Shahid-ul-Islam is a researcher at the Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi. His current research interests include green chemistry, dyes & pigments, thermodynamics and kinetics of colorants, and polymeric nanocomposites. He has numerous academic publications in international journals of high repute to his credit.

• Preface xv1 Arsenic: Toxic Effects and Remediation 1Sharf Ilahi Siddiqui and Saif Ali Chaudhry1.1 Introduction 11.2 Arsenic Concentration in Water 21.3 Exposure of Arsenic in Human Body 31.4 Metabolism and Excretion of Arsenious Compounds 41.5 Arsenic Toxicity and Mechanism 61.5.1 Oxidative Stress 61.5.2 Binding to Sulfhydryl Group 71.5.3 Replacement of Phosphate Group 81.5.4 Alternation in the Gene Expression 91.5.5 Arsenic Impairs Glucose Catabolism 91.6 Detoxification of Arsenic 101.6.1 Antioxidants Agents 101.6.2 Chelating Agents 111.7 Arsenic Remediation Technologies 121.8 Adsorption and Recent Advancement 151.9 Conclusion 16Acknowledgment 17Abbreviations 17References 182 Recent Trends in Textile Effluent Treatments: A Review 29Shumaila Kiran, Shahid Adeel, Sofia Nosheen, Atya Hassan, Muhammad Usman and Muhammad Asim Rafique2.1 Introduction 302.2 Industrial Dyes, Dying Practices, and Associated Problems 312.3 Wastewater Remediation 312.4 Physical Methods 332.4.1 Adsorption 352.4.2 Coagulation and Flocculation 352.4.3 Membrane Processes 352.4.4 Ultra Filtration 362.4.5 Micellar-Enhanced Ultrafiltration (MEUF) 362.4.6 Reverse Osmosis 362.4.7 Nanofiltration 372.5 Chemical Methods 372.5.1 Photo Catalytic Degradation of Dyes 372.5.2 Oxidation and Photocatalysis with Hydrogen Peroxide 382.5.3 Ozonation 392.5.4 Degradation of Dyes Using Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) 392.5.5 Electrochemical Method 392.6 Bioremediation 402.7 Products Recognition and Mechanisms of Dye Degradation 402.8 Conclusion 422.9 Future Outlook 43References 433 Polyaniline as an Inceptive Dye Adsorbent from Effluent 51Raminder Kaur and Monika Duhan3.1 Introduction 523.1.1 Effluent from the Industries 533.2 Pollution Due to Dyes 563.2.1 Lethal Effects of Dyes 573.3 Methods Used for the Dye Removal 583.3.1 Removal of Dyes by Adsorption 593.3.1.1 Factors Affecting Adsorption 623.4 Adsorption Kinetics 713.4.1 Adsorption Isotherms 723.5 Polyaniline: An Emerging Adsorbent 743.5.1 Polyaniline in Dye Removal 743.5.2 Polyaniline in Metal Ions Removal 813.5.3 Polyaniline in Phenols Removal 833.5.4 Polyaniline in Acid Removal 833.6 Conclusion 84References 844 Immobilized Microbial Biosorbents for Wastewater Remediation 101Mohammad Asaduddin Laskar, Rajeev Kumar and Mohamed A. Barakat4.1 Introduction 1024.2 Immobilized Microbial Biosorbent 1034.2.1 Algae Biosorbent 1034.2.2 Fungi Biosorbent 1064.2.3 Bacteria Biosorbent 1114.3 Biosorption Mechanism 1144.3.1 Algae-Based Biocomposite 1144.3.2 Bacteria-Based Bio-Composite 1164.3.3 Fungi-Based Biocomposite 1194.4 Conclusion 120References 1225 Remediation of Cr (VI) Using Clay Minerals, Biomasses and Industrial Wastes as Adsorbents 129Rashmi Acharya, Satyabadi Martha and K. M. Parida5.1 Introduction 1305.2 Isotherm Models 1335.2.1 Langmuir Isotherm Model 1335.2.2 Freundlich Isotherm Model 1345.2.3 Dubnin–Radushkevich Isotherm Model 1355.3 Thermodynamics of Adsorption 1355.4 Kinetics of Adsorption 1365.4.1 Pseudo-First-Order Kinetics 1365.4.2 Pseudo-Second–Order Kinetics 1375.5 Solution pH 1375.6 Clay Minerals 1395.6.1 Natural Clay Minerals 1395.6.2 Natural Clay Minerals Along with Reducing Agents 1405.6.3 Modified Clay Minerals 1405.7 Biomasses 1465.8 Industrial Wastes 1595.9 Conclusion 161References 1636. Microbial Diversity as a Tool for Wastewater Treatment 171Sadia Ilyas and Haq Nawaz Bhatti6.1 Overview of Wastewater; Sources, Pollutants, and Characteristics 1716.1.1 