectations and Reluctances 316 12.2.1 Broadcast Versus OTT: Towards a Spurious Opposition 316 12.2.2 The Multi-Screen Multi-Device Anywhere Experience 317 12.2.3 Business Experiences and Inevitable Evolution for the Stakeholders 319 12.3 Architectural Evolution of IPTV: Towards a Smart Meld with OTT 320 12.3.1 The Main Overhauls of IPTV: HTML5, Cloudification, Software-Defined Video 320 12.3.2 Legacy IPTV Extending its Reach by Inspiring OTT Evolution: Multicast, Caching, Peer-to-Peer (P2P) 323 12.3.3 Coordinating the OTT delivery entities to enforce IPTV-like quality of experience: Collaboration between ISPs, CDNs and CPs 329 12.4 Technical focus 331 12.4.1 P2P assistance to CDNs, caching and ICN 332 12.4.2 The Wireless Video Challenge: In-Home WiFi and Offloading of Cellular Networks 335 12.4.3 VR: The greatest technological challenge ahead? 337 References 338 Contributor Biographies 345 Index 357