Biodiversity of Wastewater Plants 1756.2 Role of Dominant Wastewater Treatment Communities in Biodegradation 1796.2.1 Hydrolytic Microbial Community 1796.2.2 Acetogenic, Coliforms, and Cyanobacterial Community 1816.2.3 Denitrifying, Fecal Coliforms, and Fermentative Microbial Community 1826.2.4 Floc-Forming and Gram-Negative Microbial Community 1836.2.5 Nocardioforms and Methane-Forming Microbial Community 1836.2.6 Nitrifying Microbial Community 1846.2.7 Denitrifying Microbial Community 1876.2.8 Phosphorous Solubilizing Microbial Community 1906.2.9 Sulfur Oxidizing and Reducing Microbial Community 1976.3 Methods for the Treatment of Wastewater 2006.3.1 Preliminary Treatments 2006.3.2 Primary Treatments 2046.3.3 Secondary/Biological Treatments 2056.3.3.1 Aerated Lagoons and Bioaugmentation 2076.3.3.2 Trickling Filter Process 2116.3.3.3 Activated Sludge Process 2136.3.3.4 Oxidation Ditch and Oxidation Pond Process 2146.3.3.5 Anaerobic Digestion Process 2166.3.3.6 Biogenic Enzymatic Wastewater Treatment 2166.4 Conclusion 218References 2187 Role of Plant Species in Bioremediation of Heavy Metals from Polluted Areas and Wastewaters 223Mayerly Alexandra Oyuela Leguizamo7.1 Introduction 2247.2 Heavy Metals (HM) Worldwide 2257.3 Allochthonous and Autochthonous Plants 2277.4 Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals (HM) 2317.4.1 Phytoremediation 2317.4.2 Phytoremediation Approaches and Technologies 2317.5 Methodology 2387.6 Analysis of Research on Heavy Metals (HM) and Native and Endemic Plant Species 2387.7 Results 2497.8 Conclusion 249References 2528 Bioremediation: A Green, Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Technique for the Remediation of Pollutants 263Munawar Iqbal, Arif Nazir, Mazhar Abbas, Qudsia Kanwal and Dure Najaf Iqbal8.1 Introduction 2648.2 Immobilization 2648.3 Enzyme Immobilization Strategies 2658.4 Adsorption 2658.5 Entrapment 2678.6 Encapsulation 2688.7 Covalent Binding 2698.8 Self-Immobilization 2708.9 Properties of Immobilized Enzymes 2718.9.1 Immobilized LiP 2718.9.2 Immobilized MnP 2738.9.3 Immobilized Lac 2748.10 Enzymes Sources 2768.11 Conditions for Lipid Degradation 2768.12 Environmental Applications of Ligninolytic Enzymes 2798.12.1 Degradation and Decolorization of Industrial (Textile) Dyes 2798.12.2 Dye Decolorization with Free Ligninolytic Enzymes 2808.12.3 Dye Removal by Immobilized Ligninolytic Enzymes 2868.12.4 Degradation of Lipids 2918.12.5 Degradation of Miscellaneous Compounds 2928.12.6 Xenobiotics and Industrial Effluents 2958.12.7 Degradation of Aromatic Compounds 2968.13 Conclusions 299References 3009 Role of Plant-Based Biochar in Pollutant Removal: An Overview 313D.S. Malik, C.K. Jain, Anuj K. Yadav and Sushmita Banerjee9.1 Introduction 3139.2 Preparation Methods of Biochar 3159.2.1 Pyrolysis 3159.2.2 Slow Pyrolysis 3159.2.3 Fast Pyrolysis 3159.2.4 Gasification 3159.2.5 Hydrothermal Carbonization 3159.3 Physico-chemical Characterization of Plant-Based Biochar 3169.3.1 pH 3179.3.2 Ash Content 3179.3.3 Moisture Content 3179.3.4 Bulk Density 3179.3.5 Elemental Analysis 3209.3.6 BET (Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller) 3209.3.7 SEM and EDX 3209.3.8 FTIR 3209.4 Biochar for Heavy Metal Removal 3209.5 Biochar for Dye Removal 3219.6 Biochar for Fluoride Removal 3229.7 Biochar for Persistent Organic Pollutant Removal 3239.8 Biochar for Other Pollutant Removal 3239.9 Biochar for Soil Treatment/Improvement 3249.10 Conclusion 324Acknowledgments 325References 32510 A Review on Ferrate(VI) and Photocatalysis as Oxidation Processes for the Removal of Organic Pollutants in Water and Wastewater 331Kyriakos Manoli, Malini Ghosh, George Nakhla and Ajay K. Ray10.1 Introduction 33210.2 Ferrate(VI) 33510.2.1 Introduction 33510.2.2 Synthesis 33610.2.2.1 Electrochemical Synthesis 33610.2.2.2 Wet Chemical Method 33810.2.2.3 Dry Thermal Method 33810.2.3 Characterization 33810.2.4 Oxidation 34010.2.4.1 Kinetics of the Oxidation of Organics by Ferrate(VI) 34010.2.4.2 Stoichiometry 34110.2.4.3 Application and Performance of Ferrate(VI) in Wastewater Treatment 35710.2.5 Future Directions 35910.3 Photocatalysis 36010.3.1 Introduction 36010.3.1.1 General Concept of Photocatalysis 36010.3.1.2 Basic Principle of Photocatalysis 36110.3.2 Design Parameters of Photocatalysis 36310.3.2.1 Different Aspects of Design Parameters 36410.3.2.2 Reactor Design Limitations Along with Proposed Solution 36510.3.3 Photocatalysts 36710.3.3.1 Doping of TiO2 36910.3.3.2 Coupled Semiconductors 37110.3.3.3 Dye-Sensitized Catalyst 37310.3.4 Challenges and Future Prospects of Photocatalysis 37610.4 Combination of Photocatalysis (UV/TiO2) and Ferrate(VI) 37610.5 Conclusion 378References 37911 Agro-Industrial Wastes Composites as Novel Adsorbents 391Haq Nawaz Bhatti, Amina Kamal and Munawar Iqbal11.1 Introduction 39211.2 Material and Methods 40011.2.1 Chemical, Reagent and Instruments 40011.2.2 Biomass Collection and Preparation 40111.2.3 Composites Preparation 40111.2.4 Dye Solution Preparation 40211.2.5 Adsorption Experiments 40211.3 Results and Discussion 40211.3.1 Screening of Adsorbents 40211.3.2 Effect of pH 40311.3.3 Effect of Composites Dose 40511.3.4 Effect of Contact Time 40611.3.5 Effect of Initial Concentration 40611.3.6 Effect of Temperature 40811.3.7 Kinetic Study 40911.3.8 Intraparticle Diffusion Model 41211.3.9 Isotherm Modelling 41211.3.10 Thermodynamic Study 41711.4 Conclusion 421References 42112 A Review on the Removal of Nitrate from Water by Adsorption on Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Biocomposites 433Wondalem Misganaw Golie, Kaisar Ahmad and Sreedevi Upadhyayula12.1 Introduction 43312.1.1 Risks Associated to High Level of Nitrate in Water 43412.1.2 Technologies for the Removal of Nitrate from Water 43512.2 Adsorbents for the Removal of Nitrate from Water 43712.3 Models for Adsorption Process 44512.3.1 Batch Adsorption Models 44512.3.1.1 Adsorption Isotherms and Models 44612.3.1.2 Langmuir Isotherm 44612.3.1.3 Freundlich Isotherm 44712.3.1.4 Temkin Isotherm 44812.3.1.5 Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) Isotherm 44812.3.1.6 Sips Isotherm 44912.3.1.7 Redlich–Peterson Isotherm 45012.3.1.8 Thermodynamic Parameters 45012.3.1.9 Adsorption Kinetics 45212.4 Column Study 45412.4.1 Breakthrough Curve Analysis 45512.4.2 Models of Column Studies 45712.4.2.1 Adams-Bohart Model 45712.4.2.2 Thomas Model 45812.4.2.3 Yoon and Nelson Model 45912.4.2.4 Clark Model 46012.4.2.5 The Wolborska Model 46112.4.2.6 Bed Depth Service Time (BDST) Model 46212.5 Conclusion 463Nomenclatures 464References 46713 Nitrate Removal and Nitrogen Sequestration from Polluted Waters Using Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles Synthesized under Ultrasonic Irradiation 479Mohammadreza Kamali, Maria Elisabete Costa and Isabel Capela13.1 Introduction 48013.2 Materials and Methods 48313.2.1 Experimental 48313.2.1.1 Reagents 48313.2.1.2 Synthesis Protocol 48313.2.2 Characterization 48413.2.3 Taguchi Design and Reactivity Analysis 48513.3 Results and Discussion 48613.3.1 Characterization 48613.3.2 Reactivity of nZVI 48913.3.2.1 Statistical Analysis 48913.3.2.2 Nitrate Removal Reaction: Mechanisms and Pathways 49213.4 Conclusion 497Acknowledgments 498References 498Index 507

Shahid-ul-Islam is a researcher at the Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi. His current research interests include green chemistry, dyes & pigments, thermodynamics and kinetics of colorants, and polymeric nanocomposites. He has numerous academic publications in international journals of high repute to his credit.

• Preface xv1 Arsenic: Toxic Effects and Remediation 1Sharf Ilahi Siddiqui and Saif Ali Chaudhry1.1 Introduction 11.2 Arsenic Concentration in Water 21.3 Exposure of Arsenic in Human Body 31.4 Metabolism and Excretion of Arsenious Compounds 41.5 Arsenic Toxicity and Mechanism 61.5.1 Oxidative Stress 61.5.2 Binding to Sulfhydryl Group 71.5.3 Replacement of Phosphate Group 81.5.4 Alternation in the Gene Expression 91.5.5 Arsenic Impairs Glucose Catabolism 91.6 Detoxification of Arsenic 101.6.1 Antioxidants Agents 101.6.2 Chelating Agents 111.7 Arsenic Remediation Technologies 121.8 Adsorption and Recent Advancement 151.9 Conclusion 16Acknowledgment 17Abbreviations 17References 182 Recent Trends in Textile Effluent Treatments: A Review 29Shumaila Kiran, Shahid Adeel, Sofia Nosheen, Atya Hassan, Muhammad Usman and Muhammad Asim Rafique2.1 Introduction 302.2 Industrial Dyes, Dying Practices, and Associated Problems 312.3 Wastewater Remediation 312.4 Physical Methods 332.4.1 Adsorption 352.4.2 Coagulation and Flocculation 352.4.3 Membrane Processes 352.4.4 Ultra Filtration 362.4.5 Micellar-Enhanced Ultrafiltration (MEUF) 362.4.6 Reverse Osmosis 362.4.7 Nanofiltration 372.5 Chemical Methods 372.5.1 Photo Catalytic Degradation of Dyes 372.5.2 Oxidation and Photocatalysis with Hydrogen Peroxide 382.5.3 Ozonation 392.5.4 Degradation of Dyes Using Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) 392.5.5 Electrochemical Method 392.6 Bioremediation 402.7 Products Recognition and Mechanisms of Dye Degradation 402.8 Conclusion 422.9 Future Outlook 43References 433 Polyaniline as an Inceptive Dye Adsorbent from Effluent 51Raminder Kaur and Monika Duhan3.1 Introduction 523.1.1 Effluent from the Industries 533.2 Pollution Due to Dyes 563.2.1 Lethal Effects of Dyes 573.3 Methods Used for the Dye Removal 583.3.1 Removal of Dyes by Adsorption 593.3.1.1 Factors Affecting Adsorption 623.4 Adsorption Kinetics 713.4.1 Adsorption Isotherms 723.5 Polyaniline: An Emerging Adsorbent 743.5.1 Polyaniline in Dye Removal 743.5.2 Polyaniline in Metal Ions Removal 813.5.3 Polyaniline in Phenols Removal 833.5.4 Polyaniline in Acid Removal 833.6 Conclusion 84References 844 Immobilized Microbial Biosorbents for Wastewater Remediation 101Mohammad Asaduddin Laskar, Rajeev Kumar and Mohamed A. Barakat4.1 Introduction 1024.2 Immobilized Microbial Biosorbent 1034.2.1 Algae Biosorbent 1034.2.2 Fungi Biosorbent 1064.2.3 Bacteria Biosorbent 1114.3 Biosorption Mechanism 1144.3.1 Algae-Based Biocomposite 1144.3.2 Bacteria-Based Bio-Composite 1164.3.3 Fungi-Based Biocomposite 1194.4 Conclusion 120References 1225 Remediation of Cr (VI) Using Clay Minerals, Biomasses and Industrial Wastes as Adsorbents 129Rashmi Acharya, Satyabadi Martha and K. M. Parida5.1 Introduction 1305.2 Isotherm Models 1335.2.1 Langmuir Isotherm Model 1335.2.2 Freundlich Isotherm Model 1345.2.3 Dubnin–Radushkevich Isotherm Model 1355.3 Thermodynamics of Adsorption 1355.4 Kinetics of Adsorption 1365.4.1 Pseudo-First-Order Kinetics 1365.4.2 Pseudo-Second–Order Kinetics 1375.5 Solution pH 1375.6 Clay Minerals 1395.6.1 Natural Clay Minerals 1395.6.2 Natural Clay Minerals Along with Reducing Agents 1405.6.3 Modified Clay Minerals 1405.7 Biomasses 1465.8 Industrial Wastes 1595.9 Conclusion 161References 1636. Microbial Diversity as a Tool for Wastewater Treatment 171Sadia Ilyas and Haq Nawaz Bhatti6.1 Overview of Wastewater; Sources, Pollutants, and Characteristics 1716.1.1 Biodiversity of Wastewater Plants 1756.2 Role of Dominant Wastewater Treatment Communities in Biodegradation 1796.2.1 Hydrolytic Microbial Community 1796.2.2 Acetogenic, Coliforms, and Cyanobacterial Community 1816.2.3 Denitrifying, Fecal Coliforms, and Fermentative Microbial Community 1826.2.4 Floc-Forming and Gram-Negative Microbial Community 1836.2.5 Nocardioforms and Methane-Forming Microbial Community 1836.2.6 Nitrifying Microbial Community 1846.2.7 Denitrifying Microbial Community 1876.2.8 Phosphorous Solubilizing Microbial Community 1906.2.9 Sulfur Oxidizing and Reducing Microbial Community 1976.3 Methods for the Treatment of Wastewater 2006.3.1 Preliminary Treatments 2006.3.2 Primary Treatments 2046.3.3 Secondary/Biological Treatments 2056.3.3.1 Aerated Lagoons and Bioaugmentation 2076.3.3.2 Trickling Filter Process 2116.3.3.3 Activated Sludge Process 2136.3.3.4 Oxidation Ditch and Oxidation Pond Process 2146.3.3.5 Anaerobic Digestion Process 2166.3.3.6 Biogenic Enzymatic Wastewater Treatment 2166.4 Conclusion 218References 2187 Role of Plant Species in Bioremediation of Heavy Metals from Polluted Areas and Wastewaters 223Mayerly Alexandra Oyuela Leguizamo7.1 Introduction 2247.2 Heavy Metals (HM) Worldwide 2257.3 Allochthonous and Autochthonous Plants 2277.4 Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals (HM) 2317.4.1 Phytoremediation 2317.4.2 Phytoremediation Approaches and Technologies 2317.5 Methodology 2387.6 Analysis of Research on Heavy Metals (HM) and Native and Endemic Plant Species 2387.7 Results 2497.8 Conclusion 249References 2528 Bioremediation: A Green, Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Technique for the Remediation of Pollutants 263Munawar Iqbal, Arif Nazir, Mazhar Abbas, Qudsia Kanwal and Dure Najaf Iqbal8.1 Introduction 2648.2 Immobilization 2648.3 Enzyme Immobilization Strategies 2658.4 Adsorption 2658.5 Entrapment 2678.6 Encapsulation 2688.7 Covalent Binding 2698.8 Self-Immobilization 2708.9 Properties of Immobilized Enzymes 2718.9.1 Immobilized LiP 2718.9.2 Immobilized MnP 2738.9.3 Immobilized Lac 2748.10 Enzymes Sources 2768.11 Conditions for Lipid Degradation 2768.12 Environmental Applications of Ligninolytic Enzymes 2798.12.1 Degradation and Decolorization of Industrial (Textile) Dyes 2798.12.2 Dye Decolorization with Free Ligninolytic Enzymes 2808.12.3 Dye Removal by Immobilized Ligninolytic Enzymes 2868.12.4 Degradation of Lipids 2918.12.5 Degradation of Miscellaneous Compounds 2928.12.6 Xenobiotics and Industrial Effluents 2958.12.7 Degradation of Aromatic Compounds 2968.13 Conclusions 299References 3009 Role of Plant-Based Biochar in Pollutant Removal: An Overview 313D.S. Malik, C.K. Jain, Anuj K. Yadav and Sushmita Banerjee9.1 Introduction 3139.2 Preparation Methods of Biochar 3159.2.1 Pyrolysis 3159.2.2 Slow Pyrolysis 3159.2.3 Fast Pyrolysis 3159.2.4 Gasification 3159.2.5 Hydrothermal Carbonization 3159.3 Physico-chemical Characterization of Plant-Based Biochar 3169.3.1 pH 3179.3.2 Ash Content 3179.3.3 Moisture Content 3179.3.4 Bulk Density 3179.3.5 Elemental Analysis 3209.3.6 BET (Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller) 3209.3.7 SEM and EDX 3209.3.8 FTIR 3209.4 Biochar for Heavy Metal Removal 3209.5 Biochar for Dye Removal 3219.6 Biochar for Fluoride Removal 3229.7 Biochar for Persistent Organic Pollutant Removal 3239.8 Biochar for Other Pollutant Removal 3239.9 Biochar for Soil Treatment/Improvement 3249.10 Conclusion 324Acknowledgments 325References 32510 A Review on Ferrate(VI) and Photocatalysis as Oxidation Processes for the Removal of Organic Pollutants in Water and Wastewater 331Kyriakos Manoli, Malini Ghosh, George Nakhla and Ajay K. Ray10.1 Introduction 33210.2 Ferrate(VI) 33510.2.1 Introduction 33510.2.2 Synthesis 33610.2.2.1 Electrochemical Synthesis 33610.2.2.2 Wet Chemical Method 33810.2.2.3 Dry Thermal Method 33810.2.3 Characterization 33810.2.4 Oxidation 34010.2.4.1 Kinetics of the Oxidation of Organics by Ferrate(VI) 34010.2.4.2 Stoichiometry 34110.2.4.3 Application and Performance of Ferrate(VI) in Wastewater Treatment 35710.2.5 Future Directions 35910.3 Photocatalysis 36010.3.1 Introduction 36010.3.1.1 General Concept of Photocatalysis 36010.3.1.2 Basic Principle of Photocatalysis 36110.3.2 Design Parameters of Photocatalysis 36310.3.2.1 Different Aspects of Design Parameters 36410.3.2.2 Reactor Design Limitations Along with Proposed Solution 36510.3.3 Photocatalysts 36710.3.3.1 Doping of TiO2 36910.3.3.2 Coupled Semiconductors 37110.3.3.3 Dye-Sensitized Catalyst 37310.3.4 Challenges and Future Prospects of Photocatalysis 37610.4 Combination of Photocatalysis (UV/TiO2) and Ferrate(VI) 37610.5 Conclusion 378References 37911 Agro-Industrial Wastes Composites as Novel Adsorbents 391Haq Nawaz Bhatti, Amina Kamal and Munawar Iqbal11.1 Introduction 39211.2 Material and Methods 40011.2.1 Chemical, Reagent and Instruments 40011.2.2 Biomass Collection and Preparation 40111.2.3 Composites Preparation 40111.2.4 Dye Solution Preparation 40211.2.5 Adsorption Experiments 40211.3 Results and Discussion 40211.3.1 Screening of Adsorbents 40211.3.2 Effect of pH 40311.3.3 Effect of Composites Dose 40511.3.4 Effect of Contact Time 40611.3.5 Effect of Initial Concentration 40611.3.6 Effect of Temperature 40811.3.7 Kinetic Study 40911.3.8 Intraparticle Diffusion Model 41211.3.9 Isotherm Modelling 41211.3.10 Thermodynamic Study 41711.4 Conclusion 421References 42112 A Review on the Removal of Nitrate from Water by Adsorption on Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Biocomposites 433Wondalem Misganaw Golie, Kaisar Ahmad and Sreedevi Upadhyayula12.1 Introduction 43312.1.1 Risks Associated to High Level of Nitrate in Water 43412.1.2 Technologies for the Removal of Nitrate from Water 43512.2 Adsorbents for the Removal of Nitrate from Water 43712.3 Models for Adsorption Process 44512.3.1 Batch Adsorption Models 44512.3.1.1 Adsorption Isotherms and Models 44612.3.1.2 Langmuir Isotherm 44612.3.1.3 Freundlich Isotherm 44712.3.1.4 Temkin Isotherm 44812.3.1.5 Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) Isotherm 44812.3.1.6 Sips Isotherm 44912.3.1.7 Redlich–Peterson Isotherm 45012.3.1.8 Thermodynamic Parameters 45012.3.1.9 Adsorption Kinetics 45212.4 Column Study 45412.4.1 Breakthrough Curve Analysis 45512.4.2 Models of Column Studies 45712.4.2.1 Adams-Bohart Model 45712.4.2.2 Thomas Model 45812.4.2.3 Yoon and Nelson Model 45912.4.2.4 Clark Model 46012.4.2.5 The Wolborska Model 46112.4.2.6 Bed Depth Service Time (BDST) Model 46212.5 Conclusion 463Nomenclatures 464References 46713 Nitrate Removal and Nitrogen Sequestration from Polluted Waters Using Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles Synthesized under Ultrasonic Irradiation 479Mohammadreza Kamali, Maria Elisabete Costa and Isabel Capela13.1 Introduction 48013.2 Materials and Methods 48313.2.1 Experimental 48313.2.1.1 Reagents 48313.2.1.2 Synthesis Protocol 48313.2.2 Characterization 48413.2.3 Taguchi Design and Reactivity Analysis 48513.3 Results and Discussion 48613.3.1 Characterization 48613.3.2 Reactivity of nZVI 48913.3.2.1 Statistical Analysis 48913.3.2.2 Nitrate Removal Reaction: Mechanisms and Pathways 49213.4 Conclusion 497Acknowledgments 498References 498Index 507

Shahid-ul-Islam is a researcher at the Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi. His current research interests include green chemistry, dyes & pigments, thermodynamics and kinetics of colorants, and polymeric nanocomposites. He has numerous academic publications in international journals of high repute to his credit.

• Preface xv1 Arsenic: Toxic Effects and Remediation 1Sharf Ilahi Siddiqui and Saif Ali Chaudhry1.1 Introduction 11.2 Arsenic Concentration in Water 21.3 Exposure of Arsenic in Human Body 31.4 Metabolism and Excretion of Arsenious Compounds 41.5 Arsenic Toxicity and Mechanism 61.5.1 Oxidative Stress 61.5.2 Binding to Sulfhydryl Group 71.5.3 Replacement of Phosphate Group 81.5.4 Alternation in the Gene Expression 91.5.5 Arsenic Impairs Glucose Catabolism 91.6 Detoxification of Arsenic 101.6.1 Antioxidants Agents 101.6.2 Chelating Agents 111.7 Arsenic Remediation Technologies 121.8 Adsorption and Recent Advancement 151.9 Conclusion 16Acknowledgment 17Abbreviations 17References 182 Recent Trends in Textile Effluent Treatments: A Review 29Shumaila Kiran, Shahid Adeel, Sofia Nosheen, Atya Hassan, Muhammad Usman and Muhammad Asim Rafique2.1 Introduction 302.2 Industrial Dyes, Dying Practices, and Associated Problems 312.3 Wastewater Remediation 312.4 Physical Methods 332.4.1 Adsorption 352.4.2 Coagulation and Flocculation 352.4.3 Membrane Processes 352.4.4 Ultra Filtration 362.4.5 Micellar-Enhanced Ultrafiltration (MEUF) 362.4.6 Reverse Osmosis 362.4.7 Nanofiltration 372.5 Chemical Methods 372.5.1 Photo Catalytic Degradation of Dyes 372.5.2 Oxidation and Photocatalysis with Hydrogen Peroxide 382.5.3 Ozonation 392.5.4 Degradation of Dyes Using Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) 392.5.5 Electrochemical Method 392.6 Bioremediation 402.7 Products Recognition and Mechanisms of Dye Degradation 402.8 Conclusion 422.9 Future Outlook 43References 433 Polyaniline as an Inceptive Dye Adsorbent from Effluent 51Raminder Kaur and Monika Duhan3.1 Introduction 523.1.1 Effluent from the Industries 533.2 Pollution Due to Dyes 563.2.1 Lethal Effects of Dyes 573.3 Methods Used for the Dye Removal 583.3.1 Removal of Dyes by Adsorption 593.3.1.1 Factors Affecting Adsorption 623.4 Adsorption Kinetics 713.4.1 Adsorption Isotherms 723.5 Polyaniline: An Emerging Adsorbent 743.5.1 Polyaniline in Dye Removal 743.5.2 Polyaniline in Metal Ions Removal 813.5.3 Polyaniline in Phenols Removal 833.5.4 Polyaniline in Acid Removal 833.6 Conclusion 84References 844 Immobilized Microbial Biosorbents for Wastewater Remediation 101Mohammad Asaduddin Laskar, Rajeev Kumar and Mohamed A. Barakat4.1 Introduction 1024.2 Immobilized Microbial Biosorbent 1034.2.1 Algae Biosorbent 1034.2.2 Fungi Biosorbent 1064.2.3 Bacteria Biosorbent 1114.3 Biosorption Mechanism 1144.3.1 Algae-Based Biocomposite 1144.3.2 Bacteria-Based Bio-Composite 1164.3.3 Fungi-Based Biocomposite 1194.4 Conclusion 120References 1225 Remediation of Cr (VI) Using Clay Minerals, Biomasses and Industrial Wastes as Adsorbents 129Rashmi Acharya, Satyabadi Martha and K. M. Parida5.1 Introduction 1305.2 Isotherm Models 1335.2.1 Langmuir Isotherm Model 1335.2.2 Freundlich Isotherm Model 1345.2.3 Dubnin–Radushkevich Isotherm Model 1355.3 Thermodynamics of Adsorption 1355.4 Kinetics of Adsorption 1365.4.1 Pseudo-First-Order Kinetics 1365.4.2 Pseudo-Second–Order Kinetics 1375.5 Solution pH 1375.6 Clay Minerals 1395.6.1 Natural Clay Minerals 1395.6.2 Natural Clay Minerals Along with Reducing Agents 1405.6.3 Modified Clay Minerals 1405.7 Biomasses 1465.8 Industrial Wastes 1595.9 Conclusion 161References 1636. Microbial Diversity as a Tool for Wastewater Treatment 171Sadia Ilyas and Haq Nawaz Bhatti6.1 Overview of Wastewater; Sources, Pollutants, and Characteristics 1716.1.1 Biodiversity of Wastewater Plants 1756.2 Role of Dominant Wastewater Treatment Communities in Biodegradation 1796.2.1 Hydrolytic Microbial Community 1796.2.2 Acetogenic, Coliforms, and Cyanobacterial Community 1816.2.3 Denitrifying, Fecal Coliforms, and Fermentative Microbial Community 1826.2.4 Floc-Forming and Gram-Negative Microbial Community 1836.2.5 Nocardioforms and Methane-Forming Microbial Community 1836.2.6 Nitrifying Microbial Community 1846.2.7 Denitrifying Microbial Community 1876.2.8 Phosphorous Solubilizing Microbial Community 1906.2.9 Sulfur Oxidizing and Reducing Microbial Community 1976.3 Methods for the Treatment of Wastewater 2006.3.1 Preliminary Treatments 2006.3.2 Primary Treatments 2046.3.3 Secondary/Biological Treatments 2056.3.3.1 Aerated Lagoons and Bioaugmentation 2076.3.3.2 Trickling Filter Process 2116.3.3.3 Activated Sludge Process 2136.3.3.4 Oxidation Ditch and Oxidation Pond Process 2146.3.3.5 Anaerobic Digestion Process 2166.3.3.6 Biogenic Enzymatic Wastewater Treatment 2166.4 Conclusion 218References 2187 Role of Plant Species in Bioremediation of Heavy Metals from Polluted Areas and Wastewaters 223Mayerly Alexandra Oyuela Leguizamo7.1 Introduction 2247.2 Heavy Metals (HM) Worldwide 2257.3 Allochthonous and Autochthonous Plants 2277.4 Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals (HM) 2317.4.1 Phytoremediation 2317.4.2 Phytoremediation Approaches and Technologies 2317.5 Methodology 2387.6 Analysis of Research on Heavy Metals (HM) and Native and Endemic Plant Species 2387.7 Results 2497.8 Conclusion 249References 2528 Bioremediation: A Green, Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Technique for the Remediation of Pollutants 263Munawar Iqbal, Arif Nazir, Mazhar Abbas, Qudsia Kanwal and Dure Najaf Iqbal8.1 Introduction 2648.2 Immobilization 2648.3 Enzyme Immobilization Strategies 2658.4 Adsorption 2658.5 Entrapment 2678.6 Encapsulation 2688.7 Covalent Binding 2698.8 Self-Immobilization 2708.9 Properties of Immobilized Enzymes 2718.9.1 Immobilized LiP 2718.9.2 Immobilized MnP 2738.9.3 Immobilized Lac 2748.10 Enzymes Sources 2768.11 Conditions for Lipid Degradation 2768.12 Environmental Applications of Ligninolytic Enzymes 2798.12.1 Degradation and Decolorization of Industrial (Textile) Dyes 2798.12.2 Dye Decolorization with Free Ligninolytic Enzymes 2808.12.3 Dye Removal by Immobilized Ligninolytic Enzymes 2868.12.4 Degradation of Lipids 2918.12.5 Degradation of Miscellaneous Compounds 2928.12.6 Xenobiotics and Industrial Effluents 2958.12.7 Degradation of Aromatic Compounds 2968.13 Conclusions 299References 3009 Role of Plant-Based Biochar in Pollutant Removal: An Overview 313D.S. Malik, C.K. Jain, Anuj K. Yadav and Sushmita Banerjee9.1 Introduction 3139.2 Preparation Methods of Biochar 3159.2.1 Pyrolysis 3159.2.2 Slow Pyrolysis 3159.2.3 Fast Pyrolysis 3159.2.4 Gasification 3159.2.5 Hydrothermal Carbonization 3159.3 Physico-chemical Characterization of Plant-Based Biochar 3169.3.1 pH 3179.3.2 Ash Content 3179.3.3 Moisture Content 3179.3.4 Bulk Density 3179.3.5 Elemental Analysis 3209.3.6 BET (Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller) 3209.3.7 SEM and EDX 3209.3.8 FTIR 3209.4 Biochar for Heavy Metal Removal 3209.5 Biochar for Dye Removal 3219.6 Biochar for Fluoride Removal 3229.7 Biochar for Persistent Organic Pollutant Removal 3239.8 Biochar for Other Pollutant Removal 3239.9 Biochar for Soil Treatment/Improvement 3249.10 Conclusion 324Acknowledgments 325References 32510 A Review on Ferrate(VI) and Photocatalysis as Oxidation Processes for the Removal of Organic Pollutants in Water and Wastewater 331Kyriakos Manoli, Malini Ghosh, George Nakhla and Ajay K. Ray10.1 Introduction 33210.2 Ferrate(VI) 33510.2.1 Introduction 33510.2.2 Synthesis 33610.2.2.1 Electrochemical Synthesis 33610.2.2.2 Wet Chemical Method 33810.2.2.3 Dry Thermal Method 33810.2.3 Characterization 33810.2.4 Oxidation 34010.2.4.1 Kinetics of the Oxidation of Organics by Ferrate(VI) 34010.2.4.2 Stoichiometry 34110.2.4.3 Application and Performance of Ferrate(VI) in Wastewater Treatment 35710.2.5 Future Directions 35910.3 Photocatalysis 36010.3.1 Introduction 36010.3.1.1 General Concept of Photocatalysis 36010.3.1.2 Basic Principle of Photocatalysis 36110.3.2 Design Parameters of Photocatalysis 36310.3.2.1 Different Aspects of Design Parameters 36410.3.2.2 Reactor Design Limitations Along with Proposed Solution 36510.3.3 Photocatalysts 36710.3.3.1 Doping of TiO2 36910.3.3.2 Coupled Semiconductors 37110.3.3.3 Dye-Sensitized Catalyst 37310.3.4 Challenges and Future Prospects of Photocatalysis 37610.4 Combination of Photocatalysis (UV/TiO2) and Ferrate(VI) 37610.5 Conclusion 378References 37911 Agro-Industrial Wastes Composites as Novel Adsorbents 391Haq Nawaz Bhatti, Amina Kamal and Munawar Iqbal11.1 Introduction 39211.2 Material and Methods 40011.2.1 Chemical, Reagent and Instruments 40011.2.2 Biomass Collection and Preparation 40111.2.3 Composites Preparation 40111.2.4 Dye Solution Preparation 40211.2.5 Adsorption Experiments 40211.3 Results and Discussion 40211.3.1 Screening of Adsorbents 40211.3.2 Effect of pH 40311.3.3 Effect of Composites Dose 40511.3.4 Effect of Contact Time 40611.3.5 Effect of Initial Concentration 40611.3.6 Effect of Temperature 40811.3.7 Kinetic Study 40911.3.8 Intraparticle Diffusion Model 41211.3.9 Isotherm Modelling 41211.3.10 Thermodynamic Study 41711.4 Conclusion 421References 42112 A Review on the Removal of Nitrate from Water by Adsorption on Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Biocomposites 433Wondalem Misganaw Golie, Kaisar Ahmad and Sreedevi Upadhyayula12.1 Introduction 43312.1.1 Risks Associated to High Level of Nitrate in Water 43412.1.2 Technologies for the Removal of Nitrate from Water 43512.2 Adsorbents for the Removal of Nitrate from Water 43712.3 Models for Adsorption Process 44512.3.1 Batch Adsorption Models 44512.3.1.1 Adsorption Isotherms and Models 44612.3.1.2 Langmuir Isotherm 44612.3.1.3 Freundlich Isotherm 44712.3.1.4 Temkin Isotherm 44812.3.1.5 Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) Isotherm 44812.3.1.6 Sips Isotherm 44912.3.1.7 Redlich–Peterson Isotherm 45012.3.1.8 Thermodynamic Parameters 45012.3.1.9 Adsorption Kinetics 45212.4 Column Study 45412.4.1 Breakthrough Curve Analysis 45512.4.2 Models of Column Studies 45712.4.2.1 Adams-Bohart Model 45712.4.2.2 Thomas Model 45812.4.2.3 Yoon and Nelson Model 45912.4.2.4 Clark Model 46012.4.2.5 The Wolborska Model 46112.4.2.6 Bed Depth Service Time (BDST) Model 46212.5 Conclusion 463Nomenclatures 464References 46713 Nitrate Removal and Nitrogen Sequestration from Polluted Waters Using Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles Synthesized under Ultrasonic Irradiation 479Mohammadreza Kamali, Maria Elisabete Costa and Isabel Capela13.1 Introduction 48013.2 Materials and Methods 48313.2.1 Experimental 48313.2.1.1 Reagents 48313.2.1.2 Synthesis Protocol 48313.2.2 Characterization 48413.2.3 Taguchi Design and Reactivity Analysis 48513.3 Results and Discussion 48613.3.1 Characterization 48613.3.2 Reactivity of nZVI 48913.3.2.1 Statistical Analysis 48913.3.2.2 Nitrate Removal Reaction: Mechanisms and Pathways 49213.4 Conclusion 497Acknowledgments 498References 498Index 507